The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of warm-up and cool-down exercises on pain and muscle activation of delayed onset muscle soreness after intense exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness was caused by the eccentric exercise in the elbow flexor muscle of the non-dominant upper limb. Forty-four subjects volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: warm-up and cool-down group, only warm-up group, only cool-down group, or control group with no intervention. The level of perceived pain using the visual analogue scale and electromyographic activation change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction were measured 4 times at the following times: 10 min, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after the exercise. The results revealed the main effect between the groups and interaction effect between the group and measurement session (p<.05). The warm-up and cool-down group showed most favorable results with respect to reduced perceived pain level and increased muscle strength in most measurement sessions, and the only warm-up group showed significantly more decreased pain level than the control group at 24 hr and 48 hr and more increased muscle activation than the cool-down group at 48 hr (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in pain level and muscle activation between the only cool-down group and control group at all measurement sessions (p>.05). The findings suggest that the warm-up exercise performed before an intense exercise had beneficial effects on the symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness, whereas cool-down exercise performed after the intense exercise did not.

This study investigated the impact of individual differences in motivational reactivity on cognitive effort, memory strength (sensitivity) and decision making (criterion bias) in response to Internet ads with positive and negative content. Individual variation in trait motivational activation was measured using the Motivational Activation Measurement developed by A. Lang and her colleagues (A. Lang, Bradley, Sparks, & Lee, 2007). MAM indexes an individual's tendency to approach pleasant stimuli (ASA, Appetitive System Activation) and avoid unpleasant stimuli (DSA, Defensive System Activation). Results showed that individuals higher in ASA exert more cognitive effort during positive ads than individuals lower in ASA. Individuals higher in DSA exert more cognitive effort during negative ads compared to individuals lower in DSA. ASA did not predict recognition memory. However, individuals higher in DSA recognized ads better than those lower in DSA. The criterion bias data revealed participants higher in ASA had more conservative decision criterion, compared to participants lower in ASA. Individuals higher in DSA also showed more conservative decision criterion compared to individuals lower in DSA. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of fucoidan on the activation of macrophage and on induction of apoptosis in AGS cell. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-α assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cell. Treatment with fucoidan significantly increased production of NO and TNF-α, indicating activation of macrophages. The result of MTT assay shows that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. Fucoidan increased to enhance mitochondrial membrane permeability, as well as the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Fucoidan decreased Bcl-2 and XIAP expression, whereas the expression of Bax was increased in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. In addition, the active forms of caspase-9 were increased, and the inactivation of Akt was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitor, z-VADFMK, canceled the apoptosis of fucoidan, expression of Bax and caspase-9 were decrease. These results indicate that fucoidan induces activation of macrophage and apoptosis through activation of caspase on AGS cell.

The special organization that our military service is conscripted by the duty of national defense purposes to the period of military service. So couple of soldiers are think as the corresponds to college, or some knowledge layer from the operating management discarding period, lifetime value. But, now a day changed of the military life, it is when the individual soldiers can have some self-development and the lifelong education in terms of a period, and can changeing the footsteps of the new life that the function as a 'bridge' to activate production of barracks life. So that it can be supported themselves need to strive for human resource development. This study is being discussed on the correlation of military human resources and qualified operating and sustainable and promising future eligibility for qualified by taking advantage of the Boston Consulting Group Matrix(Boston Consulting Group Matrix).

목적 : 본 연구는 건강한 성인들을 대상으로 삼킴 시 음식물의 점도 및 양을 객관적으로 측정하고, 단계적으로 점도와 양을 증가시킬 때 나타나는 삼킴근육의 근활성 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : D광역시 ○○대학교에 재학중인 건강한 성인 40명(남 20명, 여 20명)을 대상으로 surfaceElectromyographic(sEMG)를 사용하여 음식물의 점도와 양에 따른 삼킴 시의 목뿔위근육과 목뿔아래근육의 활성크기를 측정하고, 음식물의 점도와 양의 변화 시 삼킴에 따른 노력의 정도를 객관화된 수치로 나타내고자Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)을 사용하였다. 결과 : 음식물의 점도가 높아질수록 목뿔위근육의 근활성도가 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 음식물의 양이 많아질수록 목뿔위근육과 목뿔아래근육의 근활성도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 임상에서 구강 내 조절 및 인두기 삼킴 반사가 저하된 환자들을 대상으로 연하의 식이를 결정할 때 점도의 정도와 양을 고려한 식이 추천에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 음식물의 삼킴 시 목뿔위근육과 목뿔아래근육에 요구되는 근활성도를 추측하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

