해수면온도는 해양-대기의 현상을 이해하고 기후변화를 예측하기 위해 사용되는 중요한 변수이다. 마이크로파 영역의 인공위성 원격탐사는 구름과 강수와 같은 기상현상 위성 관측 측기의 경로에 존재하더라도 해수면온도 획득을 가능하게 한다. 따라서 마이크로파 해수면온도의 높은 활용도를 고려하면 위성 해수면온도를 정확도를 지속적으로 검증 하고 오차 특성을 분석할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 2014년 3월부터 2021년 12월까지 약 8년 동안 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)/GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) 마이크로파 해수면온도의 정확도를 표층 뜰개 부이 수온 자료를 사용하여 검증하였다. GMI 해수면온도는 실측 해수면온도에 비해 0.09 K의 편차와 0.97 K의 평균 제곱근 오차를 보였 고, 이는 기존 연구 결과에 비해 다소 높게 나타났다. 이외에도 GMI 해수면 온도의 오차 특성은 위도, 연안과의 거리, 해상풍 및 수증기량과 같은 환경적 요인과 관련성이 있다. 오차는 육지에서 300 km 이내의 거리에서 해안 지역에 가까 운 지역과 고위도 지역에서 증가하는 경향이 있다. 또한 낮에는 약한 풍속(<6 m s−1 ), 밤에는 강한 풍속(>10 m s−1 ) 범위 에서 상대적으로 높은 오차가 나타났다. 대기 수증기는 30 mm 미만의 매우 낮은 범위 또는 60 mm보다 큰 매우 높은 범위에서 높은 해수면온도 차이에 기여했다. 이러한 오차들은 저수온에서 GMI 자료의 정확도가 떨어지는 기존 연구와 일치하며, 연안으로부터의 거리, 풍속, 수증기량에 의한 오차의 경우 육지와 해양의 방사율 차이 및 바람에 의한 해수 면 거칠기 변화, 수증기의 마이크로파 대기 흡수에서 기인하는 것으로 추정된다. 이는 한반도 주변해에서 마이크로파 위성 계산 SST를 보다 광범위하게 활용하기 위해서는 GMI 해수면온도 오차의 특성에 대한 이해가 필요함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 제주지역 성인들의 부정적 정신적 습관 성향을 파악하고, 이에 영 향을 미치는 다양한 변인들의 영향력을 분석함으로써 성인들의 건강한 정신적 습관 확립을 위한 자료를 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있었다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 무력감 및 불안 성향, 자기중심적 인식 성향, 감정회피 및 자기도피 성향, 그리고 부정적 판단 성향을 4가지 부정적 정신적 습관 성향으로 구분하였고, 독립변인들로는 인구사회학적 특성, 심리적 특성, 사회적지지 특성 및 환경적 스트레스 특성을 포함하였다. 본 연구는 연구목적을 위해 설문조사를 실시하였는데, 조사대상자는 만 19세 이상 60세 미만 제주지역 성인 800명이었 으며, 부실응답 등을 제외한 총 728부를 최종 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 본 연구의 주요한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구에서 구분한 성인의 부정 적 정신적 습관 성향은 전체적으로 높은 수준은 아니었으나 세부적인 실태분석 결과는 정신적 습관 성향을 대비한 교육의 필요성을 시사하였다. 둘째, 성인의 부정적 정신적 습관 성향은 전체적으로 볼 때 각 성향별로 영향을 미치는 변인 에 차이가 있었으나, 심리적 특성, 사회적 특성, 그리고 환경적 특성이 중요한 영향 변수로 나타나 이러한 변인들을 고려한 교육프로그램의 개발과 지원이 필 요함을 보여주었다.

