This paper evaluates the use of Factor Analysis (FA) in English education research in Korea and suggests improvements in methodology. A detailed coding protocol was used to review 179 FA cases from 12 major English education journals (2014-2023). The review identified several key issues, including small sample sizes and lenient criteria for sample size selection, insufficient reporting on data appropriateness and normality, confusion between principal component analysis and FA, overreliance on the Eigenvalue > 1 criterion for determining the number of factors, inappropriate factor rotation methods, inconsistency between factor rotation and extraction methods, inadequate reporting on factor loadings and cross loadings criteria, and excessive reliance on SPSS as a statistical tool for FA. This study provides specific guidelines for applying FA appropriately and reporting results accurately.

High-rise buildings are equipped with TMD (Tuned Mass Damper), a vibration control device that ensure the stability and usability of the building. In this study, the seismic response control performance was evaluated by selecting the design variables of the TMD based on the installation location of the twisted irregular building. To this end, we selected analysis models of 60, 80, and 100 floors with a twist angle of 1 degree per floor, and performed time history analysis by applying historical seismic loads and resonant harmonic loads. The total mass ratio of TMDs was set to 1.0%, and the distributed installation locations of TMDs were selected through mode analysis. The analysis results showed that the top-floor displacement responses of all analysis models increased, but the maximum story drift ratio decreased. In order to secure the seismic response control performance by distributed installation of TMDs in twisted irregular buildings, it is judged that the mass ratio distribution of TMDs will act as a key variable.

본 연구팀은 피아노제조산업에서 대표적인 기업인 ㈜야마하가 국제화 과정에서 제품 전략과 시장 전략을 동시에 적용하는 사례를 통해서 국제경영에 관한 새로운 모델인 국제경영의 4가지 본원적 메커니즘(4 Generic Mechanisms in Global Management: 4GMGM)의 현실적용가능성을 다루었다. 야마하 피아노가 초기에 현으로 소리를 내는 전통적인 건반악기인 피아노를 일본이라는 현지 시장에서 개발 판매하는 현지화(Localization) 전략에서 출발했다가, 디지털 피아노를 개발 하면서 현세화(Loc-balization) 전략으로 나아갔고, 최상위 품질을 갖춘 그랜드피아노를 개발하 면서 세계화(Globalization) 전략의 정점을 찍었다가, 현지 음악 소리를 내는 맞춤형 피아노를 일 렉트릭 파이노의 한 영역으로 개발하면서 세현화(Glocalization) 전략으로 변신한 과정을 검토했 다. 이 연구를 통해 기업이 국제화하는 과정에서 제품전략과 시장전략을 동시에 개발해야 한다는 논리를 제시한 4GMGM이 현실을 설명하는데 적절하다는 검토 의견을 도출했다.

본 연구는 간호대학생의 아동간호학 성취도 평가 문항의 분석을 위하 여 고전검사이론(CTT)과 문항반응이론(IRT)을 적용하였다. 연구대상은 경 북 소재 4년제 A대학에서 아동간호학을 수강하고 있는 간호대학생 총 88 명이었다. 자료는 2024년 3월 12일부터 27일까지 2시간씩 총 6회의 수 업 내용 기반의 40문항에 대한 평가 결과가 수집되었다. 이는 CTT와 IRT의 2-모수 로지스틱 모델(2PL)을 사용하여 jMetrik 4.1.1 프로그램을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, CTT에 따른 분석에서 19개의 쉬 운 문항, 20개의 중간 난이도 문항, 1개의 어려운 문항으로 분류되었고, IRT에 따른 분석에서는 6개의 쉬운 문항, 34개의 중간 난이도 문항으로 나타났다. 둘째, 변별도 기준으로 CTT에서는 3개의 낮은 변별도 문항, 24개의 중간 변별도 문항, 13개의 높은 변별도 문항이 있었고, IRT에서 는 5개의 낮은 변별도 문항, 20개의 중간 변별도 문항, 15개의 높은 변 별도 문항으로 구분되었다. 셋째, CTT와 IRT를 비교한 결과, CTT에서는 쉬운 문항이 많아 전체 평가의 변별력이 낮아질 가능성이 있었으나, IRT 에서는 중간 난이도 문항이 많아 평가의 신뢰성과 타당성이 높아질 가능 성이 있었다. 본 연구는 CTT와 IRT를 활용하여 아동간호학 성취도 평가 문항의 분석결과를 제시함으로써 간호대학생의 아동간호 역량의 효과적인 평가 문항 개발을 위해 CTT와 IRT의 적용 가능성을 제안하였다.

