We analyze high dispersion emission lines of the symbiotic nova AG Pegasi, observed in 1998, 2001, and 2002. The Hα and Hβ lines show three components, two narrow and one underlying broad line components, but most other lines, such as HI, HeI, and HeII lines, show two blue- and red-shifted components only. A recent study by Lee & Hyung (2018) suggested that the double Gaussian lines emitted from a bipolar conical shell are likely to form Raman scattering lines observed in 1998. In this study, we show that the bipolar cone with an opening angle of 74°, which expands at a velocity of 70 km s-1 along the polar axis of the white dwarf, can accommodate the observed double line profiles in 1998, 2001, and 2002. We conclude that the emission zone of the bipolar conical shell, which formed along the bipolar axis of the white dwarf due to the collimation by the accretion disk, is responsible for the double Gaussian profiles.

지좌리유적의 유물 분류를 통하여 순서배열보충법으로 편년한 9개 단계(Ⅰ~Ⅸ기)를 이용하여 주 거지-수혈-구의 상호 층서ㆍ공간중복의 관계를 살펴서 시기가 불확실한 유구의 시간성을 보완하였 다. 이 결과를 취락의 변천과정을 살피기 위해서 5개의 期(一~五기)로 묶었다. 지좌리유적은 청동기시대 BC.10~6c.에 하천 충적지에 입지하는 山間聚落으로서, 제Ⅴ기에는 취락 전체가 침수되는 큰 수해를 입은 것이 판명되었다. 최초 一期부터 上ㆍ下區 2개의 구역으로 분리 되어 가옥이 형성되었다. 하구에는 청동기시대 전기의 확대가족 가옥인 세장방형주거지를 중심으로 대형과 중형 가옥이 다수를 차지한다. 반면에 상구에는 배후습지에 수로를 굴착하고 단혼가족의 소형 가옥이 중심이다. 두 구역 모두 2~4동의 가옥으로써 世帶共同體를 이루는 특징을 보이며, 각 구역 내 에서도 주거지는 2~4개소로 분할된다. 주거지의 규모나 수에 있어서 하구가 상구보다 우월하지만, 취락 대표로서의 대형가옥은 하구에서 二期에 먼저 출현하였고, 상구에는 마지막까지도 세대공동체의 일원으로 존재한다. 그리고 三期이후에는 수해를 입은 탓에 다시 一期의 마을 형태로 복귀하였고, 세대 공동체가 분화하여 단혼가옥과 1동의 대형가옥으로 구성하는 형태로는 발전하지 못하였다. 그리고 각 구역을 통합하지 못한 채 분할은 지속되었으므로, 결국 수장의 출현은 이루지 못하였다. 무덤은 하구에서만 확인되는데, 수해 이전에는 남단부에 2기, 五期에는 북단부에 1기를 조성하였 다. 전자는 수렵채집문화권의 묘제로서 부장품은 없었고, 후자는 석검ㆍ석촉을 부장한 석관묘였다. 무덤이 지속적으로 조영되지 못한 것도 수장사회를 이루지 못하였던 까닭일 것이다. 지좌리취락은 소하천 변의 한정된 농경지(밭)를 경작하였으므로 주변 산지의 채집경제에도 크게 의 존하였을 것이다. 산뿌리 쪽으로는 논 경작을 했다고 해도 집약농경으로써 잉여생산을 도모할 정도는 아니었을 것이다. 취락이 전기의 혈연적 사회를 벗어나지 못하였으며, 또 정치체의 중심인 특정 엘리트가 없이, 혈연적 가족단위의 생산공동체가 지속된 사회였다고 추정된다. 대외관계는 하천의 하류 13㎞ 거리에 위치하는 거점취락 송죽리유적과의 교류가 상정되며, 후반대 에는 주변의 중국 북방계와 일본 야요이계 문화도 유입되었다.

Based on the interaction between construction and causative words, this paper explains the reasons for the diversity of causative words in the construction of causative words. This paper refers to Goldberg’s construction diagram and summarizes the interaction schema between the causative construction argument and the actor role of causative words. In this paper, relevant examples are used to explain the principle of the integration of the constructional elements of causative words and the roles of participants in causative words. On the basis of the fusion principle, this paper analyzes how the causative construction chooses and limits the actor role of causative words. This paper also makes a detailed summary of the fusion law between the causative constructors and the participants of causative words.