Adult stem cell transplantation has been increased every year, because of the lack of organ donors for regenerative medicine. Therefore, development of reliable and safety cryopreservation and bio-baking method for stem cell therapy is urgently needed. The present study investigated safety of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) such as common cryoprotectant on porcine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (pBM-MSCs) by evaluating the activation of Caspase-3 and -7, apoptosis related important signal pathway. pBM-MSCs used for the present study were isolated density gradient method by Ficoll-Paque Plus and cultured in A-DMEM supplemented 10% FBS at in 5% incubator. pBM-MSCs were cryopreserved in A-DMEM supplemented either with 5%, 10% or 20% DMSO by cooling rate at /min in a Kryo 360 (planner 300, Middlesex, UK) and kept into . Survival rate of cells after thawing did not differ between 5% and 10% DMSO but was lowest in 20% DMSO by 0.4% trypan blue exclusion. Activation of Caspase-3 and -7 by Vybrant FAM Caspase-3 and -7 Assay Assay Kit (Molecular probes, Inc.OR, USA) was analyzed with a flow cytometer. Both of cryopreserved and control groups (fresh pBM-MSCs) were observed after the activation of Caspase-3 and -7. The activation did not differ between 5% and 10% DMSO, but was observed highest in 20% DMSO. Therefore 5% DMSO can be possibly used for cell cryopreservation instead of 10% DMSO.

This study aimed to investigate whether isometric lower limb exercise can activate contralateral trunk muscles and whether the magnitude of muscle activation is related to lower limb movement in sitting. This study included 25 healthy young subjects (20 males and 5 females). The magnitude of trunk muscle activation was measured using surface electromyography (EMG) during hip flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, and a significant difference was observed in the activation levels of trunk muscles among the tests (p<.01). The EMG activity of the multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) muscles on the contralateral side were significantly greater during hip extension. However, the activation levels of the contralateral internal oblique (IO) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles were greatest during hip flexion. The MF : ES EMG ratio was significantly greater during hip isometric during hip isometric flexion and abduction compared to hip extension and adduction. There was no significantly difference in the IO : RA ratio during the isometric contractions toward different directions. These findings indicate that isometric lower limb exercise can elicit trunk muscle contraction on the contralateral side and may therefore be helped for developing contralateral trunk muscle strength in individuals undergoing rehabilitation.

해양에서 발생하는 사고는 선박, 선원 및 해운기업뿐만 아니라 사회 전반에도 매우 큰 영향을 미치며, 따라서 해양사고가 발생하였을 경우, 이를 신속하고 효율적으로 구난하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 특히, 대규모 해양오염이나 인명사고를 수반하는 해양사고는 매우 심각한 피해를 발생시킬 수 있기 때문에 해양사고를 당한 인명, 선박 및 재산을 효율적이고, 신속하게 구난하는 것은 특히 중요하다. 그러나 국내의 해양구난을 위한 역량은 매우 빈약한 상황이며, 비교적 좋은 장비 등을 갖추고 있는 해양경찰 또는 해군 등 공공부문과는 달리 민간구난업은 매우 열악한 기술적 및 경제적 상황에 처해 있다. 해양구난은 단순히 경제적 측면의 중요성뿐만 아니라 국가 안보적 측면에서의 중요성도 있기 때문에 이를 활성화하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 이에 본고에서 해양구난을 활성화하기 위한 방안을 법제도적 측면에서 검토하고 관련 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 개선안은 민간 및 공공부문을 포함한 전체적 활성화 방안과 민간부문의 활성화 방안을 제시하였다.

