Along the 3,200km-long coastline, Vietnam has a significant number of seaports, which are relatively large and named as the keys to economic development. However, most ports are relatively small with obsolete facilities and poor supporting services. Among three largest ports countrywide, Ho Chi Minh City seaport has had the highest throughput and productivity per annum of the country for years, assumed the role of the major port in the south, where cargos and containers come and go from all industrial parks in the southern region. Situated on what was the outskirts but is now the outskirts or suburbs of Ho Chi Minh City, it has however shown some drawbacks, i.e., expansion of the port is not an option regardless of the high throughput. Apart from the inadequate infrastructure, ports are facing another setback due to backward pricing. The rapid increase in number of ports also created a “race to the bottom” situation, where Vietnam ports have reduced their price to attract customers. The direct results are lower service quality and an inability to reinvest into port development. Therefore, the restructuring of Ho Chi Minh City seaport system has been launched since 2006 whereby the plan not only resolves the limited size, obsolete facilities and traffic issues, but also becomes more efficient as the new port complex is located conveniently among the region’s industrial parks and export processing zones of Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Duong, Dong Nai, and Ba Ria – Vung Tau. In line with this plan, the paper will mainly aim to provide the outstanding constraints which Ho Chi Minh City seaport system faced, including illogical distribution among ports/terminals regardless the scale, capacity and geographic locations; ineffective and insecured mooring and anchorage buoys; undeveloped logistic services centres and lack of connecting infrastructure. As so, the recommendations for single issue will be provided.

Since the ISO decided to deal with rare-earth elements at the 298th Technical Committee (TC) in 2015, Korea has participated in four plenary meetings and proposed four standards as of June 2019. The status of ISO TC 298, the standards covered by the TC, and the standardization strategies of Korea are summarized. Korean delegations are actively engaged in WG2, which deals with recycling, proposing four standards for fostering the rare-earth recycling industry. However, the participation of domestic experts is still low compared with the increase in the number of working groups and the number of standards in TC 298. The aim of this article is to summarize the current status of ISO international standards related to rare-earth elements, to encourage relevant experts to participate in standardization, and to develop international standards that accurately reflect the realities of the industry.

본 논문은 한국의 독도영유권의 역사와 수호전략을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 신라·고려·조선·대한제국의 독도통치, 일제의 독도침탈과 미군정기의 독도영유권 회복, 일본의 독도도발과 한국의 실효적 지배, 독도문제의 국제정치적 함의와 한국의 독도수호전략을 살펴본 후 결론을 도출해본 것이다. 신라 이사부가 우산국(현 울릉도와 독도)을 정벌한 이래 오랫동안 우리민족은 독도를 통치해왔다. 그러다가 일제는 1905년 러일전쟁 중 한반도 침탈과정에서 한국영토 독도를 일본영토로 강제 편입했다. 제2차 세계대전의 전범국 일제의 패망이후 우리는 독도 를 수호하여 실효적으로 지배해왔다. 하지만 일본은 전후 일본질서를 규정한 샌프란시스코조약에서 한국에의 반환도서로 독도가 명기되지 않았다는 이유로 독도의 일본영유권을 제기하고 있다. 일본은 독일이 포츠담협정을 통해 강제합병한 모든 영토를 말끔히 반환한 것과는 대조를 보이고 있다. 일본군 무장해제라는 빌미로 제2차 세계대전 전범국 과는 거리가 먼 한국이 일본 대신 분단되어 고통 받고 있는 현실을 직시하여, 일본은 더 이상 독도도발을 해서는 안 될 것이다. 한국은 외교 적·군사적 대응역량 강화를 통해 우리 영토 독도를 착실히 수호·개발해 나가야 할 것이다.

북한선교는 현실적으로 다양한 제약점이 있다. 북한의 폐쇄성으로 선교의 문을 여는 것 자체가 힘든 상황이다. 이러한 상황 속에서 북한선교는 급진적으로 이루어질 것이 아니라 순차적 단계를 밟아나갈 필요가 있다. 그 첫 발걸음이 접촉점을 확산시켜 나가는 것이다. NGO는 접촉점 확산에 있어서 중요한 문이자 선교전략이 될 수가 있는데, 지금까지 대북 NGO 활동은 인도주의적 구호 활동과 개발지원사업에 집중되어왔다. 본 연구는 직접적 선교 활동을 할 수 없는 한계적 상황 속에서 NGO를 통한 새로운 북한선교 전략으로 음악적 NGO 활동을 제안한다. 음악과 친숙한 북한 주민들, 특히 자라나는 어린이나 청소년들에게 다양한 악기를 보급하고, 찬송가, 복음성가와 같은 기독교음악의 선율적 특성을 접하게 하는 것이다. 이것은 향후 직접적인 복음 전파가 가능할 시점에 친숙함을 느끼고 마음 문을 열게 하는 선교적 기초 작업이 될 것이다.

