Upcycling is the process of repurposing abandoned resources or useless products into products of better quality or higher environmental value. Upcycling products are evaluated to be sustainable because they demonstrate environmental values. However, domestic upcycling companies are operating on a small scale with a slow growth rate. This study aims to examine the value and risk factors of upcycling products from previous literature and clarify the effect of these ambivalent characteristics on purchase intention. This provides direction regarding factors upcycling companies should focus on. The data were collected via an online experiment with women in their 20s and 30s residing in South Korea, nationwide. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 18.0. Analysis of this data suggests that environmental, design, and self-expression value positively affect purchase intention. This extends previous upcycling literature by identifying design and self-expression value as important antecedents of purchase intention. However, in contrast to previous literature, no significant effect of performance or diversity risk was found. These results indicate that ethical attitude has a moderating effect on the relationship between environmental value and purchase intention. This study confirms that consumers intend to purchase upcycling products when they possess not only environmental value but also design and self-expression value.

Studies with various approaches are required for the globalization of Korean Food. The objectives of this study were i) how the preferences of foreign students residing in Korea on K-Wave, K-Drama, K-Pop and K-Friend affect their preference, satisfaction level and repurchase intention on Korean food, and ii) which of the factors have the strongest effects on their preference, satisfaction level and repurchase intention on Korean food. The results showed that the higher K-Wave, K-Drama, K-Pop and K-Friend preferences, the stronger effect on the preference, satisfaction level and repurchase intention on Korean food (p=0.0001). Among the factors for Korean food preference, the most critical one was K-Wave preference (p=0.0001), followed by K-Drama preference (p=0.0500). For the satisfaction level of Korean food, the most important factor among the four was K-Wave preference (p=0.0496), followed by K-Drama preference (p=0.0500). For the repurchase intention on Korean food, the most significant factor was the preference for K-Friend (p=0.0004), followed by K-Drama (p=0.0016) and K-Wave (p=0.0030). Based on these results, more efforts to invigorate the preferences for K-Wave and K-Drama, as well as various attempts to improve the preference for K-Friend are required for the globalization of Korean Food.

21세기 경영환경 변화의 중심에 ‘지속가능성’(sustainability)과 ‘지속가능경영’(sustainable management) 이 대두되고 있다. 21세기는 그 어느 때보다도 인류의 생존은 물론 기업의 성장과 발전을 위해서도 ‘지속가능성’을 기업경영의 모토로 삼지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 기업의 지속가능한 발전을 위하여 무엇을, 어떻게 준비해야 할 것인가? 이런 이슈를 해결하기 위해 지속가능경영에 대한 기업과 정부 및 사회의 관심이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 지속적으로 생존 및 번영을 추구하는 다국적 기업의 지속가능경영에 대한 실증 연구는 아직 많이 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다국적 기업의 제품과 서비스에 대한 소비자의 구매의도를 파악함으로써, 이론적이며 현실적인 전략적 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 먼저, 문헌연구를 통해 기업의 지속가능경영 활동을 효율성, 친환경보호, 에너지관리, 소비자보호, 윤리경영의 다섯 가지 독립변수로 도출하였다. 이러한 특성들이 구매의도에 영향을 미치며, 신뢰가 독립변수들과 구매의도 사이에서 매개효과를 보인다는 종합적 모델을 구축하였다. 그리고 일반소비자 269명을 대상으로 실증분석을 실행하였다. 실증분석 결과, 지속가능경영의 효율성, 친환경보호, 에너지관리, 소비자보호, 윤리경영이 ‘신뢰’에 긍정적인 영향으로 나타났으며, 다섯 가지 독립 변수 중 효율성과 윤리경영의 경우, 구매의도에 미치는 직접적 영향은 기각되었다. 또한, 지속가능경영의 효율성, 친환경보호, 에너지관리, 소비자보호, 윤리경영 요인이 구매의도에 미치는 관계에 있어서 ‘신뢰’는 정(+)의 매개효과를 보였다.

