본 연구의 목적은 밀레니얼 세대의 조직몰입을 증진시킬 수 있는 요인을 밝히고 해당 변인들 간의 관 계를 알아보는 것이다. 구체적으로 윤리적 리더십이 밀레니얼 세대의 조직몰입에 영향을 미치는 경로에 서 일 의미감 7가지 하위요인의 매개효과를 검증하였으며, 연구문제에 따라 소속감, 잠재력의 표현, 영감 요인 등 세 가지 하위요인을 중심으로 매개효과를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 대한민국 MZ세대 직장인 212명을 대상으로 윤리적 리더십 척도, 일 의미감 척도, 조직몰입 척도를 활용하여 설문을 실시하였다. 연구결 과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 윤리적 리더십, 일 의미감 7가지 하위요인, 조직몰입 간 상호 유의한 상관관계를 확인하였다. 둘째, 윤리적 리더십은 MZ세대 직장인의 조직몰입에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 윤리적 리더십이 조직몰입에 영향을 미치는 경로에서 일 의미감의 매개효 과를 살펴본 결과, 소속감과 영감 요인이 두 변인의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 MZ 세대가 리더를 윤리적으로 인식할수록 조직에 대해 높은 소속감을 지각하는 동시에 리더로부터 영감과 같은 긍정적 영향력을 받아 조직에 더욱 몰입할 수 있음을 시사한다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 시사점, 한계점과 후속연구의 필요성에 관하여 논의하였다.

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of heat stress on expression levels of plasminogen activators (PAs) related mRNAs and proteins, and changes of PAs activity in porcine endometrial explants. The endometrial explants (200 ± 50 mg) were isolated from middle part of uterine horn at follicular phase (Day 19-21) and were pre-incubated in serum-free culture medium at 38.5oC in 5% CO2 for 18 h. Then, the tissues were transferred into fresh medium and were cultured at different temperature (38.5, 39.5, 40.5 or 41.5oC) for 24 h. The expression level of urokinase-type PA (uPA), type-1 PA inhibitor (PAI-1), type-2 PAI (PAI-2), and heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90) mRNA were analysis by reverse-transcription PCR and proteins were measured by western blotting. The supernatant were used for measurement of PAs activity. In results, mRNA and protein levels of HSP-90 was higher in 41.5oC treatment groups than other treatment groups (p < 0.05). The expression of uPA, PAI-1, and PAI-2 mRNA were slightly increased by heat stress, however, there were no significant difference. Heat stress condition suppressed expression of active uPA and PAI-2 proteins (p < 0.05), whereas PAI-1 protein was increased (p < 0.01). Although PAI-1 protein was increased and active uPA was decreased, PAs activity was greatly enhanced by exposure of heat stress (p < 0.05). These results suggest that heat stress condition could change intrauterine microenvironment through regulation of PAs activity and other factors regarding with activation of PAs might be regulate by heat stress. Therefore, more studies regarding with regulatory mechanism of PAs activation are needed.

In our previous study, exogenous plasminasminogen activators (PAs) influenced to fertility of boar spermatozoa via reduction of zona pellucida (ZP) resistance against protease and number of sperm binding ZP. plasminasmin (plasmin), is converted by PAs, is an important enzyme to degrade extracellular matrix and it is closely associated with fertilization process. Therefore, the aim of present study was to confirm changes of sperm penatration and ZP solubility by plasmin during in vitro fertilization (IVF). The cumulus-oocyte complasminexes (COCs) were aspirated from the antral follicles 3-6 mm in diameter and matured for 44 hours. Then, the cumulus cells were removed and denuded oocytes were co-incubated with spermatozoa for 18-20 hours in IVF medium containing 100 ng/ml plasmin. The number of sperm binding ZP and ZP solubility were measured using hoechst 33342 and 0.5% (w/v) pronase, respectively. Aceto-orcein stain was used to assess fertilization parameters. In results, sperm penetration did not affect by plasmin treatment during fertilization. Hoewever, treatment of plasmin decreased monospermic fertilization and IVF efficiency compared with control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the number of penetrated sperm and pronucleus formation per zygote in plasmin group was significantly increased compared with control group (p<0.05). Despite of reduced monospermic fertilization by plasmin treatment, the number of sperm binding ZP was significantly higher in non-treated zygote than plasmin-treated zygote (p<0.05). Similar with previous study, ZP digestion time was reduced by plasmin treatment (p<0.05). These findings shown that plasminasmin during fertilization enhance the penetration of spermatozoa into ZP via increasing of ZP solubility and it was correspond with our previous results that fertility of spermatozoa during IVF was increased by exogenous urokinase-type PA treatment via sperm-ZP binding and increase of ZP solubility. Therefore, during the fertilization process, plasmin that is converted by PAs from oviduct epithelial cells might be closely associated with degradation of ZP proteins for penetration of sperm. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Education) (2016R1D1A1B03931746).

