The objective of this study is to investigate the potential use of MSW incineration fly ash as an economic material for the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Fe, and Cu) from AMD. Batch adsorption experiment was conducted to examine the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time on metal ions removal in synthetic AMD using MSW incineration fly ash. Precipitation of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide was used for comparison with MSW incineration fly ash by adjusting the pH (5 ~ 11) by coagulation method with 20 min reaction time. Comparing the application of Ca(OH)2 and Na(OH), fly ash proves more efficient which may be due to its porosity and chemical composition. The results from adsorption studies showed that maximum adsorption rate was achieved at 0.4g dose when various fly ash dosages were added to the solution with 60 min optimum time and removal efficiency of heavy metals was over 96%. The effectiveness of fly ash can be related to its high calcium (CaO 55%) content. Efficiency of heavy metals removal was directly linked to the amount of fly ash in the reaction mixture and to the final pH attained. pH plays a significant role in heavy metal uptake. The main removal mechanism was adsorption at the surface of the fly ash together with the precipitation and co- precipitation from the solution with chemicals. Therefore the use of MSW incineration fly ash for treatment of AMD would represent a new market opportunity for this waste product. It can also be useful for neutralizing AMD and possibly reduce its adverse effects to the environment with efficient removal of metal ions from AMD.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic fertilization rates on the nutrient accumulation and recovery in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as well as growth and yield of radish in Jeju island. An understanding the relationships between organic fertilization rate, crop nutrient recovery and crop yield can assist in making organic fertilizer recommendation which balances crop value and environmental risk in organic cultivation. Nitrogen (T-N), phosphate (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) were applied at 0, 115-35-40, 230-70-80 (standard application rate), 460-140-160, 230-200-100 (recommended application rate) and 158-53-35 kg/ha (customary application rate), respectively as the broadcast application of mixed organic fertilizer (N 4.5% - P2O5 1.5% - K2O 1%) in combination with langbeinite (K2O 22%), 100% at sowing period. The organic fertilizer was made of organic materials like oil cakes. Total yield of radish, as fresh weight of roots, increased with increasing organic fertilizer doses to a maximum at rate of standard or soil-testing application. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium accumulations of radish increased curvilinearly with increasing organic fertilization rate to a maximum at rate of N 460 - P2O5 140 - K2O 160 kg/ha. However, nitrogen, phosphate and potassium use efficiency of applied organic fertilizer decreased curvilinearly or linearly with increasing organic fertilization rate. Application of organic fertilizer in combination with langbeinite (as a potassium source) had significant effect on the yield of radish. Organic fertilization on a basis of standard or soil-testingapplication rate is recommended for maximun radish yield in organic cultivation.

Soil-Cement is an outstanding paving material, as it is economic, easy to construct and environmental-friendly due to its usage of natural soil. However, compared to current methods of paving, soil-cement shows low strength and low resistance on cracking, so it is necessary to supplement those drawbacks by use of some admixtures. This paper attempts to take an in-depth study of material characteristics of soil-cement mixtures with rice husk ash which is discarded as waste to enhance the strength and durability of soil-cement. To figure that out, XRF analysis was performed. From the XRF analysis results of the chemical content in rice husk ash, SiO2 is contained as much as 64.85%. Though SiO2 content is major in the rice husk ash, it is less than the amount expected. It is due to incineration temperature and time away from ideal environment for maximum SiO2 content. In addition, it figured out the strength property and durability of rice husk ash added soil-cement mixture by compressive strength test. The compressive strength test of soil-cement mixtures showed the highest strength with 10% of rice husk ash added. This suggests rice husk ash has high potential as one of pozzolanic materials.

