마비성 패류독소 중독증(paralytic shellfish poisoning; PSP)은 삭시톡신과 그 유사체로 오염된 패류를 섭취했을 때 발생하며, 저림, 구토 등의 증상에서부터 근육 마비와 심각한 경우 호흡 마비로 이어져 사망에 이를 수 있다. 독 성등가계수(toxic equivalency factors; TEFs)는 다양한 마 비성 패류독소의 독성을 표준화하여 위험성을 평가하는 데 사용된다. 마비성 패류독소를 검출하기 위해 사용되던 마우스 생체 실험(mouse bioassay; MBA)에 대한 윤리적 문제가 제기되면서 고성능액체크로마토그래피와 같은 기 기 분석법으로의 전환이 시도되고 있지만, 유사체들의 적절 한 TEF를 설정하기 위해서는 여전히 동물 모델을 통한 생 체 내 독성 데이터가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 동물 수를 줄이면서도 신뢰할 수 있는 경구투여 독성 결과를 얻기 위 해 삼단계 반응표면-경로 (three-level RSP) 설계를 사용했다. 인증 표준 물질을 이용하여 각 독소의 초기 용량과 조정 계 수를 결정하고 시험을 진행했으며, STX.2HCl, NeoSTX, dcSTX, GTX1&4, GTX2&3, dcGTX2&3의 반수치사량 (및 TEF) 값은 각각 451.3 (1.00), 306.5 (1.47), 860.9 (0.52), 644.5 (0.70), 915.3 (0.49), 2409.3 (0.19)로 나타났다. 도출된 TEF 값은 2016년 WHO에서 권고한 TEF 값뿐만아니라, 이 전에 보고된 경구 투여 반수치사량을 기반으로 한 TEF 값 과 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구는 마비성 패류독소 뿐 만 아니라 신규 미관리 해양생물독소에 대해 적절한 TEF를 설정하는 데 있어 삼단계 반응표면경로 설계를 윤리적 우 려와 신뢰할 수 있는 독성 데이터의 필요성 사이에서 효과 적으로 균형을 맞출 수 있는 방법으로 제안한다.

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

This study investigated the densification behavior of rhenium alloys including W-25 wt.%Re and Re-2W-1Ta (pure Re) during sintering. The dilatometry experiments were carried out to obtain the in-situ shrinkage in H2 atmo-sphere. The measured data was analyzed through shrinkage, strain rate and relative density, and then symmetricallytreated to construct the linearized form of master sintering curve (MSC) and MSC as a well-known and straightforwardapproach to describe the densification behavior during sintering. The densification behaviors for each material were ana-lyzed in many respects including apparent activation energy, densification parameter, and densification ratio. MSC witha minimal set of preliminary experiments can make the densification behavior to be characterized and predicted as wellas provide guideline to sinter cycle design. Considering the results of linearized form and MSC, it was confirmed thatthe W-25 wt.%Re compared to Pure Re is more easily densified at the relatively low temperature.

F. occidentalis causes to decrease the yield of chrysanthemum flower economically because it is the major crop pest injuring the flower directly at flowering period in chrysanthemum artificial houses. The control of it with chemicals is very difficult because the resistance of it to chemicals is so high. F. occidentalis began to occur at early-May and increased rapidly mid-May after in standard chrysanthemum artificial houses, Yesan, Chungcheongnam-do. In case of a farm, the density of it increased continuously in spite of chemical control . The times of chemical control to depress the density of it was 6 or 7th for cultivation period of chrysanthemum. We put the flowering yellow pot-mum already (trap plant attracting F. occidentalis) in standard chrysanthemum PVC-houses and set the yellow sticky cards up at an interval of 5m from trap plant(TP). The more yellow sticky trap near to trap plant, the more F. occidentalis was attracted to yellow sticky trap. TP was more attractive to adult F. occidentalis up to distances of 10m. The numbers of it attracted to yellow sticky traps at different distance from TP was not different significantly when standard chrysanthemum bloomed. We put the TP in standard chrysanthumum PVC-house at an distance of 20m and released the natural enemies (Orius laevigatus) on TP at 3 times, an interval of 7 days. And then we set yellow sticky traps up at an distance of 5m from TP and compared the plot with TP+natural enemy(NE) to the plot without them. The density of F. occidentalis was rather lower at TP+NE plot than the plot without at the formative period of flower bud of standard chrysanthemum. Therefore, The yellow flowering chrysanthemum possesses great value of TP attracting F. occidentalis in chrysanthumum PVC-house up to flowering period of cultivating chrysanthemum, and if it is used with natural enemy and chemicals simultaneously, farmers can minimize the quantity of chemicals used.