Medical cyclotrons have been used for dedicated medical of commercial applications such as positron emission tomography (PET) for the past tens of years. These cyclotron facilities have produced positron-emitting radionuclides (i.e. 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, etc.). Among them, 18F, produced by 18O(p,n)18F reaction is the most widely used which has longer half-life (around 110 m) and lower energy of emitted positrons (around 0.63 MeV). Secondary neutrons produced during 18O(p,n)18F reaction could cause neutron activation of structures, systems, and components of cyclotron facilities. Therefore, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had addressed that during the operation of cyclotrons, concrete walls become radioactive over time and this radioactivity needs to be characterized for planning of the facility decommissioning. Moreover, several prior studies had estimated the neutron activation and levels of radioactivity of concrete wall of cyclotron facilities. Although those studies assessed the neutron activation of actual cyclotron facilities, however, the purpose of assessment was only for decommissioning each individual facility. Also, the assumptions, conditions or insights of conclusion may be limited to each individual case. For these reasons, this study focused on analysis of effects of major factors (e.g. concrete type, impurity contents of structural materials, etc.) about neutron activation of cyclotron facilities. In this study, the well-known methodology of neutron activation estimation was established and neutron activation products of concrete wall of cyclotron vault was calculated. Also, sensitivity analyses were conducted to figure out the effects of major factors of neutron activation and production of radioactive wastes during decommissioning of the facility. The methodology and results were validated by two steps: comparing with prior studies and comparing with another computer code. Concrete type did not affect that the decision of level of radioactivity waste criteria. Because of relatively longer half-lives, impurity contents of structural materials especially Co and Eu were turned out one of the most important factors for planning the facility decommissioning. It is hard to simply figure out the radioactivity levels of cyclotron facilities, however, rough predictions of minimum period for decay-in-storage as radioactive waste management can be possible with using information of thermal neutron spectra and major impurity nuclides (e.g. 59Co, 151Eu and 153Eu) for minimization of radioactive waste production and relief of charge of radioactive waste management.

Radiation workers receive exposure during radiation works such as decontamination or cutting of metals and concrete in decommissioning nuclear power plants. To reduce occupational exposure, various radiation protection measures should be prepared by estimating the exposure dose in advance. RESRAD-RECYCLE, the computer code, is generally used for estimating occupational dose due to handling metals contaminated with radioactive materials. However, RESRAD-RECYCLE used the dose conversion factors (DCF) of EPA FGR No. 11 based on ICRP Publications 30 and 48 published in the 1980s for internal exposure estimation. This study compared the DCFs of RESRAD-RECYCLE with those of the relatively recently published ICRP Publications 119 and 141. In addition, the internal exposure dose was evaluated by changing the value of the DCFs of RESRAD-RECYCLE. As a result of the comparison, ICRP Publication 119 showed that the DCF values of most nuclides were significantly lowered. On the other hand, in the case of nuclides emitting gamma rays, there was generally no significant change in the value of DCFs. In addition, in the case of 65Zn and 94Nb, the DCF increased compared to the previous ICRP publications. The exposure dose of the decommissioning workers of Hanul Units 1 and 3 and Hanbit Unit 4 was also calculated in this study. The expected radioactivity concentration of the steam generator chamber of each unit was used as the source term. The concentration of metal dust in the air generated during cutting was calculated and applied to evaluate the internal exposure dose. As a result of the dose evaluation, there was a difference in exposure dose up to 0.2 mSv in the scrap cutter scenario of Hanbit Unit 4, which generated a lot of dust and had a high radioactivity concentration. On the other hand, in the case of the slag worker, there was no difference in the dose because the working time was very short, and the inhalation of metal dust was small, even if the latest DCF was applied.

For the geological risk assessment of deep-depth underground condition by excavation work or tunneling, since rocks and geologic structure of each country is different, it is necessary to objectify or classify quantitatively deep-depth underground risk evaluation in accordance with Korean geologic characteristics. It could be summarized major factors of rock failure and underground space deformation by geological and geotechnical features as geologic structures, overburden, rock mass characteristics, groundwater, high stress and additional categories. Induced main factors that could be identified and predicted intermediate to deep-depth underground risk through literature investigation and analysis study on research trend related to the underground geological engineering. In order to assessment the risk of rock mass excavated from 100 m or more to several kilometers deep below the ground are classified into about 19 factors, and can be divided into 6 categories. Using these risk factors as basic data, weights for each factor for each category can be set, and further, the risk of excavated rock mass can be calculated.