This study was conducted to develop a technology for environmentally friendly control of Bemisia tabaci by a push-pull strategy in tomato greenhouse. B. tabaci was most attracted to the light source of 520nm, whereas it showed an avoidance response to the complex light treatment of 450+660nm. Two natural enemies, Nesidiocoris tenis and Orius laevigatus were attracted to 520nm. B. tabaci was repellent to volatile organic compounds, ocimene and carvacrol, while methyl isonicotinate showed attractant response. When buckwheat was added into the greenhouse, the density of N. tenis was maintained at about 16 times higher for 15 days. As a result of the combined treatment of push-pull strategy, the density of B. tabaci was 3 times lower and the control effect increased with time and reached up to 68.7%.

Red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta is one of the 100 most threatening alien species in the world. Originally distributed in parts of South America, it has invaded 24 other countries and regions now. Because of its ferocious habits, rapid reproduction and strong competitiveness, it is easy to outbreaks and cause disaster in a short period of time after the invasion, and will endanger agriculture and forestry, human health, biodiversity and public safety. The fire ant had been found in Taoyuan, Taiwan in September 2003, and Guangdong, mainland China on September 23, 2004. As a new invasive species in south China, although it was paid serious attention by the governments and the scientists, but the fire ant has kept spreading fast after its invasion. In order to delay its expansion and control its infestation, the following research on the fire ant has been carried out and completed 14 years after its invasion in China. To discover the fire ant invasion in mainland China, and reveal its spreading and expanding law, including 1) the genetic diversity, invasive sources, ways, routes, migration and expansion of the fire ant in China at different spatial scales; 2) a system of methods for estimating invasion and expansion; 3) monitor continuously for 14 years to clarify its diffusion dynamics in mainland China. Clarify the catastrophic law and mechanism of the fire ant invasion in mainland China, and include 1) The laws and mechanisms of invasive biology, behavior, population dynamics, ecological adaptation, social immunity, interspecific competition/reciprocity; 2) The disturbance of the fire ant invasion to crops, species relationship, community structure, control pest function, pollination function and soil environment in southern six ecosystems; 3) The laws and mechanisms of inhibiting invasion and restoring diversity in the diverse habitats; 4) New functions of chemosensing related genes and the regulation mechanism of light avoidance behavior. Reveal the basic theory of chemical control of the fire ant, and establish a safe and efficient technical system for emergency control and eradication, such as 1) the transmission toxicity, behavioral toxicity, reproductive disturbance, repellent activity, control effect and environmental effect of 46 insecticides; 2) pesticide-induced killing-queen behavior and its mechanism; 3) standard methods for evaluation of control effect for insecticides. Reveal the basic theory of chemical control of the fire ant, and establish a safe and efficient technical system for emergency control and eradication, such as 1) Five safe and efficient formations and their application technologies, and breakthroughs in high attractiveness, waterproofing formations and application methods, and the control effect of single use with 89% - 97%; 2) emergency prevention and control in 8 types of ecological areas eradication mode and technology system, with the breakthrough of inefficient or ineffective products and technology in rainy and low temperature seasons, and the control effect with 96% - 100%, and local eradication of 19 areas. Put forward risk management strategies, and build up an accurate, efficient and safe monitoring and quarantine technology system, and include 1) the suitability and risk management strategies and techniques based on more extensive research; 2) new monitoring technologies with the accuracy of 98% - 100%; 3) relationship among the three methods, and a monitoring and index system; 4) efficient quarantine technology for entry-exit, occurrence regions and transportation; 5) near infrared reflection ant nest detection system, and information management system; 6) construct the management, technical standards and promotion system, and apply them widely; 7) more than 40 national standards and schemes in a management/technical standard system.

This study explored the effects of note-taking training on Korean college students’ notes during academic English listening tests. A total of 61 college students were randomly assigned to two different groups: Group A that later received training in note-taking strategy and Group B that did not. Group A received note-taking strategy training on three separate times, totaling 60 minutes (30 minutes, 15 minutes, and 15 minutes) that spread out over two months. The two groups took listening tests before and after Group A was trained. The results showed the positive effects of the notetaking training in relation with the groups’ note-taking behaviors. After training, the trained group used more and frequent notes whereas the untrained group’s number of notes decreased. Individual students who drastically increased the number of notes after training (in Test II) showed more systemic framework of notes for Test II than before training (in Test I). The present study is meaningful in that it utilized the different analyzing methods on the quality of notes compared with previous studies.

