Sodium sulfate, as a commonly used early strengthening agent, has been widely used in different areas. Because of its sulfonic acid group, sodium sulfate is also used as a cement capillary crystal waterproof material. However, temperature has a significant effect on concrete mixed with sodium sulfate. The effect of sodium sulfate on the early hydration rate at different temperatures was studied by conducting a time and hydration thermal analysis. The effects of sodium sulfate on the mechanical properties of concrete at different temperatures were studied through compressive strength experiments. Impermeability at different temperatures was studied by testing resistance to chloride ion penetration and resistance to water penetration. The effect of resistance to sulfate attack was also experimentally. The hydration products were analyzed by electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The experimental results showed that at low temperature, sodium sulfate can accelerate the early hydration reaction rate, and the effect becomes weaker with increasing temperature. At low temperature, the addition of sodium sulfate can effectively improve the degree of hydration, and enhance the permeability resistance and ion erosion resistance of the matrix.

The role of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) development has garnered attention, highlighting probiotics as potential adjuncts in CRC prevention and treatment. In recent years, probiotics and their derivatives have demonstrated mechanisms that may contribute to anticancer properties. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KCTC 5033, Limosilactobacillus reuteri VA 103, Bacillus galactosidilyticus VA 107, and Lactococcus taiwanensis VE101 on CT-26 mouse colon carcinoma cells using live cells, heat-killed cells (paraprobiotics), and cell-free supernatants (CFS, postbiotics) through an MTT assay. The results indicate that live bacterial strains, such as KCTC 3357, VA 103, and VA 107, promoted CT-26 cell viability, while heat-killed cells and CFS exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Inactivated forms of KCTC 3357 and VE 101, as well as CFS at 10 mg/mL concentration of KCTC 5033, VA 103, and VE 101, showed the strongest antiproliferative effects. These findings suggest that non-viable probiotic derivatives, such as paraprobiotics and postbiotics, offer promising therapeutic potential for CRC, providing a safer and more stable alternative to live probiotics. However, further research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, in vivo efficacy, and potential clinical applications.

본 연구는 중국상업은행을 대상으로 COVID-19로 인한 위기를 극복하는 과정에 긍정적인 영향 을 미친 변수가 무엇인지를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 분석표본을 대상으로 맘퀴스트지수 (Malmquist index) 생산성 분석을 실시하여 COVID-19 전후 생산성이 모두 양호했던과 모두 불량했던 그룹 으로 구분한 후, 각 그룹별로 패널 (panel) 분석을 수행하여 수익성 결정요인을 비교하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. COVID-19 전후 지속적으로 높은 생산성을 유지한 중국상업은행 은 자산건전성이 높을수록, 수지비율이 낮을수록, 규모가 작을수록 그리고 이자수익이 높을수록 수 익성에 긍정적인 영향을 발휘하여 COVID-19를 극복한 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 두 그룹 간 생산 성변화 차이가 은행의 경영자원 배분과 경영특성에 의한 것임을 시사한다. 향후 중국상업은행은 수 익구조 개선, 비즈니스 모델의 혁신, 디지털전환에 대한 적극 대응을 해나가야만 지속가능한 성장 을 도모할 수 있을 것이다.

Probiotics have been evaluated as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment in an increasing number of studies. This study investigated the inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of specific Lactobacillus strains on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). The strains assessed were Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri VA 102, Ligilactobacillus (L.) animalis VA 105, and Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272). The viability of HT-29 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. The findings revealed that cell-free supernatants (CFS) exhibited significant anticancer effects. Heat-inactivated L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri KCTC 3594 induced a pronounced reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, live cultures of L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri VA 102 also showed reduced cell viability compared to the control group. These results suggest that CFS and heat-inactivated cells may be more suitable for therapeutic applications than live bacteria owing to their improved safety profiles and reduced potential for adverse effects. Our findings also emphasize the potential anticancer benefits of these LAB strains.