According to a report ‘2012 Present Condition of National Household Refuse Resource Recovery Facility’, about 582,178 tons/year of household refuse were processed in the incineration plant, and 465,087 tons/year of bottom ash and 117,091 tons/year of fly ash were produced respectively. As incineration ash contains many kind of heavy metals such as soluble salt, copper and lead, it may lead to the leaching potential of heavy metals according to the environmental change, so it requires special care in landfill and recycling. In this study CO2 was injected into the bottom ash, so that environmental stability such as leaching of heavy metals was reduced and increased the possibility of CO2 fixation ability of the bottom ash was analyzed. Bottom ash of the household refuse incineration plant of I City was used as the sample of the fixation ability particle size was divided into 3 sections to analyze its components before and after carbonation using XRF. Stability of the sample was identified by the leaching test through KSLT and TCLP, and CO2 fixation ability by the DT-TGA analysis. Test results of the fixation ability shows that stabilization of the bottom ash produced in the household refuse incineration plant by carbonation is evaluated as there is little environmental problem caused by heavy metals when it is utilized into the recycled aggregate, and economic profits can be expected due to securing new agents of the supply and demand for the recycled aggregates, the greenhouse gas emission reduction by CO2 fixation.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) has emerged as one of the greatest environmental threats facing mining industry owing to its characteristic low pH, high acidity and elevated concentrations of metals and sulphate content. This study evaluates the efficiency of fly ash as a low cost material to remove heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb) from AMD. The effects of varying contact time, dosage and pH on adsorption were investigated using synthetically prepared AMD. The experiments was conducted in series of batches for adsorption using a mechanical shaker with 50mL AMD at various dosages of fly ash (0.1 - 0.8g/L) and coagulation using a standard jar tester of 1000mL AMD with chemical coagulant dosages (0.5 - 10g/L). Tests were also conducted with 50mL AMD without fly to evaluate the treatment efficiency of fly ash to chemicals. All tests were performed in duplicate for consistency and accuracy. The chemical composition of fly ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the result shows the fly ash is rich in calcium (CaO 54.9%). Leaching test of the fly ash was conducted using KLST and TCLP method to compare the results and evaluate the behavior of leaching ash in replenishing acidic media at low pH such as acid mine drainage. pH plays a significant role in heavy metal uptake in this study with increased in pH value the removal rate increased. The optimum dosage for Adsorption was found to be 0.4g/L with 60 min optimum contact time and coagulation 6mg/L with reduced metal concentrations much less than regulation standards for Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb. From all tests conducted fly ash proves more efficient with over 96% removal even at low dosages. The effectiveness of the treatment process will depend on the quality of the fly ash and the AMD. Therefore the use of fly ash for treatment of mine wastewater would represent a new market opportunity for this waste product. Recycling of fly ash will conserve the natural raw materials and abridge the disposal cost. It will also create new revenues and business opportunities while protecting the environment. Most significantly, the two waste products acid mine drainage and fly Ash could be neutralized and when reacted together to produce much cleaner water broadly compared to post process water derived from Lime treated AMD and sulfates removal rates were in the range of 90% in both experiments. Fly ash is more economical, sustainable.

This study investigated physcal properties of high performance concrete(HPC) using the garnet(GA) and Fly-ash(FA) under high temperature. After heating up the concrete, its appearance, failure mode, residual compressive strength, weight reduction ratio and other physical properties of concrete, it was mixed with nylon(Ny), polypropylene(PP), steel fiber(SF). The specimen was exposed to 100~800℃ and its crack control, spalling prevention and other physical characteristics were reviewed.

Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are disposed of three types (recycling, incineration, landfill). The ashes made after the incineration are also recycled to minimize the volume of waste owing to reducing the amount of landfill. However, MSW incinerations (MSWI) in Seoul are not satisfied with the policy of Korea as a result of experiments about the chemical characteristics of the ash (Ignition loss, pH, Chloride, Cyanide, metals leaching). So, according to the policy, the MSWI in Seoul must be pretreated so as to recycle the MSWI. There are many pretreatments, three pretreatments (washing, weathering, CO2 aging) of which are selected through the literature review. Through Washing, the value of pH and chloride decrease. The optimal ratio (S/L) and time of Washing treatment is 1 : 10 (S/L) and 60 minutes, respectively. The CO2 aging method compensates the defect of weathering method which is required to react long-period time. After CO2 aging, pH and some Heavy metals decrease. So, We will compare and evaluate pre-treatment methods and we find the best method or new method.