Myanmar is located in the Southeastern region of Asia. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. The bordering countries are China on the northern side, Thailand and Laos on the eastern region, Bangladesh on the western side and India on the northwestern region. Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi). The rainy season exists primarily during the months between June and September. Whiledry season stays during the months between December and April. Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 ℃ (70 ℉). Coastal and delta regions have an average temperature of 32 ℃ (86.9 ℉). This expedition was conducted four times for three years. Among them we explored three area including Popa Mountain, Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park and Nat Ma Taung National Park[Popa Mountain(8.7~8.17, 2011; 7.24~8.3 2012; 2.18~2.28 2013), Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park(2.2~2.9, 2012) and Nat Ma Taung National Park(2.18~2.28 2013)]. Collecting methods was sweeping net, lignt trap, burket trap, pitfall trap with other method, and collected especially mainly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. As the result, totally about 30 families in Coleoptera and 7 families in Lepidoptera were collected, among them Carabidae and Nymphalidae was revealed most diversity species. Main collect specimens, expedition activities and collections data etc. were provided herein.

본 연구에서는 경부고속철도의 주요 교량형식인 PSC 박스교량을 3차원 뼈대요소를 사용하여 모형화하였으며, 궤도불규칙성의 형상은 지수 스펙트럴 밀도함수를 사용하여 생성시켰다. 경부고속철도차량(K-TGV)중 동력차는 17자유도의 3차원 주행열차로 모형화하였고, 이러한 교량, 궤도불규칙성 및 차량 모형을 이용하여 교량과 차량의 상호작용을 해석할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 동적해석을 위한 교량과 차량의 운동방정식은 Lagrange 방정식을 사용하여 유도하였으며, 운동방정식의 수치해석에는 Newmark-법을 사용하였다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용하여 동력차의 주행에 의한 교량의 시간이력곡선을 구하였으며, 궤도불규칙성의 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 도상의 유무에 따른 교량동적거동의 특성과 함께 열하중의 편심의 영향도 분석하였다.

The previous study of chemical evolution of the Galaxy is extended to the radial properties of the Galactic disk. The present model includes radial dependency of the time-dependent bimodal IMF, radial flow of material in the disk, and the change of type I supernova explosion rate with radial distance from the disk center as model parameters and observed gas and stellar density distributions and metallicity abundance gradient as observational constraints. The results of two models in this study explain the observed gas and stellar density distributions well, with the slope of the gas density gradient in the region of 4.5 kpc<r<12kpc as -0.136dex/kpc in model Y1 and -0.123dex/kpc in model Y2, respectively, which fit well the observed gradient of -0.l1dex/kpc. The abundance gradient reproduced in model Y1 is getting flatter with decreasing radius, while that in model Y2 is getting steeper, which fits better the observed abundance gradient. This result shows the necessity of exponentially increasing type I supernova explosion rate with decreasing radius in order to explain the observed abundance gradient in the disk. The fitness of observed density distribution and star formation rate distribution justifies the reliability of time-dependent bimodal IMF as a compound quantitative chemical evolution model of the Galaxy. The temporal variations of metallicity gradients for carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are also shown.

Anthocyanins are very important constituent of human diet. In recent years, they have gained much attention due to their antioxidative properties. As the radish (Raphanus sativus L) has rich content of anthocyanins, the study is aimed to develop increased functional radish from selected radish varieties. ‘Bordeux’ is a hybrid variety of breeding between one accession derived from ‘Oharu’ as a maternal variety and ‘Chungpihongsim’ as a paternal variety. In this study, we investigated the new varieties of radish commonly consumed in Republic of Korea for their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities using three (DDPH, FRAP and CUPRAC) different assays. The selected radish varieties like ‘Bordeux’, ‘Chungbok’, ‘3209’, ‘Chungwoon’, ‘Oharu’, and ‘Chungpihongsim’ were procured from the company Syngenta Korea. Among the selected radish varieties, ‘Bordeux’ (289 μg/g FW) and ‘Chungpihongsim’ (276 μg/g FW) revealed maximum amount of phenolics; whereas ‘3209’ (103 μg/g FW) and ‘Chungwoon’ (166 μg/g FW) showed the lower amount of phenolics content, respectively. Extracts from these studied radishes showed good to moderate antioxidant activities. The varieties ‘Chungpihongsim’ and ‘Bordeux’ revealed maximum antioxidant activity for all assays as demonstrated. However, some varieties like ‘3209’ and ‘Oharu’ exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity in all the tested assays, viz; DPH, FRAP and CUPRAC in μg TE/g FW, respectively. The antioxidant activities may be attributed to the higher phenolic acid contents as a linear relation was observed between the two components and the antioxidant parameters.

광나무(L. lucidum)는 ursolic acid와 oleanolic acid를 다량 포함하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 광나무 열매, 줄기, 잎 세 부위 추출물의 항주름 효능을 평가하였다. 광나무 추출물은 human skin fibroblasts에서 독성이 없을 뿐만 아니라 MMP-1과 MMP-2의 발현을 감소시키고 COL1A1의 발현을 증가시켰다. 이들 추출물은 모두 농도 의존적으로 COL1A1의 발현을 증가시켰으며 MMP-1과 MMP-2의 발현을 감소시켰다. 광나무 세 부위 추출물 가운데, 열매 부위에 가장 많은 양의 ursolic acid 와 oleanolic acid가 함유되어 있었으며 가장 강한 COL1A1 upregulating 효과와 MMP-1과 MMP-2 downregulating 효과를 나타냈다. 이처럼 항주름 효능을 보이는 광나무 열매 추출물은 기능성 화장품 소재로 개발될 수 있는 가능성이 있다.