장내 미생물 군집은 소화 과정, 면역 시스템, 질병 발생 등 숙주의 다양한 면에 광범위한 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 주요 장내 미생물 종은 숙주의 생리 기능에 핵심적인 역할을 수행한다고 발표된 바 있다. 곤충의 장내 미생물 군집에 관한 연구가 최근 활발히 이루어지고 있으며, 이들 연구는 주로 장내 미생물 군집과 기생충, 병원체 간의 상호작용, 종간의 신호 전달 네트워크, 먹이의 소화 과정 등을 중심으로 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 연구들은 대부분 Illumina MiSeq을 활용하여 16S rRNA 유전자의 V1부터 V9 영역 중 선택된 특정 부분을 대상으로 짧은 서열 정보를 대상으로 진행되었다. 그러나, 최근에는 PacBio HiFi 기술이 상용화되면서 16S rRNA의 전장 분석이 가능할 수 있게 되었다. 이번 연구는 장수말벌(Vespa mandarinia)의 해부를 통해 gut과 carcass 부분을 분리한 뒤, 각 샘플을 Illumina MiSeq과 PacBio HiFi 기술을 활용하여 미생물 군집 간의 차이점을 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다.

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are receiving great attention because of their unusual material properties, such as high thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and electrical resistance. However, high-throughput and highefficiency synthesis of BNNTs has been hindered due to the high boiling point of boron (~ 4000℃) and weak interaction between boron and nitrogen. Although, hydrogen-catalyzed plasma synthesis has shown potential for scalable synthesis of BNNTs, the direct use of H2 gas as a precursor material is not strongly recommended, as it is extremely flammable. In the present study, BNNTs have been synthesized using radio-frequency inductively coupled thermal plasma (RF-ITP) catalyzed by solid-state ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), a safe catalyst materials for BNNT synthesis. Similar to BNNTs synthesized from h-BN (hexagonal boron nitride) + H2, successful fabrication of BNNTs synthesized from h-BN+NH4Cl is confirmed by their sheet-like properties, FE-SEM images, and XRD analysis. In addition, improved dispersion properties in aqueous solution are found in BNNTs synthesized from h-BN +NH4Cl.

This study was conducted to observe the fermentative quality and anthocyanin content in whole crop colored barley silage during storage periods and anthocyanin stability in in vitro ruminal fluid. Silages of colored barley cultivar “Boanchalbori” and normal barley cultivar “Yuyeonbori” were stored during 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. The in vitro ruminal fluid was fermented for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hrs. For the feed value, crude protein of colored barley silage was slightly increased in the silage compared to that of normal barley silage, and being increased up to 2 months after ensiling and thereafter maintained at the similar level. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of both the barley significantly increased by prolonged storage of 2 months (p<0.05), but they were maintained at the constant level after 2 months of storing silage. Whereas TDN (total digestible nutrients) contents of them were decreased by the prolonged storage of 2 months (p<0.05), then maintained at the constant levels. The fermentative quality and pH values in both the barley silages were slightly decreased during the storage time. Lactic acid and acetic acid contents were increased during prolonged storage period, but not significantly different among treatments. Butyric acid was not detected. In the colored barley silage, pH value showed slightly lower compared to that of the normal barley silage but not significant, and lactic acid content was significantly higher than the normal barley silage (p<0.05). The total anthocyanin content in the whole crop colored barley silage decreased to 42% after 2 months of ensilage, however maintained at the constant level until 12 months of ensilage. In the case of anthocyanin stability on in vitro ruminal fluid digestion, the pH value of the ruminal fluid was slightly lower at 6, 12, 24, 48h incubation time and the content of anthocyanin was at similar levels. These results indicated that the colored barley showed higher fermentation quality, and total anthocyanin content was maintained stable at 42% level of the first value in storing silage. As the anthocyanin had higher stability in the ruminal fluid, the colored barley has a potential as functional feeds for Ruminants.

