This study was performed to analyze a saltiness enhancement at the same salt content through multiple emulsion. We compared the samples with different conditions to determine the optimum stability conditions of water-in-oil through layer separation rate, microscopic observation and size analysis. Four electrolytes such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 were used and agar contents ranged from 0 to 1% were experimented at different volume ratios including 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9 of water and oil. As a result of this study, the droplet size according to the electrolyte type did not show significant differences (p<0.05). Therefore, KCl was used to facilitate in-body excretion of NaCl in the outer water phase, and corn oil containing 8%(w/w) polyglycerol polyricinoleate was used as oil phase. When the volume ratio of water and oil was 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9, the layer separation rate was relatively slow and droplet size was also small. It reveals that the particle size becomes smaller as the water volume ratio decreases. However, considering the amount of water to be stored and eluted on the inner water, appropriate volume ratio of water and oil should be adopted to 3: 7. At Microscopic observation depending on agar concentrations, small particle size appeared at 0.2% and 0.4% agars. When the water and oil ratio was fixed at 3:7, the particle size was measured at 0.2% and 0.4% agar using a zeta sizer. In conclusion, the droplet size of 0.2% agar was smaller than 0.4%. Therefore, the most stable water-in-oil emulsion was obtained with 0.2% agar, when water to oil ratio was 3:7.

In this study, we investigated the change of physical properties associated with the temperature of vegetable mixed oil and fat in order to produce vegetable oil and fat suitable for plant meat production. The canola oil and coconut oil were mixed at various weight ratios, and the phase change temperatures by the ratio of two oils were measured using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G") and viscosity were measured using a rheometer at 20-40°C and 0.4 Hz-100 Hz. Storage modulus (G') at constant frequency (10 Hz) was measured in a continuous section of 10-50°C. As the coconut oil content increased, the peak of the melting point moved to the lower side. The viscosity was higher in order of canola oil, mixed oil, and coconut oil, and the viscosity showed a tendency to decrease as the temperature increased. In the liquid state, it showed a tendency to increase after the value of storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") decreased from 0.634 Hz-1 Hz. The conversion time point of storage modulus (G') of continuous temperature change is consistent with the melting point temperature of DSC, as the passed start at 10°C, storage modulus (G') increased with an exception of canola oil. Using these results, we will pursue to produce a mixed plant oil applicable to the production of vegetable meat.

Salt is generally used for food seasonings and preservations as a common ingredient. However, excess salt intake has generated health issues such as high blood pressure, osteoporosis, stroke, and heart diseases. Recently, desires and interests of low-salt cooking have been increased among people who want healthy diets. The aim of study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics of a fermented squid sauce added with vitamin C and commercial low-salt soy sauces. Thawed and crushed squids were fermented until the solid squid became liquid at 25°C with an addition of 5% (g/g) vitamin C. Then, fermented squid sauce was heated at 100°C for 30 min and filtered. All samples were measured in multiple aspects of amino acid nitrogen, salt, sugar and water content, pH, chromaticity and brown color, and sensory test. In the results, color values showed no significantly difference between all the samples (p>0.05). Water content value of the fermented squid sauce was the highest among samples. Brown color, salt contents and sugar contents of the fermented squid sauce were significantly different than other low salt soy sauces with an exception of the sauce made with functional salt. These results showed a similar tendency as those of sensory evaluation. As conclusion, the possibility of fermented squid sauce added with vitamin C showed a possibility as a candidate of low-salt soy sauce.

The objective of this study is to promote overseas agricultural development in the Russian Far East based on the analysis on the operational conditions of agro-companies and Russia’s development strategy for the region as concrete action plans. Korean agro-companies have started to enter the Russian Far East since 1990s and have built up a huge store of know-how. However, they have difficulty in securing sustainability due to poor logistics and infrastructure. The Russian government has promoted the development strategy of the region with implementing investment projects in the agricultural sector. The measures to facilitate overseas agricultural development and promote the development of the region are to establish a grain terminal and to develop a Multi-Industry Cluster which focuses on the agricultural and food industries.