This study evaluates the potential of various coagulants to enhance the efficiency of total phosphorus removal facilities in a sewage treatment plant. After analyzing the existing water quality conditions of the sewage treatment plant, the coagulant of poly aluminium chloride was experimentally applied to measure its effectiveness. In this process, the use of poly aluminium chloride and polymers in various ratios was explored to identify the optimal combination of coagulants. The experimental results showed that the a coagulants combination demonstrated higher treatment efficiency compared to exclusive use of large amounts of poly aluminium chloride methods. Particularly, the appropriate combination of poly aluminium chloride and polymers played a significant role. The optimal coagulant combination derived from the experiments was applied in a micro flotation method of real sewage treatment plant to evaluate its effectiveness. This study presents a new methodology that can contribute to enhancing the efficiency of sewage treatment processes and reducing environmental pollution. This research is expected to make an important contribution to improving to phosphorus remove efficiency of similar wastewater treatment plant and reducing the ecological impact from using coagulants in the future.

In order to maximize the function and increase the compatibility of silicone hydrogel lens, this study compared and analyzed the properties of Amino modified silicone oil using mini and microemulsion technique, respectively. Optical and physical properties were evaluated by spectral transmittance, refractive index, water content, oxygen transmittance and contact angle measurements to evaluate the performance of the manufactured hydrogel lens. The spectral transmittance results revealed the copolymerization method lens showed 31 % of the visible light area, which did not satisfy the basic optical properties. However, the lens using the mini and microemulsion materials showed more than 90 % of the visible light area, satisfying the optical characteristics. In addition, all physical properties were superior to a basic hydrogel lens. The mini and microemulsion techniques effectively improved the stability and function of the ophthalmic hydrogel lens and are considered a promising ways of manufacturing an ophthalmic hydrogel contact lens with increased compatibility and stability.

Numerous research institutes have been studying semiconductor devices using two-dimensional materials for several years. However, the findings of these studies have yet to demonstrate the performance of digital devices that could replace silicon devices in the semiconductor industry. Nonetheless, the high carrier mobility and saturation velocity of 2-D materials remain attractive for semiconductor device performance, particularly in analog devices where these features can be utilized. In this research, we fabricated a phase-shift controller, a typical component of analog circuits, using 2-D materials and verified its operational characteristics. Analog circuits do not require large area integration, so we employed graphene, which has relatively simple formation and processing, as the 2-D material. Devices using graphene as a channel exhibit a V-shaped I–V characteristic, allowing for the input voltage to be adjusted to produce various modes of output characteristics. This means that the same devices can generate a phase-shifted output and an output with double the frequency by simply adjusting the input voltage range. This research is particularly meaningful since it demonstrates not only the potential of 2-D materials but also their potential for direct application to the semiconductor industry. These findings will contribute to the development of system IC technology and various applications.

In this study, polyimide (PI)-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared for application as electrode materials in electric double-layer capacitors by varying the steam activation time for the PI fiber prepared under identical cross-linking conditions. The surface morphology and microcrystal structural characteristics of the prepared PI-ACFs were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, respectively. The textural properties (specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution) of the ACFs were calculated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, and non-local density functional theory equations based on N2/ 77 K adsorption isotherm curve measurements. From the results, the specific surface area and total pore volume of PI-ACFs were determined to be 760–1550 m2/ g and 0.36–1.03 cm3/ g, respectively. It was confirmed that the specific surface area and total pore volume tended to continuously increase with the activation time. As for the electrochemical properties of PI-ACFs, the specific capacitance increased from 9.96 to 78.64 F/g owing to the developed specific surface area as the activation time increased.

Carbon dots (CDs) are versatile nanomaterials with tunable luminescent properties. We used a natural plant kaempferol as a carbon source to synthesize multicolor CDs by reacting it with various nitrogen sources. Blue, green, and red CDs (B-CDs, G-CDs, and R-CDs) with emission wavelengths of 445 nm, 510 nm, and 600 nm respectively were successfully synthesized. Their photoluminescence quantum yields of are up to 37.4%, 20.1%, and 30.8%, respectively. Surface analysis revealed abundant nitrogen groups influencing luminescence. B-CDs and G-CDs show excitation-dependent emissions, indicating a potential correlation between their luminescence and particle sizes, while R-CDs exhibit excitation-independent emission, suggesting they belong to molecular state CDs. All three CDs exhibit stable luminescent performance, as well as good salt resistance and photobleaching resistance. The practical application of multicolored CDs in anti-counterfeiting fluorescent inks was further explored. This work offers a straightforward, eco-friendly route to synthesize multicolor CDs.