This study was carried out to investigate the vegetation of wetland and terrestrial lands in Jangdo wetland conserved area in Korea and to analyze the characteristics of the vegetation changes in the recent years. From the plant community, there were evergreen broad-leaved forests of the Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata, and Machilus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata communities. Moreover, there were deciduous broad-leaved forests of the Salix koreensis, Mallotus japonicus, Mallotus japonicus-Pueraria thunbergiana and Celtis sinensis communities. Additionally, there were shrub forests of the Rosa multiflora-Rubus hirsutus, grassland of Molinia japonica-Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Imperata cylindrica communities, and plantation forest of the Pseudosasa japonica community. The area of the wetland vegetation (15%) was much narrower than that of the terrestrial land vegetation (85%). Comparing these results with those of the past 10 years, the wetland plant communities decreased by one-third and the proportion of neutral or dry plant communities increased. In order to mitigate landization succession of the wetland and maintain native wetland vegetation in this area, the expansion of the Salix koreensis community must be controlled to a suitable scale. In addition, it is urgently required to remove the invasive non-wetland plants, such as Pseudosasa japonica and Pueraria thunbergiana.

본 논문의 목적은 미국의 상쇄전략 개념을 발전적으로 검토하여 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신을 적용하고 국방개혁 2.0과 연계한 북한의 핵 위협에 대응하기 위한 방안을 제시한 것이다. 남북, 미․북 정상회담을 통하여 북한의 완전한 비핵화를 달성하기 위한 다양한 협상을 진행하고 있으나 2019년 베트남 하노이에서의 미․북 정상회담 결렬 등 북한의 완전한 비핵화를 달성하기까지는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요한 실정이다. 이에 현실화된 북한의 핵 위협에 대응하기 위한 개념과 기술, 조직을 발전적으로 검토하였다. 대응개념은 미국의 상쇄전략 추진사항을 발전적으로 검토하여 '적 중심 마비작전’을 작전개념으로, 이를 뒷받침할 수 있는 기술은 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신과 미국의 3차 상쇄전략 추진 사항을, 조직은 국방개혁 2.0 추진과 미국의 국방부 획득조직 개편에 대한 시사점을 분석하여 발전적인 방안을 도출하였다. 미국의 전략적인 개념의 일치가 필요한 부분이 있고, 기술의 상호운용성, 한․미동맹 차원의 협력분야를 도출하였다. 그리고 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신과 국방개혁 2.0 추진 사항을 연계하여 북핵 대응 역량을 강화할 필요가 있음을 도출하였다. 북핵 대응을 위한 작전수행 개념의 발전을 위해 새로운 패러다임을 적용이 필요하였으며 미국의‘국제공역에서의 접근과 기동을 위한 작전개념’(JAM-GC)를 벤치마킹하여 ‘적 중심 마비전’ 작전개념을 제안 하였다. 북한의 비핵화 협상이 진행 중인 점과 4차 산업혁명 기술혁신의 방대함, 국방개혁 2.0과의 연계성, 한반도 평화프로세스와의 접목 등을 고려할 때 더욱 정교하고 세밀한 북핵 대응방안의 발전이 필요할 것이다.

새로운 가능성의 탐험(Exploration)과 기존 확실성의 활용(Exploitation)간 균형은 조직 학습뿐 아니라 전략, 혁신, 연구개발의 중요한 문제다. 기술의 융복합화 트렌드 속에 기업들은 지속적 경쟁 우위를 위해 기술 지식 자산을 가급적 다양하게 보유하려는 동시에 특정 분야에 깊은 기술 역량을 가지려 한다. 기업들은 기술 포트폴리오 전략 고민하지만, 기술 속성에 대한 고려는 제한적이다. 첨단 기술의 대표인 나노기술은 기존의 제품 및 사업 중심 기술과 달리 다양한 분야에 활용되는 일반목적기술 또는 플랫폼 기술 속성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 다국적 기업들이 플랫폼 기술로서 나노기술에 대해 탐험과 활용, 즉 다각 화와 특정 기술 우위 관점의 포트폴리오 전략이 혁신 및 재무 성과에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 패널 데이터 기반으로 다중 회귀 분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 실증 분석결과는 기존의 제품 기술들과 달리, 플랫폼 기술로서의 나노기술은 다각화와 특정 기술 우위가 증가할수록 혁신 성과와 재무 성과에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 나노기술의 포트폴리오 형태, 즉 다각화와 전문성 기반의 특정 기술 우위 중에, 다각화된 나노기술 포트폴리오가 특정 기술에 우위를 갖는 경우보다 혁신 성과와 재무 성과를 향상시 키는 데 더 많은 기여를 하고 있다는 결과를 얻었다. 이는 기업들이 자원의 제약하에서 일반목적 기술의 경우 포트폴리오 전략에 어떻게 추구하는 것이 효율적인지를 시사한다.