Ochratoxin A, which is frequently detected in cereals and infant diets worldwidely, is a mycotoxin to damage mainly the kidney and liver. Because ochratoxin A is highly thermostable compound. it is necessary to study ways of reducing level of ochratoxin A by controling processing steps. However, food processes, including extrusion, expansion, roasting, and steam cooking, which are used in order to mitigate the contents of ochratoxin A, are known to produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are generated from radicals decomposed by pyrolysis. Therefore, this study analyzed the levels of 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benz (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene in rice-based products made in high pressure and heating process. Rice samples were finely ground, and homogenized samples were alkaline treatement with 1 M KOH/EtOH and extracted with liquid-liquid extraction method using n-hexane. The extracted solution was pretreated with a silica cartridge. The purified solution was dried with nitrogen gas and dissolved in 1 mL of dichloromethane and injected into GC/MSD. We had overall recoveries for 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons spiked into rice samples ranging from 92.8 to 110.2%. The limit of quantitations of benz (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene in rice-based product were 0.19 ng/g, 0.38 ng/g, 0.51 ng/g, and 0.31 ng/g, respectively. However, these 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in all processed rice samples were not detected.

We performed a survey for flavivirus infection and distribution of Aedes albopictus that known as Zika and Dengue virus vector using black–light trap and BG-sentinel trap around urban area in Korea. Mosquitoes were collected in 27 cities during March to November (twice a month) year 2016. Total numbers of mosquitoes collected 102,102 including 19 species 8 genera during collecting period. Total 21,467 Ae. albopictus was collected that 20,961(24.3%) by BG-sentinel trap and 506 (3.2%) by Black-light trap in urban area. Trap index(trap/night) of Ae. albopictus was showed highest in Hamyang (TI:992.3) and lowest in Taebaek (TI:0.3) there was only collected by Black-light trap. A total of 894 pools from all collecting Ae. albopictus were performed a Flavivirus detection. Flavivirus was not detected during study period. This study may provide basic information for surveillance of imported diseases (include Zika virus) and vectors in Korea.

Pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN), produced in subesophageal ganglion, is known to stimulate pheromone biosynthesis in Plutella xylostella. The pheromone production is more active in the scotophase than in the photophase, which suggests that there may be changes of gene expression in the pheromone glands. To analyze gene expression involving in pheromone biosynthesis for 24 hrs, we performed transcriptomes of pheromone glands which were isolated at every 4 h. Eleven pheromone biosynthesis-related genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Δ9 desaturase, Δ11 desaturase, fatty acid reductase (FAR), alcohol oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and aldehyde reductase were identified. Among these genes, ACC, FAS and chain shortening enzymes involving in early stage of pheromone biosynthesis exhibited their highest expression between AM9 and PM5. Desaturases, Δ9 and Δ11, showed the peak of expression at PM1 and AM5 or PM5, respectively. Interestingly, FAR expression was the highest at AM1, active reproductive period. These results suggest that genes involving in pheromone biosynthesis can be sequentially regulated for their biological roles.

The pheromone biosynthesis in Plutella xylostella is stimulated a neuropeptide, pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide which is produced in subesophageal ganglion. The pheromone production is more active in the scotophase than in the photophase, which suggests that there may be changes of gene expression in the pheromone glands. To analyze gene expression related to pheromone biosynthesis, we performed transcriptomes of pheromone glands which were isolated at every 4 h. Eleven pheromone biosynthesis-related genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Δ9 desaturase, Δ11 desaturase, fatty acid reductase, alcohol oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and aldehyde reductase were identified. Among these genes, the expression of aldehyde reductase and aldehyde oxidase were relatively higher in the scotophase than in photophase, which may affect increase of pheromone production in the scotophase. Expression of signal genes involving in pheromone biosynthesis such as acyl-CoA desaturase, FAR, PBAN receptor, fatty acid transporter and acyl-CoA binding protein did not exhibited any significant difference.