Concrete structures must maintain their shielding abilities and structural integrity over extended operational periods. Despite the widespread use of dry storage systems for spent nuclear fuel, research on the properties of deteriorated concrete and their impact on structural performance remains limited. To address this significant research gap, static and dynamic material testing was conducted on concrete specimens carefully extracted from the outer wall of the High-flux Advanced Neutron Application ReactOr (HANARO), constructed approximately 30 years ago. Despite its age, the results reveal that the concrete maintains its structural integrity impressively well, with static compression tests indicating an average compressive strength exceeding the original design standards. Further dynamic property testing using advanced high-speed material test equipment supported these findings, showing the consistency of dynamic increase factors with those reported in previous studies. These results highlight the importance of monitoring and assessing concrete structures in nuclear facilities for long-term safety and reliability.

본 연구의 목적은 한국 중년 여성의 자녀 결혼 경험을 현상학적 방법으 로 분석하여 그 경험의 본질적 의미를 파악하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하 여 본 연구에서는 자녀의 결혼을 경험한 50대와 60대 한국의 중년 여성 들을 대상으로 심층 면담을 진행하였고 참여자들의 생생한 일상적 경험 의 본질 구조를 드러내기 위해 Giorgi의 현상학적 방법을 사용하여 분석 하였다. 연구 결과 205개의 의미 단위, 33개의 주제, 14개의 주제묶음, 7개의 범주가 도출되었다. 도출된 7개의 범주는 ‘자식의 새로운 보호자 가 생김’, ‘나의 과거와 미래의 삶을 바라봄’, ‘자식을 품에서 떠나보냄’, ‘나를 과시하고 싶음’, ‘자식에 대한 나의 마지막 과제를 마침’, ‘새로운 가족에 대한 적응’, ‘자식에서 남편으로의 회귀’이다. 본 연구는 그동안의 연구에서 한국 중년 여성의 자녀 결혼에 따른 정서가 부정적인 것으로 나타났던 것과 달리 한국 중년 여성들은 새로운 가족을 맞아들임, 기쁨, 홀가분함 등의 긍정 정서를 느끼게 되고, 자녀와의 심리적·물리적 분리를 이루며, 새로운 가족을 받아들여 적응하는 한편 자신 곁에 남은 남편과 의 삶을 준비하는 등 자신의 지나온 삶을 정리하고 남아 있는 삶을 재정 비해 나간다는 본질적 의미를 밝혀냈다는 데 의의가 있다.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an interdisciplinary subject based on computer science and has a history of more than 70 years. With the development of social industries, various service needs are developing rapidly, and AI is also playing a huge role in the application field of big data. This paper focuses on the analysis and application of AI in the subject classification system for high school students. The subject classification system adopts the characterization of subjects that a country have; and the amount of information data is huge. Different countries set up different subject systems according to the needs of social structure. In 2013, Qingdao Warwick International Education College (Warwick College) and Korean wisemento Co., Ltd. (Wisemento company) spent 4 years jointly researching and completing an analysis and assessment system suitable for Chinese subject classification system. Follow the subject and professional scoring method, the assessment system scientifically calculates trend scores and interacts with potential and career models to find the subject development direction, professional trend, future potential development direction, subject and career direction that are suitable for students. It provides trend data suitable for students’ subject development, provides scientific basis for students’ course selection, helps students understand themselves, and provides students with targeted career education development directions for subjects and careers. The education resources can be utilized effectively; student individual data also provides a basis for the management of education and teaching.

PURPOSES : This study presents an application plan for parking spaces for shared e-scooters using the clearance widths of sidewalks. The detailed purposes are as follows: firstly, to present appropriate spaces for installing parking lots for shared E-scooters. Secondly, to derive the specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters. Thirdly, to derive the formula for calculating the parking angle of shared E-scooters. Lastly, to provide examples of calculating the parking angle using the derived formula. METHODS : Based on the literature review, appropriate locations for installing parking spaces for shared E-scooters on sidewalks were proposed. We also investigated design factors based on a literature review to derive the specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters, and utilized the geometric characteristics of clearance widths of sidewalks to derive a formula for calculating the parking angle. Finally, we provide examples of calculating the parking angle for shared E-scooters using the derived formula. RESULTS : The results of this study are as follows. We proposed clearance widths of sidewalks as appropriate spaces for installing parking spaces for shared E-scooters. Next, we derived the specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters considering anthropometric measurements, specifications of shared E-scooters, and clearance dimensions. Moreover, we derived a formula for calculating the parking angle of shared E-scooters considering clearance widths of sidewalks. Finally, we presented examples of calculating the parking angle for shared E-scooter parking unit spaces based on clearance widths of sidewalks. CONCLUSIONS : It was concluded that the application for parking spaces for shared e-scooters using the clearance widths of sidewalks was presented. We derived the standard and compact specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters, and provided foundational data for estimating the parking capacity using a formula for calculating the parking angle of shared E-scooters. Future research directions include presenting case studies of estimating parking capacity using the parking angle of shared E-scooters.