Allomyrina dichotoma is a typical pet beetles in Korea. From 2010, similar symptoms of milky spore disease were found collectively in grubs of the species reared in insect farms. They shared a specific symptom that the skin of last instar larvae was changed softer with opaque white and infested grubs eventually died. To clarify the cause of the symptom, we collected the larvae of A. dichotoma from five farms and examined intestinal bacterial florae of them using pyrosequencing technique. From those results, a member of Paenibacillus was found only in the larvae showing the symptom of disease. Through PCR analysis using a Paenibacillus specific primer set, we obtained the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence and confirmed the microbe as Paenibacillus sp. For detailed characterizing, a whole guts was extracted from each larva showing the sign of the disease and incubated at 70℃ for 15 min to isolate spore forming bacteria. After then, each content of guts was cultured on MYPGPNAL agar medium (12.5 μg/ml of nalidixic acid) at 30℃. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for six isolate showed that they were closely related to P. rigui (97.5~98.0% similarity) and to P. chinjuensis (95.9~96.6% similarity). Additional tests including API test and cellular fatty acid composition analysis were performed, but the strain couldn’t be identified at species level, suggesting it may represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus.

치과 콘빔 전산화단층 검사 시 갑상선 부위의 방사선 피폭선량을 최소화하기 위하여 보루스 (Bolus)를 이용한 차폐체를 제작하고, 방사선 차폐 효과와 영상의 적정성을 평가하였다. 치과용 콘빔 전산화단층검사 장비를 사용하여 치과방사선 두부 팬텀을 대상으로 갑상선의 좌, 우측 부위에 유리선량계를 부착시켜 방사선량을 측정하였다. 차폐체의 두께를 각각 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm로 다르게 하여 각 차폐체별로 흡수선량을 측정하여 차폐체를 사용하지 않았을 경우와 비교하였다. 8명의 평가자가 진료영상의 적정성을 여부를 평가하였다. 왼쪽 갑상선 부위에 30 mm Bolus 차폐체를 사용한 경우에는 결과값이 평균 342.67 μ㏉로 Bolu s 차폐체를 사용하지 않고 측정한 결과값의 평균 431.22 μ㏉보다 20.7% 감소하였고, 오른쪽 갑상선 부위에 30 mm Bolus 차폐체를 사용한 경우에는 평균 424.56 μ㏉로 21.9%의 선량감소효과를 보였다. 진료 영상의 적정성은 평가자 모두 사용 가능하다 판단하였다. 결론적으로, 치과 콘빔 전산화단층검사 시 갑상선 부위의 방사선 피폭선량을 최소화하기 위해 제작된 Bolus 차폐체는 장해음영 없이 적정한 진단 영상 처리가 가능하고, 방사선차폐 효과가 있어 유용한 차폐체로 적용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is commonly accompanied by premature infants and associated with an increase of comorbidity and mortality. Surgery in the operation room (OR) is more familiar with an anesthesiologist, but transportation of the premature to OR has risks of hypothermia or other unexpected events. These days, PDA ligation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is highlighted because of its advantages. We compared the postoperative outcome of PDA ligation according to the operating theater in the perspective of an anesthesiologist. Methods: A total of 9 patient who underwent PDA ligation surgery from 2007 to 2018 were enrolled and divided into two groups; Group OR: surgery at the OR, Group NICU: surgery at the NICU. Data of gestational age (GA), body weight (BW), patients’ characteristics, anesthesia and hemodynamic, total hospitalization period, and outcome were collected. Results: There were no significant differences in patient characteristics (GA, BW, PDA size, and comorbidities) and the duration of anesthesia, operation and recovery. Total hospitalization period was shorter in a group OR than NICU, but there were no significant differences in postoperative outcome. Only 1 patient has expired in a group OR. Conclusions: PDA ligation surgery in NICU has the advantage to maintain the body temperature than the surgery in the OR, and there were no significant differences in the outcome of the surgery.

Extravasation is the accidental injection or leakage of fluid into the subcutaneous or perivascular tissues. Some drugs can cause serious injury such as severe tissue injury, necrosis, and etc. Here we report a case of chemical burn by sodium bicarbonate extravasation due to accidental venous puncture during arterial cannulation. A 42-years-old woman has taken emergency laparotomy surgery due to a stab wound to the abdomen. Massive blood loss has developed, and consequently vital signs were unstable and metabolic acidosis has developed. Sodium bicarbonate has administered via a peripheral intravenous line on the dorsal vein of a right hand that runs to the cephalic vein. However, the cephalic vein that runs by the side of the radial artery has punctured accidentally during the attempt of right radial artery cannulation. Second degree superficial and deep chemical burn by sodium bicarbonate extravasation has developed. Skin lesion about 3 × 4 cm2 with erythema and bullae formation has developed. There were no necrotic changes and the digital sensation was intact. Wet dressing and silicon foam dressing were prescribed. After two weeks, she was discharged. Until then, dermis exposure about 1 × 1 cm2 remained although the skin lesions became getting well.