There have been more than 40,000 cases of fires in Korea in the last three years. However, as ‘Accidental Fire Liability Act’ was judged to be non-conform to the Constitution in 2007, the damages by light mistakes should be compensated. Accordingly, disputes such as compensation claims, litigations and indemnification cases of the victims of fire increased. However, it is so difficult for victims of fire cases to take proper action. So, this study is to help victims of fire cases in the disputes and compensation claims of the victims, and to find actual and practical support system based on the analysis of compensation status. To help victims of fire cases, we need to survey about victims of fire cases with multiple victims. That survey is analyzed to find support plan for victims. Furthermore, to find support plan the current law is needed to be analyzed and reviewed to revision. It is also tried to identify problems in the operation of the Center for victims of Fire currently operated by fire stations and to find countermeasures. In addition, the status of subscription and problem of fire insurance for the compensation for the victims and the method to increase fire insurance subscription rate will be studied.

The purpose of this study was to develop a technology commercialization strategy by analyzing the consumer preference for low-sodium instant noodle ramen, which has a sodium content of 1,730 mg or less. For the commercialization of such low-sodium ramen, this study examined how much consumers would pay through an analysis of consumer preference by conjoint analysis. This study surveyed 1,004 men and women in their 20 s and 50 s between the ages of 20 and 50 years in Korea using an online survey. If the price of conventional instant noodle ramen is KRW 4,000 (approximately USD 3.57) per 5 packs for one pack of 5 servings in a supermarket, this study surveyed how much more they respondents would pay if the sodium was reduced by 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0%. The study found that if sodium was reduced by 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0%, the respondents would pay as much as KRW 4,180, KRW 4,307, and KRW 4,515, respectively. The attributes of low-sodium instant noodle ramen were examined according to the degree of sodium reduction, vegetable protein ingredients, brand, where to buy and price with each level. The Marginal Willingness To Pay (MWTP) was analyzed as follows. If the sodium content of ramen soup is reduced by 1.0%, the amount that can be paid would be KRW 105.78. Respondents could pay KRW 1,673 more for famous brand ramen than an unknown brand ramen. The study results indicated that when a new product is developed and released, it can be expected to increase sales of the new product by understanding the foreseeable value that consumers could pay for and realize the technological commercialization of the technology.

오늘날 사이버 테러리즘과 관련된 사이버 안보는 복잡한 성격을 가진다. 이러한 복잡성은 사이버 공간이 가지는 국가주권의 공간이자 글로벌사회의 공동자산이라는 이중적 성격 때문이다. 사이버 공간이 가지는 네트워크로 연결된 글로벌 사회의 공통의 자산이라는 특성은 국가 간의 협력과 연대 때로는 기업과 민간, 국제기구 등을 포함한 다양한 이해당사자와의 연대와 협력을 필요로 한다. 동시에 사이버 공간의 정치, 경제, 군사, 사회, 문화적 속성은 국가주권과 국가역량에 심각한 영향을 미친다. 이러한 속성은 국가 행위자들에게 사이버 공간 상에서의 패권경쟁과 국가주권보호의 문제를 야기한다. 사이버 안보경쟁과 협력의 문제를 더욱 복잡하게 만드는 것은 이러한 사이버 안보문제가 오프라인에서의 전통적인 지정학적 패권경쟁과 협력의 문제와 연결되어 있다는 사실이다. 이 글은 오늘날 벌어지는 사이버 공간상에서의 신냉전의 충돌과 협력의 문제를 이해하고자 시도한다. 이를 위해 새로운 공간 환경인 사이버 공간이 가지는 특성들이 어떻게 기존의 전통적 지정학 공간에서 펼쳐졌던 핵안보 경쟁과 다른 차별성을 사이버 안보 경쟁에 부여하는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 그리고 이를 토대로 미국과 러시아 등과 같은 주요 사이버 전력의 강대국들이 어떻게 자신들의 군사전력과 태세를 혁신시키고 있는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 더불어 사이버 안보와 관련된 법적, 정책적, 전략적, 그리고 문화적 논의와 제안들이 이루어질 것이다.