The cost of treating water purification plant water treatment residuals is high, with a low recovery rate and unstable effluent water quality, particularly in plants using lake and reservoir water sources in severe cold regions. Maximizing water resource utilization requires integrating water treatment residuals concentration and treatment effectively. Here, ceramic membrane technology was employed to separate supernatant and substrate after pretreatment. Optimal settling was achieved using 75 μm magnetic powder at 200 and 4 mg/L of nonionic polyacrylamide co-injection. Approximately 65% of the separated supernatant was processed by 0.1–0.2 μm Al2O3 ceramic membranes, yielding a membrane flux of 50 L/m2h and a water recovery rate of 99.8%. This resulted in removal rates of 99.3% for turbidity, 98.2% for color, and 87.7% for color and permanganate index (chemical oxygen demand, COD). Furthermore, 35% of the separated substrate underwent treatment with 0.1–0.2 μm mixed ceramic membranes of Al2O3 and SiC, achieving a membrane flux of 40 L/m2h and a water recovery rate of 73.8%. The removal rates for turbidity, color, and COD were 99.9%, 99.9%, and 82%, respectively. Overall, this process enables comprehensive concentration and treatment integration, achieving a water recovery rate of 90.7% with safe and stable effluent water quality.

Diamond/SiC composites were prepared by vacuum silica vapor-phase infiltration of in situ silicon–carbon reaction, and the thermophysical properties of the composites were modulated by controlling diamond graphitizing. The effects of diamond surface state and vacuum silicon infiltration temperature on diamond graphitization were investigated, and the micromorphology, phase composition, and properties of the composites were observed and characterized. The results show that diamond pretreatment can reduce the probability of graphitizing; when the penetration temperature is greater than 1600 °C, the diamond undergoes a graphitizing phase transition and the micro-morphology presents a lamellar shape. The thermal conductivity, density, and flexural strength of the composites increased and then decreased with the increase of penetration temperature in the experimentally designed range of penetration temperature. The variation of thermal expansion coefficients of composites prepared with different penetration temperatures ranged from 0.8 to 3.0 ppm/K when the temperature was between 50 and 400 °C.

Graphitic nitrogen-doped carbon film/nanoparticle composite, in which the films were wrapped and separated by the nanoparticles, was prepared through a simple co-calcination route. Due to its unique porous structure and improved nitrogen content, the as-prepared electrode material could exhibit high specific capacitances of 317.5 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1 and 200.0 F g− 1 at 20 A g− 1, and stable cycling behavior with no capacitance decline after 10,000 cycles in three-electrode system. When assembled in two-electrode capacitor, its specific capacitance could be well kept at 265.5 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1, and thus the supercapacitor with a high energy density of 9.22 Wh kg− 1 was obtained. The superior energy storage properties of the as-prepared material indicate its promising application as high-performance carbon-based electrode for supercapacitors.

Activated carbon has broad application prospects for treating pollutants due to its easy availability, low cost and good adsorption. In our work, nano-activated carbons (NAC) with abundant functional groups are obtained by the oxidation modification of HNO3, ( NH4)2S2O8, and KMnO4, which are used to construct the particle electrodes to degrade NDEA in a continuous flow electrochemical reactor, and the influence of relevant factors on the performance of NDEA removal is discussed. The experimental data show that the optimal degradation efficiency is 42.55% at the conditions of 3 mL/min influent water flow, 0.21 M electrolyte concentration, 10 mA/cm2 current density, and 10 μg/mL initial NDEA concentration. The degradation of NDEA conforms to a quasi second order kinetic equation. The electrocatalytic mechanism of NAC electrodes for removing NDEA is firstly discussed. The effects of different free radicals on the degradation of NDEA are also demonstrated through free radical quenching experiments, indicating that the degradation of NDEA is dominated by ⋅OH. The degradation pathway of NDEA and final products are obtained using GC–MS. NAC particle electrodes as the cheap and efficient electrocatalyst in continuous flow electrochemical reactor system provide a greener solution for the removal of disinfection by-products from drinking water.

호접란은 세계적으로 분화뿐만 아니라 절화로도 판매되는 주 요 화훼작물이다. 상업적 종묘 대량생산은 조직배양 기술에 의 해 이루어지고 있으나 우리나라는 아직까지 균일하고 우수한 발근묘 생산 기술이 확립되지 않았다. 생육이 고르고 우수한 발근 배양묘를 생산하기 위한 적정 배양 신초수를 찾기 위해 용적 500mL 유리 배양병에 호접란 2품종(‘Lovely Angel’과 ‘UniVivace’)의 신초를 1, 4, 7, 10개씩 배양한 후 3개월에 지상부 및 지하부 초기 생육 특성을 조사한 결과, 7개의 신초를 배양하였을 때 신초의 생육이나 뿌리 유도 및 생육에 효과적이 었다. 또한, 배양병 재질이 발근묘 생육에 미치는 영향을 확인하 고자 용적이 500mL로 동일한 유리 배양병과 플라스틱 배양병 에 신초 7개 배양 3개월 후 2품종의 생육 특성을 비교한 결과, 2품종 모두 플라스틱 배양병 보다는 유리 배양병이 유의적으로 생육에 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다. 기내 발근묘 생산을 위한 배양병 재질의 영향은 이후까지 지속적으로 영향을 미치는 것으 로 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 균일한 호접란 발근묘 생산은 플라 스틱 재질보다는 유리병 재질의 배양병이 적합하며, 특히, 용적 이 500mL인 유리 배양병의 경우 신초를 7개(묘당 재식면적 5.4㎠) 이내로 배양하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 확인되었다.