This paper investigates a theoretical and experimental evidence for a niche strategy for small and medium online shopping malls to survive against large famous shopping malls dominating the E-commerce market. The present study explored both theoretically and empirically how consumers’ preferences for alternatives in online shopping context are affected by their construal level and concentrated its efforts on the verification of the phenomenon under various frames and regarding various categories(Liberman and Trope 1998; Liberman, Trope, and Stephan 2007, Liberman Trope, and Wakslak 2007). For this, this study demonstrates how chronic construal levels of consumers may affect their alternative choice for online shopping via various contexts (Experiment 1-3) and categories (Experiment 3-5). This series of experiments suggests that consumers with high construal level can be defined as a group that is relatively less susceptible to reputation of the shopping malls. Thus, strategically targeting this group of consumers will help small online malls lacking store reputation to mitigate their competitive disadvantage. Based on both existing literature and the experimental results as above, this research discusses possible methods for small online shopping malls to target high-construal segmentation.

A stable supply of seafarers is an important issue for Korean maritime industries and related business activities. After four years of their role on a ship, Korean maritime officers are increasingly being separated from their fellow sailors. The present paper reviews the trend and characteristics in the separation rate of maritime officers, and examines the main factors affecting the separation rate through panel data models. The paper collects the panel data of maritime officers from 2007 to 2014. The main results of panel data models show us that the separation rate is affected mainly by the duration (period) after graduation. The unemployment rate in all industries and the relative wage level of seafarers affect negatively the separation rate. The dummy variable for the completion year of military services shows positive coefficients. We can conclude that the labour market of seafarers is affected by the employment situation in all industries.

그래핀 기반 소재는 높은 가공성과 초박성으로 인하여 분리막 소재로서 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 스핀 코팅 법을 이용하여 제조된 산화그래핀 분리막의 기체 투과 거동을 평가하였다. 산화그래핀 분리막의 구조는 산화그래핀의 크기와 산화그래핀 용액의 pH 조절을 통하여 조절될 수 있다. 산화그래핀의 크기가 작을수록 굴곡률이 작아짐에 따라 분리막의 기 체 투과도 및 선택도가 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 또한 산화그래핀에서의 기체 투과 거동은 적층된 산화그래핀 사이의 채널 크기에 따라 영향을 받는다. 특히 산화그래핀 분리막의 좁은 기공과 이산화탄소 선택적인 산화그래핀 자체의 특성으로 인하 여 산화그래핀 분리막은 이산화탄소에 대한 높은 투과도 및 선택성을 가지며, 이는 이산화탄소 포집에 적합한 특성을 가진다. 이러한 산화그래핀 분리막의 특이한 기체 투과 거동은 흡착-촉진 확산 거동(표면 확산 기작)으로 설명될 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 이산화탄소 선택성 분리막 소재 설계와 슬릿 형태의 기공과 적층 구조를 가진 분리막을 통한 기체 투과 거동 연구가 활발히 이루어질 것으로 기대한다.

식품 포장, 전자 기기 등에 활용되고 있는 고분자 기반 기체 차단성 필름은 경량성, 낮은 제조 원가, 높은 가공성 으로 인하여 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 특히 전자기기에 활용되기 위하여, 기체 차단 필름은 매우 높은 수준의 기체 차단성을 요구받고 있다. 하지만 현재 수준의 고분자 기반 기체 차단 필름은 다른 소재와 비교하여 상대적으로 높은 수준의 기체 투과 유량을 보이고 있다. 따라서 기존의 고분자 필름이 가지고 있는 장점을 유지하면서 더 높은 수준의 기체 차단성을 부여하기 위한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 최근 그래핀 소재는 기체 차단을 위한 2차원 소재로서 각광받고 있다. 그러나 그래핀 소재의 낮 은 가공성과 어려운 대면적화 문제 때문에 산화그래핀이 그 대안으로서 떠오르고 있다. 산화그래핀은 높은 종횡비를 가지는 2차원 층상구조의 그래핀에 산소관능기를 함유한 형태로서, 수용성 혹은 극성 용매에 잘 분산되는 성질을 가지며, 따라서 대 량 생산에 용이한 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 산화그래핀이 함유된 폴리이미드 나노복합막을 제조하였다. 폴리이미 드는 현재 널리 이용되고 있는 기체 차단성 고분자 중의 하나로서 높은 기계적 강도, 열적 안정성 및 내화학성을 가지고 있 다. 본 연구를 통하여 산화그래핀이 함유된 폴리이미드 나노복합막이 기체 차단성을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 더 나아가, Triton X-100이나 sodium deoxycholate (SDC) 등의 계면활성제를 나노복합막에 도입함으로써 산화그래핀의 고분자 매트릭스 내에서의 분산성을 향상시켜 기체 차단성을 높이고자 하였다. 그 결과로서, Triton X-100이 도입된 나노복합막이 예상치와 유 사한, 향상된 기체 차단성을 보임을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 기반으로 고분자 기반 나노복합막의 기체 차단성 분야로의 활용성 이 증대될 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to present theoretical and experimental evidence for a niche strategy for small and medium online shopping malls to run business against large famous shopping malls prevailing the E-commerce market. For this, the present study demonstrates how chronic construal levels of consumers may affect their alternative choice for online shopping via various contexts (Experiment 1-3) and categories (Experiment 3-5). This series of experiments suggests that consumers with high construal level can be defined as a group that is relatively less susceptible to reputation of the shopping malls. Thus, strategically targeting this group of consumers will help small and medium-sized online malls lacking store reputation to mitigate their competitive disadvantage. Based on both existing literature and the experimental results as above, this research discusses possible methods for small and medium-sized online shopping malls to target high-construal segmentation.