Uranium (U) is hazardous material can cause chemical and radiological toxicity, e.g., kidney toxicity and health effects associated with radiation. In Korea, where shallow weathered granitic aquifers are ubiquitous, several previous studies have reported high level of radioactivity in shallow groundwater. This eventually led to the closure of 60 out of 4,140 groundwater production wells in South Korea. Here, we examined aquifers currently dedicated for drinking water supply and investigated the 11,225 dataset of 103 environmental parameters. This dataset includes 80 physical parameters associated with the hydraulic system and 23 chemical parameters associated with waterrock interactions. Among hydraulic parameters, coarse loamy texture in subsoil displayed a notable relation with U concentration level, implied it is controlling the leaching of U from host rocks. Fluorine (F), is one of major products from water-rock interaction in granitic aquifer, exhibited high correlation with U concentration distribution. Positive relation of F concentration with uranium level suggested the dissolved U originated from groundwater interacted with granites. Conclusively, we found that infiltration capacity of soil layers and (2) aqueous speciation in groundwater formulated by interaction of groundwater with local solids, played important role for U concentration in granitic aquifer.

PURPOSES : In this study, the main factors affecting the severity of traffic accidents among elderly drivers were reviewed, and accident factors with a high accident risk were analyzed. This provided basic data for preparing a traffic safety system for elderly drivers and establishing policies. METHODS : Based on machine learning, the major factors influencing accident severity (from the analysis of traffic accident data for elderly drivers) were analyzed and compared with existing statistical analysis results. The machine learning algorithm used the Scikit-learn library and Python 3.8. A hyperparameter optimization process was performed to improve the safety and accuracy of the model. To establish the optimal state of the model, the hyperparameters were set (K = 5) using K-fold cross-validation. The hyperparameter search applied the most widely utilized grid search method, and the performance evaluation derived the optimal hyperparameter value using neutral squared error indicators. RESULTS : The traffic laws, road sections of traffic accidents, and time zones of accidents were analyzed for accidents involving elderly drivers in Daejeon Metropolitan City, and the importance of the variables was examined. For the analysis, a linear regression model, machine learning-based decision tree, and random forest model were used, and based on the root mean square error, the random forest accuracy performance was found to be the best. Ultimately, 18 variables were analyzed, including traffic violations, accident time zones, and road types. The variables influencing the accident severity were the speed, signal violation, intersection section, late-night driving, and pedestrian protection violation, with the relative importance of the variables in the order of speed (0.3490966), signal violation (0.285967), and late-night driving (0.173108). These can be seen as variables related to the expansion of life damage owing to physical aging and reduced judgment abilities arising from decreases in cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS : Restricting the driving of the elderly on the expressway and at night is reasonable, but specific standards for driving restrictions should be prepared based on individual driving capabilities.

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, untact online classes have expanded in universities. To ensure continuous improvements in the quality of university education, it is important to analyze factors affecting students’ satisfaction with lectures in this untact online environment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate lecture satisfaction among physical therapy students with experience of untact online classes. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: The study population comprised 124 physical therapy students with experience of participation in untact online classes. We analyzed various factors affecting students’ satisfaction with lectures delivered via untact online classes and the correlations between these factors. Results: In terms of untact educational system quality, the level of satisfaction was significantly lower among students who had experienced more semesters with untact online classes than among those who had experienced fewer semesters with untact online classes (P＜.05). Untact educational service quality, untact educational information quality, untact educational system quality, and lecture satisfaction/recommendation intention showed statistically significant positive correlations (P＜.001). Conclusion: It is necessary to continuously improve online support systems and untact educational service quality to enhance physical therapy students’ satisfaction with lectures delivered via untact online classes.

