Traditionally, pathologists examine tissue slides under a microscope to find pathological lesions, and have the burden of finding the lesions among so many histopathology slides. Furthermore, inconsistency of diagnoses results differ corresponding to training among researchers. Therefore, accumulated research experience has led to the use of novel tools for increasing accuracy and consistency of diagnoses. With rapid transition from analog to digital methods and new developments in digital pathology, it is possible to use whole slide imaging (WSI) by scanning glass slides. Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning and deep learning using WSI, is starting to be applied to automatically classify and count microscope images, and this method has been expanded to include the field of medical image analysis. This review aims to define current trends toward AI application in the biomedical area, especially in the field of toxicopathology, outline current future business trends, and discuss multiple issues of diagnosis, quantification, three-dimensional reconstruction, molecular pathological research, and the future direction of AI in toxicopathology. Big data systems including a large amount of welldefined toxicopathological information will be highly useful for accuracy and corrections of diagnoses. In addition, the need for critical peer review is profound in the continuing educational process. Taken together, it is highly promising that AI model based on big data in the toxicopathological field could classify, detect, and segment pathological lesions in numerous organs of experimental animals and could help explain various biological mechanisms. This promising approach will provide an accurate and fast analysis of tissue structure and biological pathways using AI algorithms and big data.

항공 및 지리 공간 기술은 연구자 및 농업관련 실무자들이 더욱더 쉽게 접근할 수 있게 되었으며, 이러한 기술은 농업과 임업에 있어 현재 병해충 관리의 변화에 중추적인 역할을 할 수 있다. 지난 20년 동안 위성, 유무인항공기, 스펙트럼 센서들, 정보 시스템 및 자동화 현장 장비들의 기술들은 병해충을 감지하고, 특정 지점에 대한 병해충을 방제하는데 사용되어져 왔다. 빅 데이터 기반한 인공 지능과 함께 항공 및 지리 정보 기술의 가용 함에도 불구하고 이러한 기술을 사과 IPM에 적용하는 것은 아직 실현되지 않았다. 본 논문은 사과연구소에서 수행한 사례 연구를 통해 사과 IPM 개선에 활용할 수 있는 항공 및 지리 정보기술의 발전과 한계에 대해 논하고자 한다.

Background: The hamstring is a muscle that crosses two joints, that is the hip and knee, and its flexibility is an important indicator of physical health in its role in many activities of daily living such as sitting, walking, and running. Limited range of motion (ROM) due to hamstring tightness is strongly related to back pain and malfunction of the hip joint. High-frequency diathermy (HFD) therapy is known to be effective in relaxing the muscle and increasing ROM. Objects: To investigate the effects of HFD on active knee extension ROM and hamstring tone and stiffness in participants with hamstring tightness. Methods: Twenty-four participants with hamstring tightness were recruited, and the operational definition of hamstring tightness in this study was active knee extension ROM of below 160° at 90° hip flexion in the supine position. HFD was applied to the hamstring for 15 minutes using the WINBACK device. All participants were examined before and after the intervention, and the results were analyzed using a paired t-test. The outcome measures included knee extension ROM, the viscoelastic property of the hamstring, and peak torque for passive knee extension. Results: The active knee extension ROM significantly increased from 138.8° ± 9.9° (mean ± standard deviation) to 143.9° ± 10.4° after the intervention (p < 0.05), while viscoelastic property of the hamstring significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Also, the peak torque for knee extension significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Application of HFD for 15 minutes to tight hamstrings immediately improves the active ROM and reduces the tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the muscle. However, further experiments are required to examine the long-term effects of HFD on hamstring tightness including pain reduction, postural improvement around the pelvis and lower extremities, and enhanced functional movement.

Spermatogonial stem cells are self-renewal and differentiate into sperm in post-pubertal mammals. There exists a balance between the self-renewal and differentiation in the testes. Spermatogonial stem cells make up only 0.03% of testicular cells in adult mice. These cells maintain sperm production by differentiating after puberty. Therefore, analyzing the expression of genes associated with spermatogenesis is critical for understanding differentiation. The present study aimed to establish the postnatal period of cells in relation to spermatogenesis. To study the expression of differentiated and undifferentiated marker genes in enriched spermatogonial stem cells, in vitro culture was performed and cells from pup (6–8-day-old) and adult (4-months-old) testicular tissues were isolated. As a result, undifferentiated genes, Pax7, Plzf, GFRa1, Etv5 and Bcl6b , were highly increased in cultured spermaotogonial stem cells compared with pup and adult testicular cells. On the other hands, differentiated gene, c-kit was highly increased in adult testicular cells, Also Stra8 gene was highly increased in pup and adult testicular cells. This study provides a better understanding of spermatogenesis-associated gene expression during postnatal periods.