This study comprehensively investigates three types of graphite materials as potential anodes for potassium-ion batteries. Natural graphite, artificial carbon-coated graphite, and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) are examined for their structural characteristics and electrochemical performances. Structural analyses, including HRTEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and laser particle size measurements, reveal distinct features in each graphite type. XRD spectra confirm that all graphites are composed of pure carbon, with high crystallinity and varying crystal sizes. Raman spectroscopy indicates differences in disorder levels, with artificial carbon-coated graphite exhibiting the highest disorder, attributed to its outer carbon coating. Ex-situ Raman and HRTEM techniques on the electrodes reveal their distinct electrochemical behaviors. MCMB stands out with superior stability and capacity retention during prolonged cycling, attributed to its unique spherical particle structure facilitating potassium-ion diffusion. The study suggests that MCMB holds promise for potassium-ion full batteries. In addition, artificial carbon-coated graphite, despite challenges in hindering potassium-ion diffusion, may find applications in commercial potassium-ion battery anodes with suitable coatings. The research contributes valuable insights into potassiumion battery anode materials, offering a significant extension to the current understanding of graphite-based electrode performance.

We successfully synthesized a porous carbon material with abundant hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) dispersed on a carbon matrix (p-BN-C) as efficient electrocatalysts for two-electron oxygen reduction reaction ( 2e− ORR) to produce hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2). This catalyst was fabricated via ball-milling-assisted h-BN exfoliation and subsequent growth of carbon structure. In alkaline solutions, the h-BN/carbon heterostructure exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 generation measured by a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE), with a remarkable selectivity of up to 90–97% in the potential range of 0.3–0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), superior to most of the reported carbon-based electrocatalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations indicated that the B atoms at the h-BN heterostructure interface were crucial active sites. These results underscore the remarkable catalytic activity of heterostructure and provide a novel approach for tailoring carbon-based catalysts, enhancing the selectivity and activity in the production of H2O2 through heterostructure engineering.

The arrival of the 5G era has made electromagnetic pollution a problem that needs to be addressed, and flexible carbon-based materials have become a good choice. In this study, wet continuous papermaking technology was used to prepare carbon fiber paper (CFP) with a three-dimensional conductive skeleton network; Molybdenum disulfide ( MOS2)/ iron (Fe) @ carbon fiber paper-based shielding material was prepared by impregnating and blending molybdenum disulfide/iron ( MOS2/Fe) phenolic resin MOS2/ Fe@ CFP. The morphology, structure, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, and electromagnetic shielding properties of the composite were characterized. The results show that the three-dimensional network structure based on a short carbon fiber paper-based conductive skeleton and the synergistic effect of the MOS2 dielectric wave absorbing agent and Fe magnetic wave absorbing agent have good electromagnetic shielding performance. Conduct electromagnetic shielding simulation using HFSS software to provide options for the structural design of CFP. The electromagnetic shielding performance of CFP reaches 70 dB, and the tensile strength reaches 34.39 MPa. Based on the mechanical properties, the compactness of carbon fiber paper is ensured. The lightning damage model test using CST software expands the direction for the use of carbon fiber paper. In summary, MOS2/ Fe @CFP with excellent shielding performance has great application prospects in thinner and lighter shielding materials, as well as high sensitivity, defense and military equipment.