본 연구는 폴리머 기반 보수모르타르에 미분쇄된 플라이애시 치환율의 영향을 평가하였다. 주요변수는 양생온도와 미분쇄된 플라이애시의 치환율이다. 양생온도는 40℃, 20℃ 및 5℃로, 미분쇄된 플라이애시 치환율은 결합재 대비 0~35%로 변화하였다. 굳지 않은 모르타르에서는 플로우를, 굳은 모르타르에서는 재령별 압축강도, 응력-변형률 관계 및 탄성계수, 파괴계수를 측정하고, 주사전자현미경 및 엑스선회절기 분석을 수행하였다. 실험결과 보수모르타르의 플로우, 탄성계수 및 파괴계수는 미분쇄된 플라이애시 치환율 20~30%에서 가장 높은 성능을 발휘하였다. 또한 재령별 압축강도는 미분쇄된 플라이애시 치환율과 양생온도에 현저한 영향을 받았는데, 미분쇄된 플라이애시 치환율 20%에서 초기강도 발현율이 가장 높았다. ACI 209에서 제시하고 있는 콘크리트 재령별 압축강도예측모델에서 초기 및 장기재령 강도발현 계수는 미분쇄된 플라이애시 치환율과 양생온도의 함수로 일반화할 수 있었다. 미분쇄된 플라이애시가 첨가된 페이스트는 수화생성물을 나타내는 피크(peak)의 수와 강도(intensity)가 증가되고 플라이애시 입자주변에 CSH 겔이 형성되었다.

석탄화력발전 부산물인 석탄회의 희유 금속 재활용을 위한 기반 연구로서 9개 발전소의 석탄회를 대상으로 화학적 및 광물학적 특성을 분석하였다. 석탄회의 희유원소 화학조성은 전반적으로 셰일의 평균 조성과 부합하며, 국외 석탄회와 차이도 거의 없다. 그러나 국산 무연탄 비산재와 수입 유연탄 비산재는 무기원소 조성에서 약간의 차이가 있으며, 무연탄 비산재의 미연 탄소 함유량이 매우 높다. 바닥재와 비교하여 친황원소들이 비산재에 부화되는 경향이 있다. 규산염 유리가 주요 고상이며, 석영, 일라이트(백운모), 멀라이트, 자철석, 생석회, 경석고가 광물로 함유되어 있다. 규산염 유리는 Al과 Si가 주성분이고, Ca, Fe, K, Mg가 다양한 비율로 함유되어 있다. 규산염 유리는 다공성 구형 또는 비정형 부석질 입자들이며, 흔히 잔존 광물이나 산화철구, 또는 다른 유리입자들과 융접되어 있다. 산화철구 입자는 급속 성장한 산화철 미세 입자와 유리 기질로 구성되어 있다. 석탄회로부터 유가 금속 재활용을 위해서는 이상의 화학조성, 미세조직, 광물학적 특성들이 고려되어야 한다.

Carbon dioxide has steadily increased in atmosphere since the industrial revolution, and it is the main cause of the global warming. In this study, carbon dioxide is stored in the form of insoluble calcium carbonate through indirect carbonation using paper sludge ash (PSA) as a raw material and acids (acetic acid and hydrochloric acid) as solvents. Acid is very efficient to extract calcium from PSA, which is as high as 55%. However, since the pH of calcium extractant obtained using acid is as low as 6 and carbon dioxide is not present in the form of CO32- at the low pH, carbonation reaction does not occur to form calcium carbonate. Sodium hydroxide, therefore, is added into the calcium extractant to increase pH up to 13. The amount of sodium hydroxide is calculated based on the equivalent of calcium in the extractant. Then, carbon dioxide is injected into the calcium extractant for 30 minutes at a flow rate of 0.05 L/min. The calcium extractant is prepared in advance using 40 g of PSA and 1L of 0.7 M acid, and 35mL of 50% sodium hydroxide is added into the extractant to adjust pH. During carbonation, liquid samples are taken at designated intervals to measure pH and calcium concentration. After the carbonation is completed, white solids are collected to dry at 105℃ for 12 hours, which weigh 30.0 g and 33.1 g from the extractants using acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, respectively. The white solids are found to be highly pure calcite by XRD analysis. Based on the solid mass, the amounts of carbon dioxide sequestrated in PSA are calculated to be 330.4 kg CO2/ton PSA and 363.7 kg CO2/ton PSA using acetic acid and hydrochloric acid as solvents, respectively.