Mesenchymal stem cells in the dental pulp exhibit a tendency for differentiation into various dental lineages and hold great potential as a major conduit for regenerative treatment in dentistry. Although they can be readily isolated from teeth, the exact characteristics of these stem cells have not been fully understood so far. When compared to twodimensional (2D) cultures, three-dimensional (3D) cultures have the advantage of enriching the stem cell population. Hence, 3D-organoid culture and 3D-sphere culture were applied to dental pulp cells in the current study. Although the establishment of the organoid culture proved unsuccessful, the 3D-sphere culture readily initiated the stable generation of cell aggregates, which continued to grow and could be passaged to the second round. Interestingly, a significant increase in SOX2 expression was detected in the 3D-spheroid culture compared to the 2D culture. These results indicate the enrichment of the stemness-high population in the 3D-sphere culture. Thus, 3D-sphere culture may act as a link between the conventional and 3D-organoid cultures and aid in understanding the characteristics of dental pulp stem cells.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2018년 분홍색계 소 형 호접란 ‘Tiny Bell’을 육성하였다. 2010년 진분홍색 다화 성 소형 품종 Phalaenopsis ‘D07PN16’와 연분홍색 소형종 P. ‘D03PN22’를 모본과 부본으로 교배하였다. 2014년 생육이 우 수하고 화색, 화형, 꽃대수 등 개화 특성이 우수한 ‘10531-53’ 개체를 선발하여 기내 화경배양을 통해 증식하였다. 2014년부 터 2018년까지 1차, 2차특성검정을 통해 품종의 안정성과 균 일성을 확인한 후 ‘Tiny Bell’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 밝은 보라빛 분홍색(RHS, PVGN80A)을 띄며, 가장자리에 백색무늬 를 가지는 것이 특징이다. 평피기 형태의 꽃은 길이와 폭이 각각 3.89, 4.01cm이며, 총상화서로 분지가 발생한다. 1개의 꽃대에 19.7개의 소화가 착생하여 꽃 수가 많이 달리는 다화 성이며, 꽃대 길이는 28.48cm정도이다. ‘Tiny Bell’은 생육시 잎이 수평으로 자라며 길이와 폭은 각각 13.1cm, 5.3cm였다. 신품종인 ‘Tiny Bell’은 소형 분화용으로 이용 가능할 것이다.

본 연구는 2006년부터 2019년까지 개최된 경관 조성용 화 훼를 주제로 하는 지역축제의 시기 및 지역에 따른 변화와 화 훼류의 이용 및 생산현황 분석을 통해 향후 경관화훼 연구에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 2006년부터 2019년 까지 개최된 지역축제 10,800건 중 경관화훼 관련 축제를 시 기별 및 지역별 개최수와 활용된 식물의 종류와 생산현황을 분석하였다. 지역축제 10,800건 중 꽃축제는 1,312건으로 연 평균 94건이 개최되었으며 지역축제의 12.1%를 차지하였다. 지역축제는 2008년 최고점에서 감소하다 2014년 이후 지속적 으로 상승하고 있는 반면 꽃 축제의 비율은 2008년에서 2010 년까지 소폭 감소하였다가 지속적으로 높아져 2019년에는 15.5%를 차지하였다. 계절별 평균적인 개최비율은 봄 66.7%, 가을 25.7%, 여름 6.8%, 겨울 0.8%로 봄에 가장 많이 집중되 었으며, 여름과 겨울에는 매우 적게 나타났다. 지역별로 살펴 봤을 때 전남은 매년 평균 18건으로 개최수가 많을 뿐만 아니 라 2010년 이후 지속적으로 늘어나는 경향을 보인 반면 경남 의 경우는 매년 평균 10건으로 2010년 이후 지속적으로 감소 하다 2016년부터 증가하였다. 이외에 강원도, 경기도, 서울, 전북, 충남 등에서 매년 평균 9건 정도가 개최되었으며 그 다 음으로 충북, 경북, 제주도, 대구 등에서 3~4건이 개최되었고, 인천, 울산, 부산, 광주, 대전 등은 2건 이하로 전반적으로 대구를 제외한 광역시에서 꽃 관련 축제가 적은 것으로 나타났 다. 인터넷으로 검색된 소규모 축제를 포함하였을 때 2019년 개최건수는 경기도(49건), 전남(40건), 서울(28건), 제주도(25 건), 충남(25건), 경남(24건), 강원도(17건), 경북(12건) 등으로 나타났다. 경관용 화훼류는 목본류가 연평균 51건의 꽃축제에 서 주제식물로 활용되었으며, 일년초(11건), 그래스(9건), 숙 근초(8건), 수생식물(3건), 구근류(3건) 순으로 나타났다. 주제 식물은 목본류(12종), 일년초(4종), 관상용 그래스(4종), 다년 초(3종), 구근류(3종)으로 26종이 사용되었으며, 구근류를 제 외한 대부분의 식물이 2~4개의 축제에서 중복으로 활용되었 다. 경관조성용 화훼생산량은 경남, 전남, 울산, 경북, 전북, 강원도, 경기도, 충북, 충남 순으로 나타났다. 품목별로는 국 화와 메리골드가 100만분 이상, 팬지류와 페튜니아는 50만분 이상, 색양배추, 베고니아, 백일홍, 패랭이류, 샐비아, 맨드라 미 등이 10만분 이상 생산되었다.

Recently, a lots of studies have been conducted to imitate real meat with the factors including texture, aroma, taste, and color of meat analogues. Since the color component of meat is diverse and complex, as well as large of degree of change according to cooking, the color imitating has been still challenging. In this study, we selected up a representative meat analogue (tteok-galbi), tracked the color change at three making points as steps of batter, steaming, and cooking. In order to realize the color at these points, three plant-based natural pigments including prickly pear cactus, sweet pumpkin, and mugwort were selected, and the color with optimized ratio was applied to the tteok-galbi. As a result, it was found that 1:3:1 in the batter, 2:1:2 in steaming, and 2:1:2 in cooking were optimal ratios. The results in this study were significant in that it could apply the colors to meat analogues according to the combination of natural pigments derived from plants.

The pitch-based activated carbons were prepared with KOH/KMnO4 as a multiple function activation agent to increase the specific capacitance of a supercapacitor electrode active material. And the porous structure and electrochemical properties of activated carbon were analyzed on varying amounts of KMnO4. KMnO4 was decomposed into K2O, MnO, and O2 at the activation temperature of KOH, and MnO was introduced to activated carbon. K2O/ O2 reacts with a surrounding pitch to generate micropores and forms a pathway that exposes MnO to the outside. It also affects to the specific surface area of activated carbon like KOH chemical activation. The enhanced specific surface area and introduced MnO in activated carbon led to a 28.9% increase in specific capacitance.