본 연구는 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택이 창업의도에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하고, 두 변수와의 관계에 서 창업자기효능감이 매개변수로서의 영향을 미치는지와 창업경험유무가 조절변수로서의 영향을 미치는 지를 확인하고자 했다. 본 연구의 표본은 서울 소재 대학 창업보육센터 졸업기업 대표자 및 청년창업센터 창업가, 대학교 창업 강좌 수강생으로, 552명을 표본으로 수집하였다. 수집된 표본을 대상으로 타당성 및 신뢰성을 검증하였고, 단순회귀분석, 매개효과 및 조절효과 분석을 통해 가설을 검증하였다. 분석한 결과, 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택은 창업의도와 창업자기효능감에 유의한 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 창업자기효능감은 창업의도에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택과 창업의도 사이를 매개함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 창업경험유무는 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택과 창업자기효능감 사이에서 조절변수로서 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 연구의 결과에서 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택, 즉 창업지원정책이 창업실패 예방에 유용하다는 인지가 창업의도와 창업자기효능감을 제고하므로 창업지원 사업의 유용성에 대한 인지제고가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 창업자기효능감은 직접 창업의도를 제고하고, 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택과 창업의도를 매 개하므로, 창업자기효능감을 제고하기 위해 정부 및 지방자치단체가 창업지원 사업계획을 수립할 때, PBL, Cash-class 등 창업자기효능감 제고에 다양한 시도가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 창업경험유무가 창업실패관련 지각된 혜택과 창업자기효능감 사이를 조절하므로 창업경험이 있는 창업자에 창업지원 사업의 유용성을 집중적으로 홍보할 필요가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 위와 같은 연구의 결과는 창업지원 관련 정책효과 제고를 위한 홍보방안 등에 대한 실무측면에서의 시사점을 제공한다.

This study aimed to analyze the six personality factors of rehabilitation therapists and to identify the effects of these factors on their job stress and turnover intention. This study involved physical therapists and occupational therapists as rehabilitation therapists. A structured questionnaire was distributed to rehabilitation therapists, and 186 answered copies were used for data analysis. The results of the survey were as follows: Among the six personality factors, the rehabilitation therapists showed the highest level of honesty–humility and the lowest level of openness to experience. In terms of job stress, the subjects experienced the highest level of stress from job autonomy and the lowest level of stress from relationship conflict. In terms of turnover intention and work motivation reduction, the subjects scored above the median points, showing their high levels of turnover intention. In addition, higher levels of extraversion and agreeableness in the rehabilitation therapists led to a statistically significant reduction in their turnover intention and a statistically significant decrease in most of their job stress factors. Based on these results, organizational management aimed at increasing the personality factors of extraversion and agreeableness is necessary as a measure to effectively manage rehabilitation therapists’ job stress and turnover intention.

목적: 본 연구는 안경사들을 대상으로 타 안경원으로 이직하려는 의도를 가지게 하는 영향요인을 규명하고, 이 영향요인들이 이직의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 분석함으로써 안경원의 지속적인 성장에 필요한 효율적인 인적자원관리 방안을 제시하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법: 본 연구는 문헌연구와 설문지를 이용한 실증연구를 병행하였다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 인터넷을 이용하여 수집된 200부의 설문지를 분석에 사용하였으며, SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, 교차분석, T-test, ANOVA, 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 성별, 결혼여부, 연령, 최종학력, 근무경력에 따라 이직의도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것 으로 분석되었으며, 안경원의 형태, 탄력근무제와 주5일근무제의 시행여부에 따른 이직의도의 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그리고 안경원의 동료관계요인과 보상요인은 이직의도에 통계적으로 유의한 부(-) 의 영향을 미치고, 감정노동요인과 직무과부하요인은 이직의도에 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 결론: 안경원은 여성, 미혼, 30세 미만, 대학원졸 이상 그리고 1-3년 미만의 경력을 가진 안경사들에 대 한 세심한 배려가 필요하며, 안경사가 체감할 수 있는 공정하고 적절한 보상 제도를 확립하고, 인간관계에 대한 만족도를 향상시켜야 하며, 탄력근무제를 시행할 필요가 있다.

이 연구는 충주 조정아카데미 참여동기와 만족 및 지속의도의 관계를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 조정체험아카데미 이용한 경험이 있는 일반인들을 모집단으로 설정하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 통하여 2017년 8월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 총 230부의 설문지를 배포하여 불성실하게 응답했거나 조사내용의 일부가 누락되어 신뢰성이 떨어지는 자료 29부를 제외한 201부를 유효 표본으로 설정하였다. 수집된 자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics 21과 IBM AMOS 21을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식모형 분석을 통한 경로분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 조정체험아카데미의 참여동기 요인 중 건강지향, 가정지향, 사교지향, 여가지향 등이 만족에 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 조정체험아카데미 만족은 지속의도에 영향을 미쳤다.

