Stored grain pests can cause reduction of grain quantity, quality, commercial value and germination rate. Susceptibility of three fumigants, methyl bromide, ethyl formate and phosphine, were assessed on Tribolium castaneum, which is an important stored grain pest. On susceptible insects, LCT50 of phosphine was 0.654mg h/L for egg, 0.127mg h/L for late larvae, 0.105mg h/L for pupae and 0.048mg h/L for adult stage, respectively. LCT50 of methyl bromide was 33.193mg h/L for egg, 14.585mg h/L for late larvae, 8.616mg h/L for pupae and 11.967mg h/L for adult stage, respectively. LCT50 of ethyl formate were 25.165mg h/L for egg, 80.912mg h/L for late larvae, 176.326mg h/L for pupae and 68.578mg h/L for adult stage, respectively. On resistant insects, LCT50 of phosphine were 82.325mg h/L for egg, 33.315mg h/L for late larvae, 73.546mg h/L for pupae and 55.707mg h/L for adult stage, respectively. LCT50 of methyl bromide were 19.250mg h/L for egg, 43.413mg h/L for late larvae, 76.842mg h/L for pupae and 19.387mg h/L for adult stage, respectively. LCT50 of ethyl formate were 87.552mg h/L for egg, 113.457mg h/L for late larvae, 200.122mg h/L for pupae and 85.394mg h/L for adult stage, respectively.

University-industry R&D collaboration is a key driver of participating firms’ technological capability. However, there is still debate on the determinants of a firm’s innovation performance, especially in relation to the characteristics of collaboration and organizational slack. We lay the foundation for our theoretical framework by establishing testable hypotheses on how the characteristics of university-industry collaboration and organizational slack affect participating firms’ innovation performance. Based on a panel data of 2914 firm-year cases for the top 200 U.S. R&D firms, estimates obtained from quantitative techniques produce consistent results and support our predictions. Collaboration breadth, network centrality, unabsorbed slack, collaboration experience and collaboration proactiveness are associated with innovation performance. Moreover, a firm’s higher absorbed slack exerts a negative influence on innovation performance. The managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.

The recent addition of Instagram feature, ad labels for sponsored posts, enables users to explicitly identify sponsored posts, increasing the level of transparency of posts (O’Brien, 2017). In sponsored posts in social media, followers are aware the marketing efforts that go on behind the user generated contents and message threads. Thus, the impact of postings on the followers’ behavioral response may vary depending on the levels of trust that followers have with the brand sponsored Instagram posts. In that regards, retailers implementing Instagram platform have faced creating more persuasive postings that can build the posting credibility and generate positive responses toward the brand. Grounded upon the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986), this study attempted to identify determinants of persuasive postings that build the message credibility of brand sponsored Instagram posts and positive responses toward the brand and to examine how the levels of trust followers have with the brand sponsored Instagram moderate the persuasion process when followers elaborate the postings. Data was collected via online survey and a total of 263 responses were determined to be usable in this study. Structural equation modeling was used to test the study hypotheses. The study results showed that post popularity and the argument quality of the post were determinants of the persuasive posting, increasing message credibility and yielding positive response towards the sponsored brand. Interestingly, post attractiveness was not a persuasive post characteristic. The results implied that post popularity and argument quality of post increased Instagram post credibility. These characteristics of posts have persuasive power to increase the post credibility, leading to a positive response toward the sponsored brand. Consumers’ levels of trust on the Instagram post sponsored brand moderated the persuasive process. The result supported that consumers with a low level of trust on the Instagram post sponsored brand carefully read a wide range of information and pay more attention to argument quality of posts, which consisted of the post content and other followers’ input regarding the product. Through the lens of Elaboration Likelihood Model, this study suggests that retailers should pay particular attention on the argument quality of a post and post popularity. The argument quality of a post is the influential factor determining persuasive and credible posts, further leveraging post credibility for consumers with a low level of trust on the sponsored post.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of different concentrations of ozonated water with organic matter, fetal bovine serum, at different concentrations and incubation times with bacteria. In the absence of organic matter, total eradication of up to 5 log of Escherichia (E.) coli was achieved, however, interference by organic matter led to inefficiency of ozonated water as a disinfecting agent. In addition, diminishing antimicrobial effects at higher temperatures, even in the absence of organic matter, were also demonstrated. These findings indicate that ozonated water will be a safe and effective disinfectant agent that could be useful in meat processing, especially an intestine processing, in Korean slaughter houses.