Along the increases of incineration bottom ashes emitted from the municipal solid waste incinerator, the issues, such as increased treatment costs, environmental problems and lack of land area for incineration treatment facility have raised. Therefore, this study was performed to analyze the incineration bottom ash to seek how to recycle the resources. The particles of bottom ash discharged as municipal solid wastes are not even and composed of inorganic substances such as iron and non-metals; in this study, therefore, the bottom ash are used as the basic data for the purpose of resource recycle. In this study, the waste incineration bottom ash emitted from the incineration treatment facility located in city C were analyzed. About 100 tons of municipal solid waste are incinerated in this facility on a daily basis. The particle size, XRF, TGA and ICP were analyzed for bottom ash. A LA-950(Laser Scattering Particle Size Analyzer) was used to perform a particle size analysis and as a result, the particle diameter of a large range was distributed and the particle diameter was shown to be wide so not evenly distributed. The distribution of particle diameter for each sample was shown to be inconsistent. XRF used an EDX-750 (Shimazu) to analyze the chemical components and as a result, the key components contained in the bottom ash included CO2, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, etc. The analysis revealed that CaO contained to be lower than other area. TGA / DSC 1 / 1600 LF(Mettler-Toledo AG) were used to analyze TGA and the heating rate of 10℃/min was applied up to the maximum temperature 1200℃. As a result, the sample of incineration bottom ash showed its significant reaction at around 700℃. In general, when temperature of bottom ash starts raising, the moisture started to evaporate at around 100℃ while a significant decline is observed in weight. However in this study, no significant change was observed around 100℃ followed by the pre-processed and bottom ash. ICP used 820 ICP-MS (Bruker, Germany) to analyze the heavy metal - As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb. 3 different bottom ash were divided into 3 samples and as a result, the average concentration of each substance was analyzed as As 0.0049ppm and Cu 0.006ppm, whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were observed to be less than the quantization limit; therefore, the concentrations of all 6 items were shown to be less than the hazardous level of the specified wastes.

In this work, we constructed the sulfur polymer cement(SPC) concrete using coal bottom ash from 4 thermal power stations in korea and investigated their practical data for production of industrial construction compounds. To manufacture the SPC concrete, we used batch concrete mixer with the heating jacket using hot oil. Also, coal bottom ash was used as a fine aggregate below 2 mm. When the SPC concrete were produced with diverse sulfur concentration (15, 20, 25, 30 wt%), compressive strength properties were analyzed. We got the compressive strength of the maximum 60 MPa. These experimental results could be effectively applied to the recycling technology of coal bottom ash.

A general method to expand the urban green space is to utilize the artificial ground that is unutilized in cities, such as buildings and rooftops. The processing technology of bottom ashes in thermal power stations shows a tendency to change from the wet process to the dry process. The dry process bottom ashes, which arise from the new process, are expected to be utilized as light-weight artificial soil, because they are poor in water, salt, and unburned carbon, which are not the characteristics of the existing wet process bottom ashes, and have a lower density than general aggregate. This study shows that the coefficient of permeability, saturation bulk density, pH, EC, and organic matter content of dry process bottom ashes are similar to those of perlite. Therefore, we conclude that dry process bottom ashes can be utilized as artificial soil.