본 연구는 중국소비자들이 가진 한국 인터넷 면세점에 대한 구매의도를 파악하고자, 인터넷 면세점의 e-서비스품질과 한류문화에 대한 태도를 주요 변인으로 설정하여 논의해 보았다. 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 기존연구와 일치하게 홈페이지 시각적 디자인, 고객서비스, 안정성, 그리고 경제성 및 편리성 모든 인터넷면세점 e-서비스품질 특성요인들이 중국관광객의 구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 도출되었다. 둘째, 한국 인터넷면세점의 e-서비스품질 특성 요인 중 홈페이지 시각적 디자인과 경제성 및 편리성이 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 있어서, 한류문화에 대한 태도가 유의미한 조절효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 중국 마케팅의 전략적인 관점에서 정부나 면세업체가 양국의 대한 경제적인 정책 및 한류문화 콘텐츠 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 어린이집의 조직건강성이 보육교사의 심리적 소진과 이직의도에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보는 것이다. 본 연구의 대상은 서울과 경기지역에 근무하고 있는 보육교사 210명으로 질문지를 사용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 16.0 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석, t 검증, ANOVA 검증, Scheffe 사후검증, Pearson 적률상관분석, 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 보육교사의 사회인구학적 배경에 따른 어린이집의 조직건강성은 모든 변인에 유의미한 차이가 있었고, 교사의 심리적 소진은 기관교사 인원, 일일 근무시간, 학력에 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 교사의 이직의도는 교사 연령, 일일 근무시간, 학력에는 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 어린이집의 조직건강성과 심리적 소진은 부적 상관관계, 조직건강성과 이직의도는 부적 상관관계, 심리적 소진과 이직의도 간에는 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 어린이집의 조직건강성은 보육교사의 심리적 소진과 이직의도에 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과는 보육교사의 심리적 소진과 이직의도를 낮추고 완화시키기 위해 교사의 개인적인 변인보다는 조직의 구조적 측면에서 접근하여 조직건강성을 건전하게 발전시키기 위한 지원과 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

인재 확보 전쟁은 선진국에서만 확산되는 것이 아니라 개발도상국에도 더욱 심각해지고 있다. 금전적인 요소와 커리어 요소가 중국 지원의 이직 의도에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 예측하기가 어렵다. 중국 배경에 진행한 선행연구의 애매모호한 결과를 설명하기 위해 본 논문은 국유기업(SOEs)와 외자 기업(FOEs)을 비교 및 분석하자고 한다. Crossvergence 이론을 적용하여 본 연구는 SOEs와 FOEs는 서로 다른 “새로운” 문화적 가치에 따라 인사제도가 이직 의도 미치는 영향이 다르다고 제시한다. 26개 회사에 중첩된 406명 직원에 대한 설문조사를 통해 수집된 데이터로 다층 선형모델(HLM) 분석한 결과에서 SOE와 FOE는 상당한 차이점을 보인다. 성과급제는 실제로 SOE에서 이직 의도를 증가시키지만, FOE에서는 감소시킨다. 또한, 직원이 인식한 커리어 기회는 FOE에서 이직 의도에 더 강한 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 향후 다국적 기업들이 중국에서 인재 확보 전략에 있어서 이론적 및 실천적 시사점을 제시한다.

다국적 기업의 현지 사회적 책임 활동(CSR, corporate social responsibility)은 현지의 다양한 이해관계자 에게 정당성을 확보하는 방안 중 하나로써, 최근 그 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 해외 기업의 현지 사회적 책임 활동이 현지 지원자의 구직 의도에 미치는 영향에 관해 실증적으로 분석하고자 한다. 더 나아가 국 가이미지(country of origin image)에 따라 사회적 책임 활동의 영향이 달라질 수 있음을 살펴보고자 한다. 국내 대학생을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사를 바탕으로 실증분석을 진행한 결과, 국내 구직자에게 있어 다국적 기업 해외자회사의 국내 사회적 책임 활동은 구직의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 중국기업의 경우 이러한 사회적 책임 활동의 긍정적인 영향이 더 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구는 국가 이미지가 상대적으로 호의적이지 않은 신흥국 기반의 다국적 기업들의 현지 진출 시, 현지의 사회적 책임 활동이 현지 구직자의 지원의도를 높일 수 있는 중요한 기업전략임을 확인함으로써, 학문적 및 실무적 관점에서 의미 있는 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것 으로 기대된다.

Internet communication technology has encouraged social services and media industry to develop in various aspects. Web drama is one of them, which is characterized by mobility, immediacy, and personality, and provided with popular contents regardless of time or place. In addition, it includes various themes such as work, romance, thriller, zombie, and homosexuality. This study aims to examine what web drama characteristics affect consumer behavior. Data was collected from university students in south korea. who are main viewers of web drama. The respondents to this study consist of random sample respondents from college students in their 20s. A total of 200 samples were surveyed, and a voluntary participant. The data are analyzed by the SPSS 21.0. Short running time, convenience, contents diversity, accessibility, review, and grade are defineded as characteristics of web drama. Acording to the analysis of data. Web drama characteristics have a positive impact on reuse intention. Consumer engagement mediates the relationship between web drama characteristics and reuse intention. PPL moderates the relationship between web drama characteristics and reuse intention. The results of this study are expected to provide both the researchers and marketing practitioners with the framework to understand why and how web drama works on watching intention.