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of ozone in sanitizing water experimentally inoculated with the gram-positive food-poisoning bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal effect was measured after experimentally inoculated solutions were exposed to 0, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ozone at several time points and different temperatures, in the presence of varying concentrations of different organic matter, namely, fetal bovine serum (FBS) or cattle liver. Results revealed inhibition of the bactericidal effect in the presence of the lowest percentage of FBS, but a lower extent of the inhibition occurred when liver was used as the organic matter. It was also apparent that a higher temperature and shorter ozone exposure time had led to a more reduced bactericidal efficacy than that under a lower temperature and longer ozone exposure. This study provides insight into the potential use of ozonated water as an effective and safe disinfectant in an abattoir setting.

To replace methyl bromide (MeBr) due to its ozone depletion properties and the life-threatening to related worker as well as fumigators, ethyl formate (EF) fumigation on exported and imported fruits and vegetables has been developed by QIA in Korea since 2005. The benefits of using ethyl formate (EF) fumigant is considered as the safest practice among the commercially available chemical alternatives. The issues was that the cylinderized EF with carbon doxide (CO2) is not enough to extend their applications in terms of fumigation cost. We have developed the cost-effective liquid EF applications with nitrogen gas and demonstrated in quarantine trials (10m3) on imported bananas. We showed the new 35 gm-3 of EF applications with inert gas (nitrogen), were completely control all stage of citrus mealybug (Planoccous citri) for 4hr fumigation at 13°C. These applications meet the quarantine guidelines and protocols in terms of efficacies to target pest and safety concern as well as satisfactions of consumers showing no damages to imported bananas. Extensively, this cost effective EF technology could be acceptable to other fruit and vegetable commodities to reduce the fumigation costs and green house gas (CO2).

We report the use of carrot, a new and inexpensive biomaterial source, for preparing high quality carbon dots (CDs) instead of semi-conductive quantum dots for bioimaging application. The as-derived CDs possessing down and up-conversion photoluminescence features were obtained from carrot juice by commonly used hydrothermal treatment. The corresponding physiochemical and optical properties were investigated by electron microscopy, fluorescent spectrometry, and other spectroscopic methods. The surfaces of obtained CDs were highly covered with hydroxyl groups and nitrogen groups without further modification. The quantum yield of as-obtained CDs was as high as 5.16%. The cell viability of HaCaT cells against a purified CD aqueous solution was higher than 85% even at higher concentration (700 μg mL−1) after 24 h incubation. Finally, CD cultured cells exhibited distinguished blue, green, and red colors, respectively, during in vitro imaging when excited by three wavelength lasers under a confocal microscope. Offering excellent optical properties, biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and good cellular imaging capability, the carrot juice derived CDs are a promising candidate for biomedical applications.

The coronagraph is an instrument that enables the investigation of faint features in the vicinity of the Sun, particularly coronal mass ejections (CMEs). So far coronagraphic observations have been mainly used to determine the geometric and kinematic parameters of CMEs. Here, we introduce a new method for the determination of CME temperature using a two filter (4025 °A and 3934 °A) coronagraph system. The thermal motion of free electrons in CMEs broadens the absorption lines in the optical spectra that are produced by the Thomson scattering of visible light originating in the photosphere, which affects the intensity ratio at two different wavelengths. Thus the CME temperature can be inferred from the intensity ratio measured by the two filter coronagraph system. We demonstrate the method by invoking the graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) model for the 3-dimensional CME density distribution and discuss its significance.

Islanders have tried to find out real alternatives on how to keep sustainable Haenyeo communities through both developing traditional school system at community level (Hansupul Haenyeos School) and advanced school system at university level ( an educational certificate program for Interpreter of Haenyeos Culture and an advanced certificate program for Hanyeos Culture). In oder to share their wisdom of ordinary democratic life style around Bultuk, We created Global Peace Bultuk Assembly for younger generation to succeed in their tradition in July of 2010. It' s a time for us to find out Integrating Policy of the Sustainability of Jeju Haenyeo (Jamnyeo, Jamsu) Community facing their extinction into Jeju Village Conservation Model of Marine Resources Needed.