In this study, we determined the ingredient analysis of harvested garlic bulb and soil analysis of four garliccultivated regions in Jeju, being one of the major areas of Namdo garlic production. Soil pH and electric conductivity were 7.02 and 1.03 dS/m, respectively. Soil organic matter was 4.31%. The mineral elements (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc) of Namdo garlic cultivated soil were analyzed by ICP, and calcium was the most highly contained mineral with 14.67 cmol+/kg and in the decreasing order of magnesium (2.25 cmol+/㎏), potassium (1.51 cmol+/㎏). Soluble solid and total acidity were 7.60 oBrix and 0.49%, respectively. The mineral contents of garlic bulb were in order of potassium (12,728 ppm) > sulfur (7,778 ppm) > phosphorus (4,916 ppm) > magnesium (691 ppm) > calcium (359 ppm). The content of total phenolic, total flavonoid and reducing sugar were 71.14 ㎎ GAE/100 g, 17.64 ㎎ QE/100 g and 26.53 ㎎ GE/g, respectively. Alliin and allicin were 8.78 ㎎/g and 2.10 ㎎/g, respectively. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients between mineral contents of soil and garlic bulb are analyzed. Macronutrients of soil is correlated with macronutrients of garlic (positive) and micronutrients of garlic (negative) contents.

As a result of strength test on FA and BFS, FA concrete showed higher increase of strength compared to OPC, when FA4000 and FA5000 were mixed 30%, respectively. For BFS concrete, those mixed with 30% and 50% of BFS8000, respectively, showed higher or equivalent strength compare to OPC. As a result of test of chloride penetration on FA and BFS, diffusion coefficients of concrete mixed with 30% FA4000 and FA5000, respectively, showed to restrain average 6.5% of diffusion coefficient compared to OPC. And in case of BFS concrete, those mixed with BFS6000 and BFS8000, restrained diffusion of chloride ions 253% and 336%, respectively, compared to OPC. Therefore, Mixing 50% of BFS was most efficient in order to maximize restraint of chloride penetration according to metathesis of large amount.

Due to a world trend on renewable energy, biomass that is one of renewable energy resources has to be applied at thermochemical process, actively. However, in commercial plant, one of many problems is an agglomeration production at biomass thermochemical process, because it leads to disturb continuous operation on thermochemical process. Thus, in this study, the EFB (empty fruit bunch), one of palm oil industry by-products was used as a biomass fuel, and washed by water and nitric acid solution (0.1wt.%) with different total washing times for resolving this problem at biomass thermochemical process. After washing, ash content was decreased from 5.9wt.% to 1.53wt.% using all of the washing treatments, and the Alkali & Alkaline Earth Metallic (AAEM) was removed over 80wt.% of total AAEM, such as potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium. Additionally, SEM with XRD was analyzed to confirm the characteristics of produced agglomeration, and the agglomeration production ratio was measured: it revealed that the ratio was resulted in decrease over half, in the case of using all of washed EFBs.

Currently, Eco-friendly construction materials are widely utilized for reducing CO2 emission in construction. Furthermore various engineering fibers are also added for improving a brittle behavior in concrete. In the paper, concrete specimens with 10% and 20% replacement ratio with RHA (Rice Husk Ash) are prepared, and engineering behaviors in RHA and OPC concrete are evaluated with different addition of coconut fiber from 0.125~0.375% of volume ratio. Several basic tests including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and bond strength are performed, and crack width and deflections are also measured in flexural test. RHA is evaluated to be very effective in strength development and 0.125% of fiber addition leads significant improvement in tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance. RHA and coconut fiber are effective construction material both for reutilization of limited resources and performance improvement in normal concrete.

