As basic research to develop HEV and EV agricultural field machinery, the present study analyzes the technical trend of electric agricultural field machinery through product analysis, paper analysis, and patent analysis concerning HEV and EV in the automobile, construction machinery, and agricultural machinery sectors. For product analysis, the homepages of companies in these sectors were consulted to analyze the number of products of each company. For paper analysis, key words related to HEV and EV were selected, a search formula was drawn up, and articles search sites were consulted. And for patent analysis too, key words were selected and then a search formula was drawn up to examine published patent applications or registered patent applications, and trends were analyzed by structure, country, and year. The number of HEV and EV products were 17 in the automobile area, 8 in construction machinery, and 4 in agricultural machinery. Notably, in the agricultural machinery area, all HEV and EV products were from advanced companies overseas. In terms of papers, papers published in the past 5 years were searched and 33,195 papers were from the automobile area, 3,806 were from construction machinery, and 2,687, the fewest papers, were from the agricultural machinery area. A search of patents in the electric drive technology area in Korea, USA, and Japan, and Europe showed 1,927 valid patents, with 1,120 in Japan, 497 in USA, 193 in Korea, and 117 in Europe. Analysis of the trend of research on electric agricultural field machinery by product, paper, and patent shows the development of HEV and EV technology in Korea is insufficient compared to USA, Japan, and Europe, which means rapid technological development is needed.

The potential of marginal materials as components of road infrastructures has been studied for many years. The list of materials includes non-traditional natural materials (rocks and soils), industrial by-products (from metallurgical industry, thermal electric power stations, and chemical industry) and wastes (mining and quarrying, municipal, industrial and demolition wastes). Among these materials, Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slags (EAFSS) presents physical-mechanical characteristics and full chemical compatibility with the hydrocarbon binders used in road construction and, therefore, have high potential for being re-used. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study conducted to verify the suitability of a particular type of Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag (EAFSS) to be recycled in the aggregate skeleton of dense graded and porous asphalt mixtures for pavements application. One dense graded mixture for wearin gcourse(WCAC), one Stone Mastic Asphalt(SMA) and one Porous Asphalt(PA) were prepared and compacted for this purpose. The computed results of Marshall Stability, Flow and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values are presented in Table 1.

Microalgae is known as one alternative energy source of the fossil fuel with the small size of 5 ~ 50 µm and negative charge. Currently, the cost of microalgae recovery process take a large part, about 20 - 30% of total operating cost. Thus, the microalgae recovery method with low cost is needed. In this study, the optimum current for Scenedesmus dimorphus recovery process using electrocoagulation techniques was investigated. Under the electrical current, Al metal in anode electrode is oxidized to oxidation state of Al3+. In the cathode electrode, the water electrolysis generated OH- which combine with Al3+ to produce Al(OH)3. This hydroxide acts as a coagulant to harvest microalgae.Before applying in 1.5 L capacity electrocoagulation reactor, Scenedesmus dimorphus was cultured in 20 L cylindrical reactor to concentration of 1 OD.The microalgae recovery efficiency of electrocoagulation reactor was evaluated under different current conditions from 0.1 ~ 0.3 A. The results show that, the fastest and highest recovery efficiency were achieved at the current or 0.3 A, which the highest energy efficiency was achieved at 0.15 A.

Paddy harrow machine used hydraulic actuator system has been changed to the electric actuator system method. Because driving system of the agricultural equipments has been changed to electric power system. Besides, the effort to reduce the tractor machine's horse power is proceeding rapidly. In this paper, pressure, load scale factor and loading force(dynamic, static force) are considered to determine the cylinder diameter of the electric actuator. The algorithms of paddy harrow machine was studied to control and test the components of link by using the PLC diagram. Also, the electric actuator mechanism system was evaluated through the PLC algorithm. These test results can be attributed to select the actuator capacity and to determine the reliability of the electric actuator system

A hierarchical pore structured novolac-type phenol based-activated carbon with micropores and mesopores was fabricated. Physical activation using a sacrificialsilicon dioxide (SiO2) template and chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) were employed to pre-pare these materials. The morphology of the well-developed pore structure was character-ized using field-emissionscanning electron microscopy. The novolac-type phenol-based activated carbon retained hierarchical pores (micropores and mesopores); it exhibited high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specificsurface areas and hierarchical pore size distributions. The hierarchical pore novolac-type phenol-based activated carbon was used as an electrode in electric double-layer capacitors, and the specificcapacitance and the retained capacitance ratio were measured. The specificcapacitances and the retained capacitance ratio were en-hanced, depending on the SiO2 concentration in the material. This result is attributed to the hierarchical pore structure of the novolac-type phenol-based activated carbon.