First of all, the rise of Islamic science should be attributed to its inherent thirst for knowledge, and the internal demands by means of building external knowledge platform, which promoted Islamic science to glory. Secondly, translation movement of the Islamic civilization which combined reason with realism, made a good preparation for the research of the traditional mathematics and the experiment research of modern science. Finally, the medieval Islamic science began to discover the world and people, which became the important premise of the renaissance. Therefore, the Islamic science prepared an important channel for input and output of modern scientific knowledge, and became the hub and bridge thought ancient and modern science. Although in the fifteenth Century Islamic science declined gradually, it did provide the necessary soil for the growth of the tree of modern science. The golden age of Arabic Islamic culture came in theAbbsid Dynasty (750A.D.- 1258A.D.), when the capital city Baghdad was a flourishing international city and an academic city blending cultures from all over the world. It was a place that gathered diversified cultural models and religious thoughts. When the Arabic culture evolved, which used the Arabic as the major language, it absorbed the essences of many other cultures that greatly enriched the connotations of Arabic Islamic culture, stimulated the wisdom of the Arabic people and laid a foundation for the Abbsid Empire to create the wonderful cultural achievements in its latter part that had far-reaching influence. The medieval Islamic world, by absorbing and merging the other cultures and thanks to the strong financial support given by a few generations of caliphs to scientific researches for the sake of their own development, the Islamic science possessed the necessary elements for prosperity. Besides, the brilliant achievements made by Islamic civilization in the medieval age also helped lay a solid foundation for the modern scientific development. The thesis tries to identify the inherent correlations between the medieval Islamic thought of science and the modern thought of science.

Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), PLLA/hydroxyapatite (HA), PLLA/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/HA, PLLA/trifluoroethanol (TFE), PLLA/gelatin, and carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite membranes (scaffolds) were fabricated by electrospinning and their morphologies, and mechanical properties were characterized for use in bone tissue regeneration/guided tissue regeneration. MWNTs and HA nanoparticles were well distributed in the membranes and the degradation characteristics were improved. PLLA/MWNTs/HA membranes enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) by 30% and inhibited the adhesion of gingival epithelial cells by 30%. Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells on the randomly fiber oriented PLLA/TEF membrane showed irregular forms, while the cells exhibited shuttle-like shapes on the parallel fiber oriented membrane. Classical supersaturated simulated body fluids were modified by CO2 bubbling and applied to promote the biomineralization of the PLLA/gelatin membrane; this resulted in predictions of bone bonding bioactivity of the substrates. The β-TCP membranes exhibit good biocompatibility, have an effect on PDLC growth comparable to that of pure CNF membrane, and can be applied as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.

The effects of different rotational grazing time on the main plant population characteristics of desert steppe were investigated in this experiment. The main results were shown as follows: the height of Stipa breviflora in late grazing plot was more superior than that in early plot, and the coverage and density of Alliumpoly rrhizum presented an obvious advantage.

Whipgrass [Hemarthriacompressa(Linn.f.)R.Br.] has several outstanding characteristics that make it attractive in livestock production systems. These include superior cool-season growth compared to other C₄ grasses, persistence under grazing on poorly drained soils, and relatively high herbage digestibility that declines at a slower rate with increasing maturity than for most C₄ grasses. More than 50 years hard work, a whipgrass breeding group in Sichuan Agricultural University (SAU) collected 84 accessions from south china. Through germplasm evaluation and breeding, 3 varieties, Chong gao, Guang yi and Ya an, were released by the end of 2009. All of them are very popular in south china from 1986. In the future, the team approach emphasizes plant improvement in seedling vigor and establishment, seed production, cold tolerance, photoperiod response, seasonal distribution of forage production, forage quality, insect and disease resistance.

In this paper, by investigating soil, field vegetation, and surface wind erosion status, combining in2 door analysis, the effect of vegetation recovery on sandy degraded grassland in Yanchi is studied. The results show t㏊t : after the process of protective growth, grazing rest and reseeding, the plant species and vegetation coverage are increased, and biomasses are enhanced about 66. 3214, at the same time, the effect of the measure of combining protective growth, grazing rest and reseeding is better t㏊n t㏊t of single protective growth and grazing rest, the formers biomass is 1. 54 times more t㏊n the latter. With the fixing of drifting - sand and the recovering of vegetation in demonstration area, the content s of physical clay minerals, organic matter, total N, available P and available K are all increased compared with those on drifting - sand. The thickness of wind erosion in drifting - sand control area is reduced, and the thickness is different in different vegetation recovering area, in which Artemisia sphaerocephala planting area suffers slight wind erosion; Caragana korshinskii forest present s slightly accumulating status, the accumulating thickness in Tamarix and Salix psammophila forest is the most.

In this work, effects of carbon matrix on sliding friction and wear behavior of four kinds of C/C have been investigated against 40 Cr steel ring mate. Composite A with rough lamination carbon matrix (RL) shows the highest volume loss and coefficient of friction, while composite D with smooth lamination/resin carbon matrix (SL/RC) shows the lowest volume loss. The worn surface of composite A appears smooth, whereas that of composite C with smooth lamination carbon (SL) appears rough. The worn surface of composite D appears smooth under low load but rough under high load. Atomic force microscope images show that the size of wear particles on the worn surface is also dependent on the carbon matrix.