최근 분화가능성이 대두되고 있는 백두산 화산이 폭발적으로 분화(噴火:eruption)하는 경우, 백두산에서 분출되는 대량의 화산재는 대기 중으로 확산되면서 많은 인적, 물적 피해를 가져올 것으로 사료된다. 서울을 기점으로 백두산으로부터 약 500km 떨어져 있는 우리나라는 화산 분출물로 인한 직접적인 피해보다는 화산재/오염물질의 간접적인 피해 영향권 내에 속하게 된다. 따라서 약 천년전과 같은 대규모 화산분화가 발생될 때 한반도 주변의 기압배치에 따른 종관 기상장의 영향으로 대기 중에서 이류, 확산, 침적을 통한 화산재의 비산과 낙하로 인한 지역적인 장·단기 영향이 나타나거나 피해를 초래할 가능성이 예상되며 우리나라 상공으로 확산된 화산재는 항공기 운항 및 해상 운송 등과 관련된 관광산업을 비롯한 농축산업, 환경 분야 등에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 백두산 분화를 가정할 때, 대기 중으로 분출되는 화산재로 인하여 우리나라가 영향을 받게 될 피해 예측을 위하여 화산재 및 오염물질을 정량적으로 파악할 수 있는 화산재 피해예측 기술을 개발하고 화산재에 대한 취약함수를 기반으로 화산재에 의한 직접적 피해액을 예측하는 알고리즘을 개발, 피해액을 추정하였다.

본 연구에서는 전력·통신 시설에 대한 화산재 취약도를 평가하였다. 해당 사회기반시설에 대한 한계상태는 전력시설의 섬락과 통신장애의 발생으로 설정하였다. 화산재 취약도를 평가하기 위하여 임의의 화산재 퇴적두께와 전력·통신 시설물 저항 성능의 통계치로부터 한계상태를 산정할 수 있는 몬테카를로 모사(Monte Carlo Simulation)모형이 개발되었다. 본 방법론을 적용하여 전력시설 3종과 통신시설 2종의 화산재 취약도가 평가되었으며, 평가된 화산재 취약도는 대수정규누적분포함수(Lognormal Cumulative Distribution Function)의 모수 형태로 데이터베이스화되었다. 본 연구에서 평가된 전력·통신 시설의 화산재 취약도는 향후 백두산 분화로 발생할 수 있는 화산재 퇴적피해를 대비한 국내 사회기반시설의 위험도 평가 시 활용될 계획이다.

본 연구는 화산재의 인간 건강에 대한 영향 및 그에 대한 종합대응에 대하여 이루어졌다. 역사적으로 백두산은 천년전에 대규모의 폭발이 있었으며 현재도 폭발의 가능성을 배제할 수 없는 화산으로 알려져 있다. 백두산 화산은 중국과 북한의 국경에 위치하여 남측까지 약 500 km 떨어져 있지만 백두산 화산이 대규모로 분출하는 경우 직접적인 피해는 주로 북한과 중국에 있게 될 것이지만 화산재가 확산하여 생기는 다양한 문제는 남측에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 최근 백두산 화산분화에 대한 위험성이 보고되고 있으며, 이에 대응하기 위한 연구가 다각도로 진행중이다. 일반적으로 화산재를 이루고 있는 물질 중 오염된 미세한 분진은 대기 중에 머무르고 있다가, 인간이 접촉하게 되면 호흡기 질환 및 알레르기 질환을 유발할 수 있다. 본 연구진은 화산재 확산에 의한 보건 관리 종합대응의 분야를 질병을 유발하는 개인에 대한 건강 영향, 의료기관을 포함하는 보건의료체계에 대한 문제, 보건의료시설/보건의료장비/의약품/관련 인력을 포함하는 보건의료자원 관리 문제로 구분하여 이에 대한 관리 지침 도출을 통하여 종합적인 대응책을 세우도록 하였다. 이러한 각각의 종합 대응책은 화산재 농도와 건강 영향과의 관계에 대한 본 연구자들의 연구를 포함한 최근의 연구에 기반한 것이며, 이를 통하여 가능한 화산재 확산 시 보건관리 종합대책을 제안하게 되었다.