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are serine proteases that convert plasminogen to plasmin. Two type of PAs are urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA). Plasminogen is present in most extracellular fluids. PAs play in various reproductive processes including implantation, ovulation and fertilization. In the spermatozoa, PAs and PAIs play a role in sperm motility and fertilization. PAs in the sertoli cell are stimulated spermatozoa maturation and sperm activation through the phospholipase A2. The oocyte maturation is the process for fertilization and implantation. PAs in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) are related to oocyte maturation by protein kinase A and C. In the ovulatory process, PAs activity are changed and it are related to reducing the tensile strength of ovarian follicle wall. The uterine environment is important for reproduction and the uterus undergo tissue remodeling. In the uterus and oviduct of mammals, expression and activity of PAs are changed during estrous cycle. Thus, expression and activity of PAs are concerned to many reproductive functions. Therefore, PAs seem to important factor of regulator in reproductive events.

This study investigated the densification behavior of rhenium alloys including W-25 wt.%Re and Re-2W-1Ta (pure Re) during sintering. The dilatometry experiments were carried out to obtain the in-situ shrinkage in H2 atmo-sphere. The measured data was analyzed through shrinkage, strain rate and relative density, and then symmetricallytreated to construct the linearized form of master sintering curve (MSC) and MSC as a well-known and straightforwardapproach to describe the densification behavior during sintering. The densification behaviors for each material were ana-lyzed in many respects including apparent activation energy, densification parameter, and densification ratio. MSC witha minimal set of preliminary experiments can make the densification behavior to be characterized and predicted as wellas provide guideline to sinter cycle design. Considering the results of linearized form and MSC, it was confirmed thatthe W-25 wt.%Re compared to Pure Re is more easily densified at the relatively low temperature.

Bumblebees are widely used to pollinate various greenhouse crops. Among the different bumblebee species, Bombus ignitus is indigenous to Korea, China, Japan and Russia. B. ignitus undergoes one generation per year, and artificial hibernation is essential for year-round rearing of the bumblebee. Keeping the queens under low-temperature conditions for several months is an effective method for terminating their diapause and promoting colony development. In the present study, we investigated how cold temperature affects the artificial hibernation of B. ignitus queens. Under chilling temperatures of -2.5°C, 0°C, 2.5°C and 5°C with constant humidity >80%, the queens stored at 2.5°C exhibited the highest survival rates, which were 74.0% at one month, 67.0% at two months, 60.0% at three months, 46.0% at 4 months, 33.0% at 5 months and 24.0% at 6 months. Lower survival rates were observed at 0°C, 5°C, 7.5°C and 12.5°C. At 2.5°C the colony developmental characteristics after diapause were 1.2- to 1.5-fold greater than those when queens were stored at 5°C. Thus, 2.5°C and 70% R.H. were the most favorable chilling temperature and humidity conditions for terminating the diapause of B. ignitus queens.

F. occidentalis causes to decrease the yield of chrysanthemum flower economically because it is the major crop pest injuring the flower directly at flowering period in chrysanthemum artificial houses. The control of it with chemicals is very difficult because the resistance of it to chemicals is so high. F. occidentalis began to occur at early-May and increased rapidly mid-May after in standard chrysanthemum artificial houses, Yesan, Chungcheongnam-do. In case of a farm, the density of it increased continuously in spite of chemical control . The times of chemical control to depress the density of it was 6 or 7th for cultivation period of chrysanthemum. We put the flowering yellow pot-mum already (trap plant attracting F. occidentalis) in standard chrysanthemum PVC-houses and set the yellow sticky cards up at an interval of 5m from trap plant(TP). The more yellow sticky trap near to trap plant, the more F. occidentalis was attracted to yellow sticky trap. TP was more attractive to adult F. occidentalis up to distances of 10m. The numbers of it attracted to yellow sticky traps at different distance from TP was not different significantly when standard chrysanthemum bloomed. We put the TP in standard chrysanthumum PVC-house at an distance of 20m and released the natural enemies (Orius laevigatus) on TP at 3 times, an interval of 7 days. And then we set yellow sticky traps up at an distance of 5m from TP and compared the plot with TP+natural enemy(NE) to the plot without them. The density of F. occidentalis was rather lower at TP+NE plot than the plot without at the formative period of flower bud of standard chrysanthemum. Therefore, The yellow flowering chrysanthemum possesses great value of TP attracting F. occidentalis in chrysanthumum PVC-house up to flowering period of cultivating chrysanthemum, and if it is used with natural enemy and chemicals simultaneously, farmers can minimize the quantity of chemicals used.