In recent years, maintaining transparency has become a trend among brands, and a better level of supply chain transparency has been demonstrated to positively affect consumer environmental concern and conscious behavior. Consumers may accept transparency efforts as a signal of the brand goodwill and perceive it as a visibly sustainable effort that can convert brand trust. In the information transparency trend, eco-certification plays an important role as a tool to inform consumers about sustainability. However, facing large amounts of information, consumers spend much time filtering information, so the accuracy of the obtained information can be compromised. The Higg index is a sustainable verification platform that reveals the entire activities of supply chains. However, most consumers are facing an overload of information that could confuse their processing of any information. In this context, the present study seeks to examine the effect of business transparency to conscious consumer behavior and purchase intention. Second, this study deals with the moderating effects of sustainable knowledge on the relationship between business transparency, environmental concern, and brand trust. Third, we explore the effects of high and low level of consume knowledge of sustainability on the relationship between business transparency and brand trust. In terms of the methodology used in the present study, an off-line survey of Korean consumers was conducted. SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis aiming to test the proposed model and research hypothesis. The mains results of this study are as follows. First, business transparency has a positive effect on environmental concern, brand trust, and consumer willingness to conscious behavior. Second, consumer sustainable knowledge has a moderating effect on business transparency for environmental concern and brand trust. Taken together, the findings of the present study provide meaningful implications for marketers by highlighting the importance of transparency and introduction of a transparent eco-certification for communication with consumers. To successfully influence consumer willingness to assume conscious behavior, brands are advised to provide standardized transparency labels, rather than complicated information.

Certification labeling is a system which confirms the quality and appropriateness of pr oducts according to the standard set. It is usually evaluated by the third party to assure being reliability. Certification labeling can be used as one of the important sources of i nformation when consumers evaluate the products. Especially, certification labeling gi ves customers trust and confidence about products because the label can be the signali ng that the quality of the products is good. Although certification labeling influences p urchase decision making, many consumers do not trust the labels because of insufficie nt information of certification and distrust in the certifications. As consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about environment and wellbeing, manufacturers are turning a convention product into the production of a sustain able product. Sustainable certification can be environmental cues to evaluate a sustain able product based on the categorization inference. The aim of this research is the inte raction effect among sustainable cues on purchase intention. Consumers tend to perceive organic label of products as high-price. Thus, although they concern environment and well-being, they tend to purchase conventional products more than an organic product. In addition, an organic label can have a positive influence on perceived risk, and then perceived risk may affect purchase intention. However, the product with organic label including traceability may have a negative impact on perceived risk. Therefore, perceived risk can mediate the relationship between the interaction between organic label of products and traceability and purchase intention.

The long-term development of a mobile gaming application (app) depends on its continued use by its users. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of a mobile gaming app’s continuance intention among users. The expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance was used as the basic framework, to which bi-dimensional consumption emotions were added to help better explain satisfaction judgment and continuance intention in the context of mobile gaming app use. To test the expanded IS continuance model, we conducted an online survey among mobile gaming app users; 271 valid responses were collected. The data were analyzed using structural equation models (SEM). The effects of positive emotions (PE) and negative emotions (NE) were examined, respectively, in model 1 and model 2. Competing models (models 3, 4 and 5) were also examined in order to compare the proposed models. Both positive and negative emotions have a significant effect on the satisfaction of mobile gaming app users and their continued usage intention, a finding that represents an important contribution to the extension of technology continuance theory. Comparison with the IS continuance model shows that the new model can explain significantly more variance in continuance intention. This study presents two extensions to the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance. First, this paper presents and tests a theoretical model, derived from the IS continuance model, in which emotions play an important role in measuring customer satisfaction and subsequent long-term behavioral intention. The proposed model can be used to predict the satisfaction and continuance intention of situations in which a consumer’s emotional expectations and reactions are a core part of the consumption experience. Second, we ground the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance in the context of mobile gaming apps, which involves both utilitarian (cognitive) and hedonic (affective) components. This study offers insight into the role of emotions in forming continuance intentions toward mobile gaming app use in China, a topic that has not previously been investigated. The findings have important implications for practice in the mobile gaming app sector. Special attention should be given to users’ consumption emotions, since emotions have been found to be strongly related to satisfaction and subsequent continued usage intention. For instance, mobile games firms should make efforts to develop strategies to enhance game players’ positive emotions (such as feeling joyful, interested, cheerful, excited, active, attentive) during the games because game players’ emotional fulfillment leads to satisfaction and minimizes negative emotions (such as feeling distressed, ashamed, afraid, nervous, upset or lonely); such negative emotions have been shown to have a direct and strong effect on satisfaction as well as an indirect effect continuance intention via satisfaction.