The development of ICT technology has created new channels for product sales and promotion, which not only make information accessible to customers as easy as possible, but also provide consumers with much more absolute and comparative information. Modern consumers are exposed so many shopping channels currently, especially mobile-based channels have grown significantly and have become the center of the market. It is true that mobile shopping has led the growth of overall online shopping with the recent development of mobile devices such as smartphones and related software. The importance of strengthening corporate competitiveness and mobile-based management strategies through on line channels continues to increase. At this point, this study attempted to investigate the influencing factors by focusing on the entire distribution channel and mobile shopping channels. As most of previous studies were focused on Internet shopping malls or specific channels, So the research on mobile channels can be judged to be timely and appropriate. Furthermore, it can be said that mobile shopping channels are now presenting empirical implications. In conclusion, it provides practical implications to examine the management strategy of mobile shopping channels from the perspective of consumer value.

게임은 다른 미디어에 비해 수많은 장르로 나뉘며 빠르게 새로운 장르들이 탄생하고 있다. 장르별로 플레이 어의 경험에 큰 차이가 존재하므로 장르별로 핵심적으로 요구되는 다른 재미를 제공할 수 있는 것이 게임 개발에 있어 성공의 열쇠가 된다. 따라서 효율적인 게임 개발을 위해 선행적으로 장르별 게임 재미요소에 대한 정량적인 연구가 이뤄질 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 게임 개발 실무에서 활용할 수 있는 구체적인 장르별 게임 재미요소의 우선순위를 계층화 분석법을 통해 정량적으로 도출하여 장르별 효율적인 개발이 이뤄지는 데 기여하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 6가지 대분류 게임 장르를 기준으로 상호 복합장르로 자주 융합됨에 도 불구하고, 실무 경험이 풍부한 게임 개발자들도 명확한 재미요소의 차이점을 파악하기 어려운 액션, 어 드벤처, 롤플레잉 게임을 선정하여, 게임의 재미요소 모형에 대입하여 AHP 연구방법론을 통해 액션, 어드벤 처, 롤플레잉 장르별 중요도를 도출하고 중요도에 따른 우선순위를 비교분석했다. 상위계층에서 액션 게임 은 피드백 시스템, 다이내믹스, 메커닉스가, 어드벤처 게임은 스토리가, 롤플레잉 게임은 목표와 스토리가 중요한 것으로 평가됐다. 하위계층에서 액션 게임은 조작통제감, 타격감, 탐험이, 어드벤처 게임은 스토리텔 링, 긴장감(스토리 전개), 탐험이, 롤플레잉 게임은 성장, 캐릭터, 스토리텔링이 중요한 것으로 평가됐다.

본 연구는 병원간호사의 조직몰입 및 관련요인에 대한 선행연구를 체계적으로 고찰하고 메타분석을 시행하고자 한다. 이를 통해 병원간호사의 조직몰입에 대한 연구동향과 유효한 변수를 규명하고자 하 며, 간호사의 조직몰입 향상을 위한 전략 및 중재개발의 기초를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구는 2008~2018년 발표된 연구에 대한 문헌고찰과 메타상관 분석을 실시하여 병원간호사의 조직몰입과 관 련된 요인들을 분석하였다. PRISMA표를 활용하여 연구에 대한 스크리닝과 질적 평가를 시행하였고, 최종 144개의 논문을 추출하였다. 조직몰입과 관련해서는 45개의 변수가 유의미하게 분류되었으며, Schaufeli’s Energy Compass Model에 따라 이 변수들을 6개 그룹(직무요구, 직무자원, 참여형 리더 십, 개인적 자원, 피고용인의 웰빙, 직무성과)으로 분류하였다. 이들 중 직무요구를 제외한 5개 범주가 조직몰입과 일정 정도의 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 또한, 조직몰입과 긍정적인 직무성과 간에는 강한 정(+)적 상관관계가 발견되었다. 본 연구 결과, 병원간호사의 조직몰입과 직무자원 간에는 상관관계가 존재한다는 것이 규명되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 병원간호사의 조직몰입을 높이기 위한 프로그램 개발 및 연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다