Scientific exploration of how occupational health risks relate with occupational illnesses are essential for mitigating health-related issues in industries. This study analyzed the risk scores obtained by occupational health risk assessments at 3,172 manufacturing companies and examined their effects on occupational illness. Statistical analyses revealed that companies with an occupational health manager (scored 89.1 out of 100) had significantly higher activity scores of health management compared to those without (78.2). However, companies with a history of occupational illness (79.1) or those classified as high-risk industries (85.2) had significantly lower activity scores than their counterparts (81.7, 87.3). In addition, regression analyses using factor analysis showed that latent risk factors such as cardiovascular disease/job stress, health management, and musculoskeletal problem significantly influenced the risk of occupational illness. The activity factors such as health management, work environment management, and regulatory complaisance significant impacted the reduction of occupational illness. The findings of this study can be used to improve the occupational health risk assessment method and utilized in effectively managing occupational risks in industries.

Purpose: The global emphasis on preventing and systematically managing acute cardiac arrest necessitates improved education in cardiovascular emergencies. This study aims to provide foundational data on the effectiveness of simulation-based cardiovascular emergency management education, applying the think-aloud method for nurses. Method: A one-group pre-posttest experimental design was used from July 29 to August 15, 2022. Twenty-eight nurses participated in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with SPSS/WIN 25.0. Results: The educational intervention showed statistically significant improvements in outcomes: knowledge of cardiovascular emergency management (Z=-4.24, p<.001), confidence in cardiovascular emergency management (Z=-4.63, p<.001), clinical reasoning competence (Z=-4.16, p<.001), and self-efficacy for group work (Z=-3.47, p=.001), and selfregulation for group work (Z=-2.29, p=.022). Conclusion: This study indicates that the use of the think-aloud method in simulation-based learning can effectively enhance cardiovascular emergency management training by reducing learners’ cognitive load. Cardiovascular emergency management competencies can be strengthened through the development of diverse educational strategies and the expansion of training support.

본 연구는 제주 지역에 산재한 방사탑을 풍수적인 측면에서 해석하고 이를 육지 돌탑과의 비교를 통해 제주 방사탑이 가지는 지역적 특수성을 규명하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 지방문화재로 등록된 제주 6개 지역의 17개 방사탑을 사례로 하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 육지 돌탑은 각종 재앙의 방지, 보허, 수구막이, 조산, 형국 보완 등 다양한 기능을 가지지만, 제주 방사탑은 보허와 재액방지 등 그 기능 이 비교적 단순하였다. 둘째, 육지 돌탑은 숲이나 나무 등과 혼합된 형태의 비보양상을 보이지만 제주방사탑은 탑 자체만 존재하였다. 셋째, 방사탑의 위 치가 포구가 아닌 마을의 경우 육지와 유사하게 마을 입구에 존재한 반면, 포 구에 위치한 방사탑은 포구 자체를 마을 입구로 상정하고 세워졌다. 넷째, 육 지의 비보가 숲, 돌탑, 연못, 조산 등 다양하게 나타나고 있으나, 제주 방사탑은 탑만이 존재하는 단순성을 보였다. 다섯째, 육지돌탑은 마을 내부의 기운 이 누설되는 것을 방지하고, 외부의 사기(邪氣)가 유입되는 것을 방지하는 등 양면성을 보이고 있으나, 제주 방사탑은 외부의 사기가 유입되는 것을 방지하 는 것이 주목적인 단면성을 보이고 있다. 여섯째, 육지 돌탑은 비보와 아울러 제의(祭義)기능을 수행하는 것이 대부분이나, 제주 방사탑은 제의기능이 없는 비보기능만이 존재하였다. 이는 결국 육지에서 제주지역으로 유입된 돌탑비 보가 제주지역의 지역적 특수성에 의해 선택적으로 또한 해당 지역의 특성을 반영하여 적용된 것임을 의미한다. 따라서 한반도 풍수에서의 비보 역시 제주 지역으로 대표되는 특정 지역에서는 지역적 특수성에 있으며, 이는 풍수적 불 완전성을 극복하고자 하는 제주인들의 풍수적 노력의 산물이라 할 수 있다.