This study aims to gain insights into consumers’ motivations when purchasing mimics of luxury cosmetics goods and their evaluation towards mimicry products. Consumers’ desire for mimicry luxury cosmetics hinges on their motivations underlying their consumption of luxury cosmetics. Attitude functions are applied to measure consumers’ underlying motivations towards luxury products. Consumers’ attitude and familiarity with luxury cosmetics and mimicry cosmetics also influence their choice between luxury brands and mimicry brands. In addition, consumers’ personality factors and perceived risk of purchasing mimicry cosmetics and their brand loyalty towards the original luxury brands restrain their purchase intention of mimicry brands. Finally, the study examines the effect of products conspicuousness (private/public visible goods) and the effect of mimicry types (feature/theme) on consumers’ preferences on concerning mimicry consumption. The findings will provide insights for policymakers, brand managers, and academics, and better understand mimicry in the luxury cosmetics industry.

Introduction User-generated online reviews have become an essential part of consumer decisionmaking process (Mayzlin, Dover, & Chevalier, 2014) affecting product attitudes (Schlosser, 2005), purchase intentions (Ba & Pavlou, 2002), sales (Babić Rosario, Sotgiu, De Vlack, & Bijmolt, 2016), as well as price and quantity of transactions (Berger, Sorensen, & Rasmussen, 2010). For instance, 58% of consumers prefer sites with peer reviews, and nearly all consumers (98%) reported reading peer review before making purchases online (eMarketer, 2010). Given the reach and influence of user-generated content (UGC), it is unsurprising that companies offer numerous incentives such as coupons, rebates, free samples, and monetary payments to encourage user-generated online reviews. In 2012, Tesco, a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer, ran a “Share & Earn” scheme where the retailer gave loyalty points to Facebook fans sharing products. Since such reviewers are more like friends than random strangers, how does the review source and incentives affect reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions? Would these effects differ across individualistic and collectivistic cultures? Our research examines the cross-cultural differences in the effects of review source and incentives on reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions between Americans and Taiwanese. Review Source and Trustworthiness Extant research has shown that reviews from friends are usually more persuasive than reviews from strangers (Huang, Zhang, Liu, & Liang, 2014). Dubois et al. (2016) revealed that high levels of interpersonal closeness increased the negativity of reviews shared, whereas low levels of interpersonal closeness increased the positivity of reviews shared. Correspondingly, individuals tend to perceive friendly review sources as being more trustworthy and honest (Ben-Ner & Halldorsson, 2010). The circulation for UGC online reviews on social media platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram could also make the review source appear like a friend. Since user-generated online reviews appear on the user’s own profile page as well as newsfeeds of each friend connected to that user (Chatterjee, 2011), individuals could easily perceive review sources as friendly and trustworthy. Given that online trust often increases purchase intention (Bart, Shankar, Urban, & Sultan, 2005), we posit that reviews from friends increase reviewer trustworthiness, which, in turn, increase purchase intentions. Incentives While online reviews from friends could be deemed as more trustworthy, incentives could muddy the waters. Sterling (2013) showed that over 40% of consumers in a survey reported some level of doubt in the credibility of UGC, fueled by reports of firms posting “fake” positive reviews, deleting negative reviews, or manipulating consumers into making positive statements that might not be a true representation of their options (Mayzlin et al., 2014). Given the level of distrust, the Federal Trade Commission sent out more than 90 letters reminding influencers and marketers that they required to clearly and conspicuously disclose their relationships with brands when promoting or endorsing products on social media (FTC, 2017). Relatedly, in 2012, the UK Advertising Standards Authority ruled that travel website TripAdvisor must cease claiming that it offers “honest, real, or trusted” reviews from “real travelers” since they are unable to assure consumers that all review content was genuine. Even when incentives are disclosed, incentivized reviews are often viewed with suspicion and are discounted as a means of correcting for presumed reviewer bias, even if the reviewer was not biased by the incentive (Du Plessis, Stephen, Bart, & Gonclaves, 2016). Taken together, we argue that incentivized reviews will decrease reviewer trustworthiness, and consequently, purchase intentions. Cultural Differences Existing work on the effects of review source and incentives have, at least implicitly, assumed that its effects hold globally and failed to consider individual or cultural moderating factors. In particular, individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in their perceptions of trust violations: collectivists tend to become less trusting after experiencing a violation from in-group rather than out-group members; individualists’ trust levels are less affected by violations from in-group members (Fulmer, Gelfand, 2010; van Hoorn, 2015). In the context of our research, incentivized reviews could be regarded as trust violation, where reviewers no longer act altruistically to provide honest reviews. Thus, we posit that incentives could moderate the effects that reviews from friends have on perceived trustworthiness, and consequently, purchase intention in collective cultures (i.e. Taiwanese participants). In contrast, we expect to replicate the results of previous research where reviews from friends increases reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions; while incentivized reviews decreases reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions. Formally, we hypothesize that: Hypothesis 1a (H1a): Reviews from friends will be considered as more trustworthy than review from strangers amongst American participants. Hypothesis 1b (H1b): American participants will be more likely to purchase products reviewed by friends than strangers. Hypothesis 2a (H2a): Amongst American participants, reviewers providing incentivized reviews will be perceived as less trustworthy than reviewers providing non-incentivized reviews. Hypothesis 2b (H2b): American participants will be less likely to purchase products from incentivized reviews than non-incentivized reviews. Hypothesis 3a (H3a): Amongst Taiwanese participants, when reviews are not incentivized, reviews from friends will be considered more trustworthy than reviews from strangers. The effect will be attenuated when reviews are incentivized. Hypothesis 3b (H3b): Taiwanese participants will be more willing to purchase products reviewed by friends than strangers when