This study measured the suspended fungal concentration in indoor multiple facilities nationwide. The regions were selected as representative cities by region: Seoul, Gyeonggi (Incheon), Gangwon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Busan. A total of 2028 regional comparisons, including department stores, schools, public toilets, libraries, and banks, subway, sports facilities and comparative analysis were conducted for each multi-use facility industry. Among the nationwide, Among the regions, the average concentration of floating mold in indoor multi-use facilities was the lowest in Busan at 394.67 CFU/m3, followed by Gyeonggi and Incheon 487.90 CFU/m3, Seoul 542.84 CFU/m3, Daejeon 809.30 CFU/m3, Gangwon 1,145.22 CFU/m3, Gwangju was 1,371.10 CFU/m3 in the order. Busan was the lowest, and Gangwon was the highest. The reason that Busan, which has a high average temperature and population density, shows a lower mold concentration than Gangwon, is that floating mold in the indoor air is not affected by the external atmospheric environment, population density, and number of facility users. Although it cannot be said that there is no influence of the atmospheric environment, it was found that the indoor environment has different characteristics from the outdoor environment. The importance of air quality management has been confirmed, and further, it is necessary to subdivide the management standards by region and multi-use facilities, and the management standards need to be converted to maintenance rather than recommendations.

In the case of incumbent training, unlike training for the unemployed, it is difficult to show the results of training. In this study, factors affecting the performance of vocational competency development training were selected and the main factors were derived. Data were collected through Focus Group Interview(FGI), and regression analysis was performed through factor analysis and reliability analysis. As a result, empathy, training participation type, reliability, working experience, and training operation type were derived as factors affecting job satisfaction. did. Confidence and training participation patterns were derived as factors affecting training satisfaction, and the results showed that the larger the variable, the more positive it was. Therefore, as factors affecting the vocational competency development training performance, there are empathy, training participation type, reliability, work experience, training operation type, certainty, and training participation type. It was confirmed that the results had an effect.

In addition to simply providing quality food to the people, the fishery industry must be maintained and developed because it has various functions such as national food security, preservation of natural scenery, protection of national territory, and revitalization of the local economy. However, risk factors such as climate changes and environmental destruction have raised concerns about the sustainable development of the industry. Since these risk factors are becoming larger and more complex over time, it is time to conduct research related to the risk of the fishery industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the risk factors facing the fisheries at this point, to analyze the economic ripple effect of regional fishery product supply shortage, and to draw implications. As a result of this study, the economic ripple effect of fishery product shortage per won was highest in Busan, followed by Gangwon, Gyeongnam, and Gyeongbuk. Considering the size of the local fishery industry, Busan had the highest supply shortage per 1% of local fisheries production. It is also necessary to prepare special risk management and countermeasures for these regions since the effect of supply shortage in regions such as Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Jeju is large compared to other regions.

목적 : 본 연구는 요양시설에 거주하는 65세 이상 노인들을 대상으로 한국형 활동분류카드(Korean Activity Card Sort; K-ACS)를 통해 참여활동수준을 측정하고, 삶의 질에 미치는 요인에 대해 알아보 고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2021년 7월 1일부터 2021년 8월 31일까지 수도권 요양시설 거주 노인 78명을 대상으로 자 가 보고식 설문지와 평가를 실시하였다. 대상자들의 참여활동수준, 우울, 자기효능감, 일상생활수행능력, 삶의 질과의 관계를 피어슨 상관분석과 다중회귀분석으로 알아보았다. 결과 : 요양시설 거주 노인을 대상으로 참여활동수준을 측정한 결과 전체 참여활동수준 27.8%, 수단적 일 상생활활동수준 26.9%, 여가활동수준 36.5%, 사회활동수준이 21.0%로 나타났다. 전체 참여활동수준은 수단적 일상생활활동수준(r = .937, p < .01), 사회활동수준(r = .858, p < .01)과 높은 상관성을 보 였다. 또한 삶의 질에는 정신적 요소인 우울(β = -.514, p < .001)과 자기효능감(β = .266, p < .05) 이 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론 : 작업치료사는 노인들의 성공적인 노화를 돕기 위해 시설 내에 다양한 활동프로그램을 마련하고 노 인들이 활동에 참여할 기회를 제공하여야 한다. 이러한 작업치료사의 역할은 시설 거주 노인의 우울감을 완화하고 자기효능감, 참여활동수준을 높임으로써 궁극적으로 삶의 질을 향상시킬 것으로 기대된다.