In vibration analysis of ships, the principle aim is to determine the natural frequencies and excitation frequencies, and use this information to avoid resonances and vibration damage. The simplest method is to prevent resonance conditions, which is effective as long as the natural frequencies and excitation frequencies can be regarded as independent from environmental conditions. For ships that use electric propulsion systems, the sources of vibration are reduced compared with those caused by a diesel engine or other combustion-based propulsion systems. However, the frequency spectrum of these vibrations may be different; therefore, to understand the characteristics of the electric propulsion, we also should investigate how the ship responds to these vibrations. We focused on a 1,000-ton deadweight (DWT) ocean-research vessel using an electric propulsion system and analyzed the response to vibration.

The performance of electric boiler using thick-film heater has been investigated experimentally. Electric boilers are using thick film heater is composed of four to a water chamber. In this study, the water flow rate while changing then umber of heaters and heating performance was evaluated. One water chamber, the average heat release is approximately 6.63kW. And average heat release of four water chamber is about 29.08kW. The energy efficiency of the water chamber 4 was 95.4%. Finally, the average heat release and energy-efficiency of electric boiler is increased with increasing water chamber number.

Numerical analysis of the electric vehicle battery was performed for the optimization of the thermal management under various operating conditions. For the analysis of internal flow and temperature distributions under the different operating conditions of battery, the battery system which was packed 18 battery cell with -25℃∼ 65℃ operating temperature range was considered, and the air flow rate, velocity, and ambient temperature conditions were varied and compared. It was revealed that the cooling system for battery was necessary to maintain its performance for hot ambient conditions. Especially, in this condition, at least 90m3/h of air flow rate are required to maintain the module temperature under 40℃. However, heating system of battery for cold ambient conditions doesn't need.

Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from rice husks using the chemical activation method with KOH, NaOH, a combination of (NaOH + Na2CO3), and a combination of (KOH + K2CO3) as the chemical activating reagents. The activated carbon with the highest surface area (around 2000m2/g) and high porosity, which allows the absorption of a large number of ions, was applied as electrode material in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The AC for EDLC electrodes is required to have a high surface area and an optimal pore size distribution; these are important to attain high specific capacitance of the EDLC electrodes. The electrodes were fabricated by compounding the rice husk activated carbons with super-P and mixed with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) at a weight ratio of 83:10:7. AC electrodes and nickel foams were assembled with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as the electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements were carried out with a three electrode cell using 6 M KOH as electrolyte and Hg/HgO as the reference electrode. The specific capacitance strongly depends on the pore structure; the highest specific capacitance was 179 F/g, obtained for the AC with the highest specific surface area. Additionally, different activation times, levels of heating, and chemical reagents were used to compare and determine the optimal parameters for obtaining high surface area of the activated carbon.

다이오드 정류기가 AC-DC 컨버터로 산업현장에서 널리 응용되고 있다. 그러나 입력전류에 많은 저차고조파가 포함되어 전력변환 장치의 공급전압을 왜곡시켜 전력의 품질을 저하시키므로 이를 완화시킬 수 있는 적절한 설비가 필요하다. 이러한 문제점들을 개선하기 위해 본 논문에서는 정류기의 출력단에 보조 전원장치를 설치하여 고조파를 저감하는 장식을 제안하였다.

Electro-accel pedal is needed to raise fuel efficiency by controlled pedal angle signal regardless driver’s willings to fast start or stop pedaling, and to reduce muscle fatigue by designed Ergonomic structure. For this purpose, in this study, we designed new mechanism of accel pedal in a double linkage with two springs to minimize the force of pedaling on main pedal period for HECV in close the future. We have achieved the simulation to dynamic characteristics and experimented to measure the pedal force with proto sample, and confirmed the potentialities this new mechanism.

This analytical work was performed to reveal the effect of inlet geometry of battery pack on the temperature distributions and flow stream line for a electric vehicle. To achieve this, standard k-ε model with wall function was applied and the working conditions of battery pack under different air flow rate and inlet area according to the geometry were estimated. It was revealed that as inlet area was smaller, the flow velocity was faster, and it can't cover the whole area of battery module. In case of two inlet case, the cooling efficiency of air flow is less than that of one inlet case because of low flow rate.