the reviews are not incentivized. The effect will be attenuated when reviews are incentivized. Method Participants and Design Three hundred and sixteen participants (50% female, 18-85 years old) were recruited on Qualtrics for nominal payment. Half of the participants were American and completed the survey in English while the rest were Taiwanese and completed the survey in Mandarin. A 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) x 2 (nationality: USA vs. Taiwan) mixed design was adopted with source and incentive manipulated within-subject and nationality manipulated between-subjects. Procedure All participants were instructed to assume that they were travelling to London, and was searching for a hotel to stay for a couple of days. They were then presented with four hotel reviews. Both source and incentive were manipulated within-subjects. Source of the reviews was either a friend or a stranger. Reviews were either not incentivized or incentivized where the reviewer was given discount on their stay for leaving a review. To prevent order effects, the reviews were presented in random order. All reviews were 4 out 5 stars reviews, were generally positive, and were dated at a similar time. Measures After every review, participants indicated purchase intention on two items (e.g. “After reading this review, I feel like booking this hotel.”; “If there is a chance, I will book this hotel.”) on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)(Kim, Park, & Lee, 2013). Participants also rated how much they trusted the reviewer on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) on three items (e.g. “I trust this reviewer to choose a hotel for me.”; “I have confidence in this reviewer.”; “I believe this reviewer is being honest.”) (Smith, Menon, & Sivakumar, 2005). Individualism/collectivism as well as uncertainty avoidance was assessed using a 3-item measure (e.g. “Individuals should stick with the group even through difficulties.”; “It’s important to closely follow instruction and procedures.”) (Yoo, Donthu, & Lenartowicz, 2011) with a 7-point Likert scale (1= strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) Results Outliers were removed using Stem and Leaf plots, leaving 295 participants, 148 Taiwanese participants and 149 American participants (50% female, 18 to 85 years old). Contrary to previous research (Hofstede Insights, 2018), American participants (M = 6.07, SD = 0.96) scored significantly higher on the uncertainty avoidance scale than their Taiwanese counterparts (M = 5.56, SD = 1.01). In addition, American participants (M = 5.00, SD = 1.35) did not score significantly higher on the individualism/collectivism scale than their Taiwanese counterparts (M = 5.08, SD = 1.23). As predicted in Hypothesis 1a, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on reviewer trustworthiness revealed a significant main effect of review source, F(1, 146) = 25.34, p =.00, where friends (M = 5.34, SD = 1.19) were significantly more trustworthy than strangers (M = 4.97, SD =1.24) amongst USA participants. In line with H2a, there was also a significant main effect of incentive, where non-incentivized reviews (M = 5.24, SD = 1.21) were considered more trustworthy than incentivized reviews (M = 5.07, SD = 1.22), F(1,146)=6.43, p =.01. There was no significant interaction effect, F <1. Amongst the Taiwanese participants, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on reviewer trustworthiness revealed a significant main effect of review source, F(1, 147) = 13.02, p =.00, and incentive, F(1,147)=6.43, p =.01, qualified by the predicted interaction, F(1,147)=3.77, p =.05. Consistent with our predictions (H3a), when reviews were not incentivized, friends (M = 5.41, SD = 1.08) were significantly more trustworthy than strangers (M = 5.15, SD = 1.10), F(1,147)=15.63, p=.00. However, when reviewers were incentivized, friends (M = 5.20, SD = 1.05) were just as trustworthy as strangers (M = 5.09, SD = 1.15, F(1,147) = 1.85, p =.18. As predicted (H1b), amongst USA participants, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on purchase intention revealed a significant main effect of review source, F(1, 146) = 4.46, p =.04, where reviews from friends (M = 5.40, SD = 1.20) elicited higher purchase intentions than reviews from strangers (M = 5.27, SD =1.20). Contrary to Hypothesis 2b, there was no main effect of incentive, F(1,146) = 1.34, p =.25, nor interaction, F<1. Amongst Taiwanese participants, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on purchase intention revealed a significant main effect of incentive where non-incentivized reviews (M = 5.49, SD = 0.94) elicited greater purchase intentions than incentivized reviews (M = 5.39, SD = 0.98), F(1,147) =3.74, p=.06. There was no main effect of source, F(1,147)= 2.31, p = .13 nor an interaction effect, F(1,147) = 1.81, p =.18. In line with our hypothesis (H3b), planned contrasts revealed that when reviews are not incentivized, friends (M = 5.55, SD = 0.96) elicited significantly higher purchase intention than strangers (M = 5.42, SD = 0.95), F(1,147) = 5.73, p =.01. In contrast, when reviews were incentivized, friends (M = 5.40, SD = 0.94) elicited as much purchase intention as strangers (M = 5.38, SD = 1.02), F<1. Discussion Given the ever-important role of user-generated online reviews in consumer decisionmaking, it is necessary to understand how review sources and incentives affects perceptions of trust and purchase intentions, especially across cultures. Our study demonstrates how review sources and incentives affect reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions differently across individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. Specifically, review source and incentives affect reviewer trustworthiness independently in Americans. Friends are considered more trustworthy than strangers, and non-incentivized reviews are considered more trustworthy than incentivized reviews. In contrast, the effect of review source on reviewer trustworthiness is moderated by incentive in Taiwanese participants. In particular, friends are considered more trustworthy than stranger only when reviews are not incentivized. When reviews are incentivized, trust seems to be violated, and friends are regarded as just as trustworthy as random strangers. Our contributions to the UGC literature are twofold. To date, research on UGC have largely ignored the role of culture and nationality (as well as individual differences, more broadly) can play. This potentially concerning since the proliferation of UGC are not limited to a Western sample. Our work highlights how culture can complicate findings in the UGC literature, and suggests a need to better consider the role culture plays. In addition, our research specifies the specific mechanism through which culture might influence the effect of review source and incentives affect purchase intention, trustworthiness. Additional studies will be conducted to examine how and why incentives are deemed as trust violations and reduce purchase intentions when accepted by friendly reviewers in collectivist cultures. Moreover, we will attempt to detangle trust in the reviewer versus review.