The production of functional activated carbon materials starting from inexpensive natural precursors using environmentally friendly and economically effective processes has attracted much attention in the areas of material science and technology. In particular, the use of plant biomass to produce functional carbonaceous materials has attracted a great deal of attention in various aspects. In this study the preparation of activated carbon has been attempted from rice husks via a chemical activation-assisted microwave system. The rice husks were milled via attrition milling with aluminum balls, and then carbonized under purified N2. The operational parameters including the activation agents, chemical impregnation weight ratio of the calcined rice husk to KOH (1:1, 1:2 and 1:4), microwave power heating within irradiation time (3-5 min), and the second activation process on the adsorption capability were investigated. Experimental results were investigated using XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. It was found that the BET surface area of activated carbons irrespective of the activation agent resulted in surface area. The activated carbons prepared by microwave heating with an activation process have higher surface area and larger average pore size than those prepared by activation without microwave heating when the ratio with KOH solution was the same. The activation time using microwave heating and the chemical impregnation ratio with KOH solution were varied to determine the optimal method for obtaining high surface area activated carbon (1505 m2/g).

The T-cell receptor (TCR) engages with an antigen and initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of transcription factors. Roquin, a protein encoded by the RC- 3H1 gene and characterized as an immune regulator, was recently identified as a novel RING-type ubiquitin ligase family member, but the mechanisms by which Roquin regulates T-cell responses are unclear. We used the EL-4 murine lymphoma cell line to elucidate the role of Roquin in vitro. Roquin-overexpressing EL-4 cells became hyper-responsive after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in vitro and were a major source of the cytokines IL-2 and TNF-α. Upon activation, these cells showed particularly enhanced production of IL-2 and TNF-α. To clarify the important role played by Roquin in T-cell responses ex vivo, we generated T-cell-specific Roquin transgenic (Tg) mice. Roquin-Tg CD4+ T-cells showed enhanced production of IL-2 and TNF-α in response to TCR stimulation with anti-CD28 co-stimulation. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of Roquin in the regulation of primary T-cell activation, survival, and differentiation.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sorbitol supplementation for in vitro maturation medium and in vitro culture medium, on porcine cumulus oocyte complexe(COC) maturation and subsequent developmental capacity after parthenogenetic activation. Porcine COC were cultured for 44 h(0～ 22 h termed MI stage and 22～44 h termed MII stage) in TCM199 without(— ) or with(+) sorbitol (20 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM), and the resultant metaphase II oocytes cultured in PZM-3 for 7 days following activation. Our results showed that supplementation with appropriate concentrations of sorbitol (20 μM) during full term maturation culture(MI+/MII+) significantly(p<0.05) improved blastocyst formation rates and total cell number. When the concentration of sorbitol were increased to 100 μM and 200 μM during maturation culture, the maturation rate of COC were significantly reduced compared with 20 μΜ or control groups. Also blastocyst formation rates significantly(p<0.05) reduced with increasing concentration of sorbitol(200 μM). Supplementation with sorbitol(20 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM) into PZM-3 for in vitro culture significantly(p<0.05) inhibited blastocyst formation compared with control group. However, the blastocyst formation rates start to rise again when 50 μ M sorbitol was used for the first 48 hours and then cultured in PZM-3 without sorbitol. There was no significant difference in cell number between control and sorbitol treated groups. When the activated oocytes were cultured in PZM-3 for 48h and then cultured in PZM-3 with sorbitol, interestingly, the blastocyst formation rate was similar to that of PZM-3 with sorbitol for in vitro culture and significantly lower than control group. These results suggest that addition of low concentrations of sorbitol(20 μM) during oocyte maturation is beneficial for subsequent blastocyst development and improved embryo quality. However, treatment with sorbitol supplementation during in vitro culture medium is negative effect to blastocyst formation.

Live offspring is obtained from in vitro production of porcine embryos, but the procedure is still associated with great inefficiencies. In mammalian oocytes, acquisition of meiotic competence coincides with a decrease in general transcriptional activity at the end of the oocyte growth phase. In this study, we investigated the expression and sub-cellular localization of positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb (CDK9/Cyclin T1), a RNA polymerase II CTD kinase during pig oocyte growth and early embryonic development. Localization and expression of components involved in mRNA and rRNA transcription were assessed by immunocytochemistry in growing and fully-grown oocytes. In addition, meiotic resumption, germinal vesicle breakdown, nuclear transcription and embryonic genome activation (EGA) were analyzed in oocytes and embryos cultured in presence of a potent CDK9 inhibitor, flavopiridol. Our analyses, demonstrated that CDK9 became co- localized partially with phosphorylated Pol II CTD and mRNA splicing complexes. Surprisingly, CDK9 was co-localized with Pol I-specific transcription factor, UBF, and gradually localized in nucleolar peripheries at the final steps of oocyte growth. Later, CDK9 became associated with nucleolar structures at 4-cell stage. Treatment with flavopiridol resulted in arrest in meiotic resumption, germinal vesicle breakdown as well as a decline in global transcription. Flavopiridol also inhibited embryo development beyond EGA. All together, these data suggest that CDK9 has a dual role in both Pol I- and Pol II-dependent transcription in pig oocyte growth and embryonic development.