Technical developments of electric vehicles have been progressed very actively. Especially there are great technical achievements of battery for the electric vehicles to store energy from the outside source. Also there are numerous efforts for improvement charging infrastructure and charging system of the battery. And that is supporting this technology. For example On-Board Charger (OBC) is a battery charging system attached to the vehicle to operate the car. On-Board Charger is designed in manner of consideration such subjects: control via communication with other vehicle’s controller, improve the reliability as the security part, decrease of the life span of the battery due to temperature change during charging and discharging process, high cost of using parts for the high current rating and limitation of increasing the battery capacity. In this paper, there will be a deep discussion of designing and implementing the On-Board Charger to attach to the vehicles, which has superior cooling quality by effective radiant heat design and vibration and shock resistant design

In this study, We have taken LED lamps which are widely used recently, applied it to training ship's cabin and lounge, cafeteria, engine control room and analyzed the power consumption and illumination with existing fluorescent. Replacing 40W, 20W of fluorescents with 22W, 11W of same number of LED lamps, It showed 45% of power consumption savings and resulted to more than 20% of illumination improvement. If applied to all areas of the ship, It would surely contribute to great amount of energy savings and illumination improvement.

Pulsed electronic field(PEF) 처리에 의한 우유 단백질과 물리화학적 특성의 변화를 확인하기 위하여 원유, 탈지유, HTST, LTLT, UHT 우유를 PEF 처리하였다. 시료 중의 단백질을 SDS-PAGE로 확인하였을 때, PEF 처리에 의한 우유 단백질의 변성은 관찰할 수 없었다. Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)로 우유 단백질의 열변성 정점 온도(Td)를 분석한 결과, 탈지유를 65oC에서 PEF 처리하였을 때 Td가 87.66oC에서 97.18oC로 증가하여 PEF 처리가 우유 단백질의 변성에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. PEF 처리에 의한 alkaline phosphatase, protease, lactoperoxidase의 잔존효소활성을 측정한 결과, 원유와 탈지유에서 alkalinephosphatase는 PEF 처리에 의해 효소활성이 감소하였다. 또한 protease와 lactoperoxidase의 활성은 PEF 처리에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 65oC에서 PEF 처리한 원유는 처리하지 않은 원유보다 높은 갈색도를 나타내었으나, 기타 우유는 PEF에 의한 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 우유를 PEF 처리하였을 경우 산도의 변화는 관찰되지 않았고 pH의 경우에도 PEF 처리 여부에 따라 유의적인 차이는 있었으나 크게 변화하지는 않았다.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of in vitro maturation (IVM) medium, cytochalasin B (CB) treatment during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and electric activation on in vitro development ICSI-derived embryos in pigs. Immature pig oocytes were matured in vitro in medium 199 (M199) or porcine zygote medium (PZM)-3 that were supplemented with porcine follicular fluid, cysteine, pyruvate, EGF, insulin, and hormones for the first 22 h and then further cultured in hormone-free medium for an additional 21～22 h. ICSI embryos were produced by injecting single sperm directly into the cytoplasm of IVM oocytes. The oocytes matured in PZM-3 with 61.6 mM NaCl (low-NaCl PZM-3) tended to decrease (0.05<P<0.1) nuclear maturation when compared with oocytes matured in M199 (76.9% vs. 83.8%) but no significant differences were found in embryo cleavage, blastocyst formation, and mean number of cells in blastocyst (73.8% vs. 74.6%, 11.1% vs. 12.1%, and 28.4 cells vs. 30.1 cells, respectively). The oocyte degeneration was not reduced by CB treatment during ICSI (11.9%) when compared with no treatment control (11.3%) while the treatment showed detrimental effects (P<0.05) on embryonic cleavage (40.0%) and blastocyst formation (1.8%) rates when compared with control (60.0% and 11.5%, respectively). For activation of ICSI oocytes, additional electric stimulus has no positive or negative effect on in vitro development of preimplantation stage ICSI porcine embryos. Our results demonstrate that CB treatment during ICSI inhibits embryonic development of ICSI oocytes and additional electric activation after ICSI has no effect in improving ICSI embryonic development in pigs. Further studies are needed to improve ICSI efficiency by investigating factors influencing embryonic development after ICSI in pigs.