Since the liberalization of gaming industry in 2002, Macau has become the leading destination for gaming, leisure and entertainment in Asia. Recently, few large-scaled integrated resorts (IRs) have been established and opened to public, bringing more diversified destinations for visitors in Macau. These include casino, hotel, food and beverage, retail, entertainment, etc. With this, there is no doubt that IR operators have to understand how consumers behave and respond to value added products in the IRs. Differentiating one IR from another raises the significance of innovating resort products to retain existing consumers and attract new ones. This research has investigated the impact of potential non-gaming value added products at Venetian Macao Resort on consumers’ patronage and has identified what key subitems can be added to stimulate consumers’ feedback and make them revisit the resort, recommend it to others or be interested in visiting it someday. Questionnaire was designed according to the structural equation modeling (SEM). Results proved the importance of potential value added products at Venetian Macao Resort in influencing consumers’ intention. Based on the findings, suggestions were offered to the management group of Venetian Macao Resort for its future implementation of value added products. Moreover, the results will encourage other IRs in Macau to improve further towards the goal of shaping Macau in becoming a world class tourist destination. First time visitors are more likely to consume in the areas of hotel, retail and casino, while multi-time visitors would prefer to spend on hotel, retail and F&B. To some extent, implies that casino does not seem to be the key activity to make the previous guests return. In addition, spending in hotel, retail and F&B are ranked high on visitors’ preferences, indicating that visitors at Venetian Macao Resort are willing to have diversified consumptions in the non-gaming areas. Moreover, the ways of value adding in terms of promotional pricing, new technology application, upgrading of products, customization and rewarding system can be used frequently as references for the future product improvement at the resort.