This study aimed to identify the asymmetry observed in the electromyography (EMG) activity patterns of selected trunk and thigh muscles between the affected and unaffected sides during the sit-to-stand movement in ambulatory patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. This study included 20 patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. The differences between stroke fast walkers (, 11 subjects) and stroke slow walkers (<8 m/s, 9 subjects) were compared. The activation magnitude and onset time of the multifidus, lumbar erector spinae, hamstrings, and quadriceps during the sit-to-stand movement were recorded through surface EMG. Moreover, the EMG activation magnitude and onset time ratios of each bilateral corresponding muscle from the trunk and leg were measured by dividing the relevant values of the unaffected side by those of the affected side. In all the subjects, the activation magnitudes of the multifidus, hamstring, and quadriceps on the affected side significantly decreased compared to those on the unaffected side (p<.05). The onset time of muscle activity in the affected side was markedly delayed for the multifidus and quadriceps during the task (p<.05). The activation magnitude ratios of the quadriceps were markedly decreased in the stroke slow walkers as compared to those in the stroke fast walkers. These findings indicate that the asymmetry in the multifidus, hamstring, and quadriceps muscle activation patterns in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis may be due to the excessive muscle activation in the unaffected side to compensate for the weakened muscle activity in the affected side. Our findings may provide researchers and clinicians with information that can be useful in rehabilitation therapy.

해양에서 발생하는 사고는 선박, 선원 및 해운기업뿐만아니라 사회전반에도 매우 큰 영향을 미치며, 따라서 해양사고가 발생 하였을 경우 이를 신속하고 효율적으로 구난하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 특히, 대규모 해양오염이나 인명사고를 수반하는 사고의 경우에는 더 큰 피해를 발생시킬 수 있기 때문에 해양구난이 더욱 중요하다고 할 것이다. 그러나 국내의 해양구난을 위한 능력은 매우 빈약한 상황이며, 비교적 좋은 장비 등을 갖추고 있는 해양경찰 또는

Efficient oocyte activation is a key step for the success of nuclear transfer in cloning. Ionomycin sequentially combined with 6-DMAP is now widely used to activate normal oocytes for analytical studies of oocyte activation and to activate reconstructed oocytes after nuclear transfer. The present study investigated sources of oocytes, duration of ionomycin and 6-DMAP, laser and electric stimulation in goat oocyte activation in order to optimize the protocols. Goat ovaries were collected in individual abattoirs during the breeding season and were delivered to the laboratory within 6 h in saline with 100 IU/ml streptomycin and 0.05 mg/ml penicillin. The oocytes were denuded from the cumulus cell by pipetting with 0.2% hyaluronidase in PBS at 20~22 hr post maturation. Oocytes with the polar body were selected and assigned to four groups for parthenogenetic activation. To examine the effect of duration of ionomycin treatment, oocytes after 20~22 hr of maturation were treated with 2.5 uM ionomycin for 1 or 5 min times and then cultured in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 or 4 hr. The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF at in 5%, 5% and 90% multi incubator. Cleavage and blastocyst development was observed at 48 hr and day 8 of culture , respectively. Activation rates of oocytes exposed to ionomycin for 1 min(86.4%) were significantly higher than those treated for 5 min(74.3%) duration. This indicated that 1 min ionomycin treatment was most suitable for activation of goat oocytes. The duration of 6-DMAP treat duration was in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 hr after 1 min exposure to 2.5 uM ionomycin. The activation rate of oocytes incubated in 6-DMAP for 2 hour(82.5%) was significantly higher than those in oocytes treated with 4 hr(75.5%).