We present the results of near-infrared imaging observations of the galaxy overdensity around the z = 1.44 radio-loud active galactic nucleus (AGN) 6CE1100+3505, which was carried out with the purpose of sampling the redshifted Hα emission from the actively star-forming galaxies that could constitute the overdensity. The existence of the structure around this AGN was spectroscopically confirmed by previous grism observations which are however limited to the central region. Using the CH4Off narrow/medium-band and H broad band filters in the Wide Infrared Camera (WIRCam) on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), we constructed a sample of objects that show a flux excess in the CH4Off band due to line emission. The emission line flux is ∼ 4.9 × 10−16 erg s−1 cm−2 , corresponding to a star formation rate (SFR) of ∼ 50 M⊙ yr−1 for galaxies at redshifts z ∼ 1.4. None of the galaxies with medium-band flux excess is located within 1 Mpc from the central AGN, and there is no evidence that the selected galaxies are associated with the proposed cluster. Along with the star formation quenching near the center that was found from the previous grism observations, the lack of extreme starbursts in the structure suggests that at z ∼ 1.4, overdense regions are no longer favorable locations for vigorous star formation.

Alopecia has emerged as one of the biggest interests in modern society. Many studies have focused on the treatment of alopecia, such as transplantation of hair follicles or inhibition of the androgen pathway. Hair growth is achieved through proper proliferation of the components such as keratinocytes and dermal papilla cells (DPCs), movement, and interaction between the two cells. The present study examined the effect of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, which is an important and fundamental signal in the cell, on the morphology and the viability of human keratinocytes and DPCs. Upregulation of Hh signaling caused a morphological change and an increase in epithelium-mesenchymal transition-related gene expression but reduced the viability of keratinocytes, while the alteration of Hh signaling did not cause any change in DPCs. The results show the possibility that the regulation of Hh signaling can be applied for the treatment of alopecia.

본 연구는 한냉지에서 실외기에 서리가 형성되지 않는 난방이 가능한 히트펌프를 개발하고자 한다. 그래서 실내에서 –25℃의 환경을 제공할 수 있는 항온기 및 실험챔버를 구성하였다. 실험장치 내에 설치된 히트펌프의 실외기 전면에 도달하는 공기의 특성을 파악할 필요가 있어 범용소프트웨어인 ANSYS CFX를 이용하여 유동해석을 하였다. 그 결과 시뮬레이션 조건(5.0∼7.0 m/s)의 모든 영역에서 실외기 전방에 도달하는 공기의 유속이 자연상태와 다르게 분포함을 파악하였다. 따라서 실외기 전면에 일정한 공기 유속이 도달할 수 있도록 별도의 공기분배기를 추가 설치할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

We present a semi-analytical method to calculate the global evolution of the ionized state of the inter- galactic medium, on the basis of physically motivated star formation histories in the early universe. This method incorporates not only the conventional scenarios in which the star formation rate is proportional to the growth rate of the halo collapse fraction, but also the more sophisticated scenarios in which the star formation is self-regulated. We show that this variance in the star-formation model strongly impacts the resulting reionization history, which bears a prospect for observational discrimination of these models. We discuss how observations of the anisotropic polarization of the cosmic microwave background and the global 21cm signal from the high-redshift universe, most notably by Planck and EDGES, may probe the history of reionization.

국가가 자주권을 행사하는 것은 전략문화와 강한 상관관계가 있지만 국가의 전략문화의 분류에 대해서는 학자마다 견해가 다르다. 중국 서부의 가장 중요한 인접국가 중 하나인 파키스탄은 중국의 든든한 파트너로서 파키스탄의 전략문화를 이해하는 것은 파키스탄의 국가 정책과 국가가 자주권을 행사하는 행위를 이해하는데 도움이 될 뿐만 아니라 중국과 파키스탄 양국의 협력관계를 심화시키는데도 도움이 된다. 저자는 지리, 사회, 경제, 문화, 역사, 군사 등의 관점에서 볼 때 파키스탄의 전략적 문화 형성의 메커니즘은 주로 지정학적 환경, 생산방식, 생활방식, 문화적 전통, 역사적 경험과 대외 관계 등 네 가지 요인의 영향을 받는다. 분석 결과로 파키스탄의 전략 문화는 이슬람에 의해 형성되어 왔고, 대외 지향적인 전략 문화로 분류될 수 있으며 국가가 자주권을 행사하는 거도 이슬람적인 색채가 강하다.