This study was conducted to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan (HGC) as a degradable nanoparticle in the body. To determine the movement of degradable HGC nanoparticles in the body, 20 mg/kg of lutetium177-labeled HGC (Lu177-HGC) with the size ranging from 320 to 400 nm was injected intravenously into ICR mice, and the amount of radioactivity remaining in blood and several organs was measured at various time points during the period of 5 days. In the pharmacokinetics analysis using the Lu177 radioisotope, the free Lu177 was mainly distributed and accumulated in the order of kidney>liver>lung at 1 day after the injection of the radioisotope. However, the Lu177-HGC showed a high distribution of nanoparticles in the order of liver>spleen>kidney during the experimental period of 5 days. These results would provide a basic pharmacokinetics for the use of HGC as a drug carrier in drug delivery system.

The ultimate goal of this study is to assess the accumulation and distribution of hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan (HGC) as a degradable nanoparticle in the body. To understand the movement of degradable nanoparticle HGC in the body, we intravenously injected a dose of 20 mg/kg of Cy5.5-labeled HGC with size ranging from 320 to 400 nm into ICR mice, and measured the amount of fluorescence remaining in blood and several organs at various time intervals. In blood, the level of Cy5.5-labeled HGC was the highest at 15 min, then after 30 min it decreased rapidly and reached a plateau form 30 min to 28 days. In the tissue we confirmed the presence of nanoparticles at high levels in the order of kidney>liver>submandibular gland until 28 days after injection. However, we did not find the presence of the particles in the brain or testes. These results will provide basic information on HGC as a drug delivery agent.

The pheromone biosynthesis in Plutella xylostella is more active in the scotophase than in the photophase, which suggests that there may be changes of gene expression in the pheromone glands. To identify genes contributing to change in pheromone production, we analyzed transcriptomes from pheromone glands of both decapitated females in the photophase and normal ones in the scotophase. Comparative analysis were performed with transcriptomes of pheromone glands from non-decapitated (PG) females and decapitated ones for identification and expression of putative genes associated with pheromone biosynthesis pathway. Deep sequencing for mRNAs in the pheromone gland yielded approximately 7.5Gb and totally 17265 transcript were constructed under a homology cutoff of 10-6 Evalue. Genes putatively involved in pheromone biosynthesis were identified such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoAdehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase (FAS), desaturases (Δ9 and Δ 11) and fatty acid reductases (FAR) including pgFAR, alcohol oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and aldehyde reductase, etc. Expression of 6 signal genes involving in pheromone biosynthesis such as acyl-CoA desaturase, FAR, PBAN receptor, fatty acid transporter, acyl-CoA binding protein did not exhibited ant significant different in both transcriptomes. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that expressions of FAS, Δ11 desaturase and pgFAR were higher in PG than that in ΔPG. Based on results, Δ11 desaturase and pgFAR may have a crucial role in sex pheromone biosynthesis of P. xylostella.

한국시설안전공단에서는 ‘시설물의 안전관리에 관한 특별법’에 따라 철근콘크리트 구조물의 안전점검 및 정밀안전진단을 실시하도록 제시하고 있다. 그러나 한국시설안전공단 안전점검 및 정밀안전진단 세부지침의 평가방법에서는 평가결과를 등급으로 제시하기 때문에 구조물의 잔존수명을 알 수 없으며 부등침하가 구조물의 잔존수명에 미치는 영향을 반영하지 못한다. 따라서, 이 연구에서는 부등침하의 영향이 반영된 구조물의 잔존수명 평가모델을 제시하고자 하였다. 부등침하와 각 변위의 상관관계를 나타내는 기존의 연구를 바탕으로 부재의 공칭강도에 부등침하의 영향을 반영시키기 위한 식을 제시하였으며, 실제 철근콘크리트 구조물의 현장데이터를 활용하여 부등침하가 구조물의 잔존수명에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

Although trisomy 16 is commonly detected in spontaneous abortions and accounts for over 30% of cases of autosomal trisomy detected after spontaneous abortion, trisomy 16 mosaicism is rarely detected by amniocentesis in the second trimester. Here, we report a case of level III trisomy 16 mosaicism (47,XX,+16[8]/46,XX[31]) diagnosed by cytogenetic analysis of independently cultured amniotic fluid cells. The female baby was delivered at full term with low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation, and interestingly, her karyotype was normal (46,XX). Given the difficulty in predicting the outcomes of fetuses with this mosaicism, it is recommended to inform the possibility of mosaicisms including this trisomy 16 mosaicism during prenatal genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling for parents.