Acute upper airway obstruction can cause negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE). It is a well-known perianesthetic complication, but is uncommon for intubated patients. Radiation injury of lung can easily lead to pulmonary hemorrhage or NPPE caused by changes of transthoracic or transpulmonary pressure. It is due to injury of alveolar-capillary membrane by radiation. We report the case of a 71-year-old man with a history of radiation therapy for lung cancer after surgical resection who developed the abrupt onset of pulmonary hemorrhage and NPPE during general anesthesia for hydrocele and inguinal hernia operation.

Brugada syndrome is associated with high risk for sudden death without structural cardiac defects due to ventricular arrhythmias. A 47-years-old man with Brugada syndrome has admitted because of right patella fracture. General anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil was carefully maintained according to the BIS for the maintenance of adequate anesthetic depth and to avoid tachycardia during the surgery. Blood pressure and heart rate of the patient were maintained less than 150/90 mmHg and 100 beat/min perioperatively. There were no adverse events, and the patient was discharged home after ten days.

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is a common disorder of the conduction system of the heart. Patients with such disorder may be asymptomatic or present with cardiac symptoms like palpitation and dyspnea. The anesthetic management of these patients is challenging as they are known to develop life threatening tachyarrhythmia. We report a hemodynamic management of a 53-year-old male with WPW syndrome scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. We performed total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil, and we placed the laryngeal mask airway behind the endotracheal tube using Bailey's Maneuver before extubation of endotracheal tube.

Background: We evaluated the effect of ulinastatin on paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), IL-6, and IL-10 in SD rats after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Methods: Group C received N/S and Group E received ulinastatin IV for three days following SNL. PWT, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Results: Group E showed higher PWT compared to group C. IL-6 was lower in group E than in group C. No differences in IL-10 were observed between group C and group E. Conclusion: Ulinastatin increased the PWT and its effect appears to be involved with IL-6, not IL-10.

Severe maternal morbidity is frequently associated with catastrophic complications of pregnancy such as amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) or sepsis due to chorioamnionitis. The authors report a case of postpartum maternal hypoxic encephalopathy that might be attributed to AFE or sepsis due to chorioamnionitis with Escherichia coli bacteremia, and review the relevant literature. The patient presented with preterm labor, underwent Cesarean section for intrauterine fetal demise, and experienced postpartum cardiopulmonary collapse and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which led to catastrophic postpartum maternal encephalopathy.

This is the case report of a 58-year-old man who developed acute severe hypoglycemia after a spinal block. He had a history of injecting insulin combined with 50% dextrose for hyperkalemia control. After the spinal block, he presented with hypo-glycemic symptoms and went into convulsions. Following injection of midazolam and 10 ml of 50% dextrose, his mental state returned to alert. We recommend careful monitoring of blood sugar level of chronic kidney disease patients who under-go neuraxial block.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common, benign, and transient type of supraventricular arrhythmia encountered during the early postoperative period after a pulmonary resection. However, it sometimes might result in hemodynamic deterioration. We report on a case of new-onset atrial fibrillation in a 74-year-old male patient after right lower lobectomy, which was not controlled with intermittent bolus injection of esmolol and diltiazem. Successful pharmacological cardioversion was achieved with intravenous (6 mg/hr for 2 hours) followed by oral (90 mg q day) diltiazem 20 hours after this treatment. The literature on the risk factors and management of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary resection is reviewed.

In treatment of right ventricular failure with pulmonary hypertension, milrinone has not only an inotropic effect but also a vasodilating effect, thus, recently, it has been widely used. Recent studies have reported on the direct stimulation effects of doxapram on the central nervous system. A 91-year-old female underwent hemiarthroplasty under spinal anesthesia. When transported to the recovery room, right ventricular failure, cardiogenic shock, and mental deepening occurred. After stabiliz-ing vital signs, milrinone, doxapram was administered. We report on the effective use of milrinone for acute right ventricular failure and the active use of doxapram for reduced consciousness and hypoventilation.

Fatal pulmonary embolism occurs in 0.1% to 0.26% of cases of spine fusion surgery. Early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is difficult, and delay in treatment can lead to a fatal outcome. We report on a case of symptomatic pulmonary embolism which developed after induction of general anesthesia in a patient who had been immobile because of a previous spinal operation one week prior to this. Despite a negative preoperative ultrasound examination for deep vein thrombosis, the patient had developed a pulmonary embolism, which was diagnosed using intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Despite intensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation and thrombolytic therapy, the patient died within a few hours of diagnosis.