Since the amendment of Child Welfare Law in 2003, the regional centers for children have been a part of the child welfare system, providing child-care services for families in poverty. In Korea, the regional centers for children were established during the poverty movement in the 1970s and have been developed as childcare providers for poor children since the financial crisis. However, the identity of regional centers for children is being threatened as the universal perspective on caring and the public values of caring services are being strengthened. There has raised a controversy around the role of regional centers for children that provide child-care services for vulnerable families. In addition, the survival of the regional centers for children is being threatened due to some issues regarding the content of their program as it is similar to those of other child-care agencies, the lack of cooperation among the ministries of government addressing public needs for child-care services, the poor working conditions of center employees, and the poor quality of services. The purpose of this study is to examine the formation process of the regional centers for children. After that, we discuss the current issues of the regional centers for children and seek alternatives that can settle the problems and respond properly to social changes.

Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in pigs have great potential, their use is limited because the establishment efficiency of ESCs is extremely low. Accordingly, we tried to develop in-vitro culture system stimulating production of SCNT blastocysts with high performance in the colony formation and formation of colonies derived from SCNT blastocysts for enhancing production efficiency of porcine ESCs. For these, SCNT blastocysts produced in various types of embryo culture medium were cultured in different ESC culture medium and optimal culture medium was determined by comparing colony formation efficiency. As the results, ICM of porcine SCNT blastocysts produced through sequential culture of porcine SCNT embryos in the modified porcine zygote medium (PZM)-5 and the PZM-5F showed the best formation efficiency of colonies in α-MEM-based medium. In conclusion, appropriate combination of the embryo culture medium and ESC culture medium will greatly contribute to successful establishment of ESCs derived from SCNT embryos.

Self Organizing Map (SOM) is a neural network that is effective in classifying patterns that form the feature map by extracting characteristics of the input data. In this study, we propose an algorithm to determine the cell formation and the machine layout within the cell for the cell formation problem with operation sequence using the SOM. In the proposed algorithm, the output layer of the SOM is a one-dimensional structure, and the SOM is applied to the parts and the machine in two steps. The initial cell is formed when the formed clusters is grouped largely by the utilization of the machine within the cell. At this stage, machine cell are formed. The next step is to create a flow matrix of the all machine that calculates the frequency of consecutive forward movement for the machine. The machine layout order in each machine cell is determined based on this flow matrix so that the machine operation sequence is most reflected. The final step is to optimize the overall machine and parts to increase machine layout efficiency. As a result, the final cell is formed and the machine layout within the cell is determined. The proposed algorithm was tested on well-known cell formation problems with operation sequence shown in previous papers. The proposed algorithm has better performance than the other algorithms.

본 논문의 목적은 청매인오(1548~1623)의 선사상의 특징과 그 시적 표현을 살펴보는데 있다. 청매선사는 청허 휴정의 걸출한 제자로 임진 왜란 때에는 의승장으로 출전하여 큰 공을 세웠으며, 그 후 지리산의 여러 수행처에서 ‘청매문파’를 열어 선풍을 크게 떨쳤다. 선교(禪敎)와 유교, 그리고 도교에도 해박한 학식을 지녔던 그는 청빈한 삶을 살았다. 특히, 그는 조사의 공안법문을 노래하고 성성적적한 수행과 깨달음을 노래한『청매집』을 남겼다. 여기에는 송고시 148편과 선심을 담아낸 163편의 시가 실려 있다. 이러한 시편들은 마음이 모든 것의 근본임을 인식하고, 지관(止觀)수행을 통해 자성(自性)을 찾고자 한 청매선사의 올곧은 수행 삶의 흔적을 잘 담아내고 있다. 이 글에서는 청매선사의 출가와 구도, 깨달음과 자연 교감, 조사공안 법문과 수행자들에 대한 경책과 교화, 그리고 임진왜란과 관련한 시편들을 통해 그의 선심이 어떻게 시문학에 투영되어 있는지를 구체적으로 살펴보고자 한다.

This study is focused on effects of factors that affect the formation of THMs during chlorination in drinking water treatment. During the chlorination, chlorine consumption is increased by increasing the initial chlorine dose, the pH and the total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration. Also THMs formation is increased up to 58.82 μg/L and 55.54 μg/L by increasing initial chlorine concentration and increasing pH. However, concentration of chloroform is decreased by increasing TDS concentration. This is caused the cation(Na+) of the total dissolved solids preferentially reacts with the functional groups of the organic material which influence the trihalomethane formation. But total trihalomethane formation is increased up to 127.46 μg/L by Br- contained in the total dissolved solids. DOC reduction was not influenced by any of the factors.