Boutique hotels have gained popularity across the world. Despite this, they still have to face fierce competition from large hotel chains to attract guests to stay. This study aims to investigate different factors which may contribute to generation Y/millenials' intention to stay at a boutique hotel. Questionnaires were distributed online to generation Y respondents. Data gained was analyzed using partial least square structural equation modelling. The findings suggest that knowledge of a boutique hotel has a significant positive influence towards perceived value of staying at a boutique hotel. Moreover, perceived authenticity and perceived value were also found to have positive significant influence on intention to stay at a boutique hotel. The findings of this study contribute to better understanding of the factors which drive millennial customers to stay at a boutique hotel. It is imperative that the boutique hotel managers deliver the promised values of their accommodation to the existing and potential customers. In addition to that, knowledge was also shown to influence perceived value of a boutique hotel, indicating a strong need to educate potential customers about the values of staying in a boutique hotel.

Introduction In order to solve the information asymmetry and make full use of resources (unused goods, spare capacity and so on), the sharing economy, which based on the application of mobile internet technology and focused on the consumption of the right to use, is developing rapidly. Lack of trust is considered to be one of the important problems hindering the development of sharing economy. Möhlmann (2015) said that trust is a fundamental determinant of sharing economy development and ensuring shared satisfaction. At present, sharing economy enterprises have established product evaluation system and docked a third party credit rating system (i.e. Zhima Credit) to promote consumers’ trust. However, with most enterprises are becoming more and more consistent in evaluation and credit rating system, there is a new problem emerged: how to further deepen consumers’ trust in order to promote consumers’ intention to participate continuously (Zucker, 1986; Lewis & Weigert, 1985). Granovetter (1985) mentioned that trust is the product of social relationships. Botsman and Rogers (2011) made it clear that social networks play an important role in building trust in sharing economy. And people are always more willing to accept the opinions of people who have social relations with them (Lu, Zhao, & Wang, 2010). Hence, with the feature of participant of everyone in sharing economy, it is necessary to further strengthen consumers’ trust through the social interaction among consumers and between consumers and sharing platforms. Theoretical Development Sharing economy is based on LBS and other new technologies to realize the matching of supply and demand information across time and space. And to a certain extent, it solves the problem of information asymmetry in the era of e-commerce. Yet consumer have new requirements for product information. For example, consumers are more concerned about whether the utility of products and services can meet their needs (i.e. some consumers are more concerned about when to reach their destination than the performance of the car). But it is difficult for company to understand each everyone of consumers’ utility preference and publish product utility information based on these preferences (Xie & Gerstner, 2007). Because this kind of utility preference has the characteristic of timeliness and personalization. Therefore, consumers’ perceived uncertainty about the utility of the product will also affect the consumers’ trust. In summary, we then address these research questions:(1) can the promotion of trust between consumers and sharing platforms be achieved through the socializing of sharing platforms and then affect consumers’ intention to participate continuously; (2) if so, which type of privacy protection method and social information can promote consumer trust; and (3) does the impact of sharing platform socialization on consumer trust vary according to consumers’ concerns about the perceived utility uncertainty of the product. Research Design We then address these issues using experiment data. The first experiment was a 2 (social media: have, not have) x 2 (individual trust propensity: trust, not trust) between-subject design on the intention to trust sharing platform and participant continuously. Perceived utility uncertainty was added to this design as a moderator. Moreover, the second experiment was a 2 (social information type: hedonic, utilitarian) x 2 (degree of privacy protection: week, strong) between-subject design on the intention to trust sharing platform. Our scales come from existing scales and optimize it according to the characteristics of sharing economy (Schneider, 1999; Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000; McKnight, Choudhury, & Kacmar, 2002). Results and Conclusion The results of the first experiment show that whether or not the social platform has no significant impact on the consumer trust if the individual tends to trust others. And for individuals who tends to do not trust others, they are more likely to trust socialized sharing platforms. The higher the consumer perceived utility uncertainty is, the higher (lower) trust of the consumer platform in the socialized (not socialized) sharing platform. For the second experiment results, in the context of sharing economy, the utilitarian information has a greater positive impact on the consumer trust than the hedonic information. In addition, the stronger the privacy protection of sharing platforms, the higher the trust of consumes. This study makes several academic contributions. First, we extend the topic of socialization to sharing economy context. Second, we add the perceived utility uncertainty as a moderator, and supplement the role of perceived uncertainty. This research also provides several practical implications. First, sharing platform can promote their consumers’ trust by establishing their own social platform. This platform can be used as a differentiated competitive strategy for sharing platform. Second, sharing platform should guide consumers to share utilitarian information (i.e. weather for specific place or real time traffic) to improve consumer satisfaction. Third, sharing platform can access consumer preference information through this social platform for further product development and classification.