In this paper, iron ore tailings (IOT) were separated from the tailings field and used to prepare cement stabilized macadam (CSM) with porous basalt aggregate. First, the basic properties of the raw materials were studied. Porous basalt was replaced by IOT at ratios of 0, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % as fine aggregate to prepare CSM, and the effects of different cement dosage (4 %, 5 %, 6 %) on CSM performance were also investigated. CSM’s durability and mechanical performance with ages of 7 d, 28 d, and 90 d were studied with the unconfined compression strength test, splitting tensile strength test, compressive modulus test and freeze-thaw test, respectively. The changes in Ca2+ content in CSM of different ages and different IOT ratios were analyzed by the ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration method, and the micro-morphology of CSM with different ages and different IOT replaced ratio were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that with the same cement dosage, the strengths of the IOT-replaced CSM were weaker than that of the porous basalt aggregate at early stage, and the strength was highest at the replaced ratio of 60 %. With a cement dosage of 4 %, the unconfined compressive strength of CSM without IOT was increased by 6.78 % at ages from 28 d to 90 d, while the splitting tensile strength increased by 7.89 %. However, once the IOT replaced ratio reached 100 %, the values increased by about 76.24 % and 17.78 %, which was better than 0 % IOT. The CSM-IOT performed better than the porous basalt CSM at 90 d age. This means IOT can replace porous basalt fine aggregate as a pavement base.

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when administered in adequate amounts and may exhibit antiproliferative effects on various cancer cell lines, including colon cancer. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of three Lactobacillus strains - Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri VA 102, Ligilactobacillus (L.) animalis VA 105, and Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272) - on mouse colon carcinoma cells (CT-26). Live cells, heat-killed cells, and cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus sp. were prepared and used to treat CT-26 cells at different concentrations. The cytotoxic effect was assessed using the MTT assay. The results indicated that the CFS of all strains significantly reduced the viability of CT-26 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with the VA 102 strain showing the most pronounced effect. Heat-killed cells of L. reuteri VA 102 and L. reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272) also reduced cell viability. These findings suggest the potential anticancer properties of these Lactobacillus strains and indicate that CFS and heat-killed cells may offer a safer and more effective alternative to live bacteria for therapeutic applications. Our study contributes to the understanding of the potential of Lactobacillus strains, particularly L. reuteri VA 102, L. reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272), and L. animalis VA 105, as possible candidates for cancer treatment and control.

Heavy metal ions pollution has become of worldwide critical concern, thus, it is particularly important to monitor it in the environment and food for ensuring human health. In this study, p-phenylenediamine and 2-mercaptothiazoline were used to prepare nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped carbon dots (N/SCDs) for fluorescent and colorimetric detection of Cu2+. The fabricated N/SCDs with bright green fluorescence showed excellent optical characteristics and favorable water solubility. In an aqueous system, a significant fluorescence quenching of N/SCDs at 512 nm is obtained in the presence of Cu2+. It also caused a significant colorimetric response with the color of prepared N/SCDs solution changed from colorless to yellow. Under optimal conditions, the analytical results showed that the linear range spanning from 5 to 400 μM, with a detection limit of 0.215 μM in fluorescence and 0.225 μM in colorimetric detection. In addition, N/SCDs displayed high selectivity toward Cu2+. No obvious interference was observed over other metal ions. Furthermore, we have also used N/SCDs to monitor Cu2+ in tap and lake water. The recovery of Cu2+ ranged between 89.6% and 113.1%. Exhibiting remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, the designed sensor offers a promising detection method for Cu2+ detection in the real sample.

CO2 photocatalytic reduction is a carbon–neutral renewable energy technology. However, this technology is restricted by the low utilization of photocatalytic electrons. Therefore, to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and enhance the performance of CO2 photocatalytic reduction. In this paper, g-C3N4/Pd composite with Schottky junction was synthesized by using g-C3N4, a two-dimensional material with unique interfacial effect, as the substrate material in combination with the co-catalyst Pd. The composite of Pd and g-C3N4 was tested to have a strong localized surface plasmon resonance effect (LSPR), which decreased the reaction barriers and improved the electron utilization. The combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) created a π–π conjugation effect at the g-C3N4 interface, which shortened the electron migration path and further improved the thermal electron transfer and utilization efficiency. The results show that the g-C3N4/ rGO/Pd (CRP) exhibits the best performance for photocatalytic reduction of CO2, with the yields of 13.57 μmol g− 1 and 2.73 μmol g− 1 for CO and CH4, respectively. Using the in situ infrared test to elucidate the intermediates and the mechanism of g-C3N4/rGO/Pd (CRP) photocatalytic CO2 reduction. This paper provides a new insight into the interface design of photocatalytic materials and the application of co-catalysts.