Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have drawn keen attention to overcome the limitations in polymeric desalination membranes. However, preparation of TFN-RO membranes using conventional protocol involves problems such as a waste of expensive nanomaterials and inaccurate control of loading amount. In this work, we suggest a new protocol of TFN-RO membranes through pre-adsorption of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the support layer using spray coating. SEM images of spray coated supports showed well-dispersed adsorption of CNTs compared with those using conventional method. RO performances of TFN membranes using spray coating were comparable to conventionally prepared membranes. Thus, this new protocol is useful to prepare TFN membranes in terms of cost-efficiency.

The aims of this study was to investigate the satisfactions with school food service and its influencing factors for elementary and middle school parents. We surveyed parents regarding their concerns about food ingredients and dietary life, perceptions of free school food service, the necessity of food supply systems such as school food service centers, and the satisfaction about the quality and management of school food services. Compared to the last year, concerns about food ingredients and dietary life as well as perceptions about free school food services decreased. The reported necessity of supply system such as school food service centers and co-purchasing was lower than in 2015. The satisfaction about the school food service decreased, compared to 2015. More individuals had higher concerns about local food and stated the necessity for school food supply systems, as well as a higher satisfaction about the quality and management of school food services. In conclusion, it is important to emphasize characteristics of school food services such as co-purchasing local foods.

나노기술은 식품 분야와 융합되어 에멀젼/캡슐화와 같은 전달체 시스템이나 나노 코팅, 식품 첨가제, 식품 포장재 등으로 널리 적용되면서 장래 고부가 가치를 이끌 수 있는 분야로 각광받고 있다. 대표적인 나노물질은 이산화규소(SiO2 NPs)로 고결방지제, 가스 차단 필름 등의 다양한 형태로 식품 산업에서 사용되고 있다. 하지만 식품 상에 적용된 나노물질과 식품 성분과의 상호작용에 관하여 충분한 검증이 이루어지지 않은 상태이기 때문에 안전성이 우려 되고 있는 현실이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 식품 성분으로 지질로서 올리브 오일, 무기질로서 PBS buffer 를 사용하여 식품용 SiO2 NPs 과의 상호작용 정도와 이에 따른 물리화학적 특성 변화를 규명하고자 하였다. 각 온도(4, 25, 40°C)와 시간(1 min, 1, 24, 48 h, 7 d)에 따라 반응 후 지방산과 상호작용은 GC-MS로, 무기질과 상호작용은 ICP-AES 를 이용하여 정량분석하였다. 또한 DLS, zeta potential 측정을 통해 물리화학적 특성 변화를 확인하였다. 그 결과, SiO2 NPs 는 지방산과 0.4-1.8% 반응하는 것으로 나타났으며, 무기질 성분과는 최대 1.7% 상호작용 하는 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 무기질 성분은 온도, 시간 조건에 관계 없이 나노물질의 크기 및 표면전하에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 SiO2 NPs 은 지질, 무기질 성분과 극미량 상호작용 하는 것으로 보여진다. 본 연구에 이어 다양한 나노 소재와 식품성분 간의 상호작용에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어질 것으로 예상되며, 식품 산업 발전을 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

식품첨가물로 이용되고 있는 이산화규소는 주로 고결방지의 목적으로 널리 사용되고 있는데, 나노물질이 첨가된 식품을 섭취하였을 때 나노물질의 거동 및 독성평가에 앞서 식품 성분 혹은 생체 내 성분과의 상호작용은 기본적으로 고려되어야 할 사항이다. 하지만 이러한 식품수준의 나노물질이 식품에 첨가되었을 때 일어나는 상호작용에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 식품의 기본 영양 성분이 될 수 있는 탄수화물을 파라메터로 설정하여 식품성분-이산화규소 나노물질 간 상호작용 관점에서 물리화학적 특성의 변화를 zeta potential과 hydrodynamic size로 분석하였으며, 당류와의 상호작용 정도를 HPLC를 이용하여 정량 분석 및 비교하였다. 식품 매트릭스로써는 아카시아 꿀 용액 조건과 단당류 및 이당류를 동량 혼합한 당 혼합용액을 모사조건으로 설정하였고, 이를 일정 온도(4, 25, 40°C)에서 일정 시간(1 min, 1, 24, 48 h, 7 d) 동안 이산화규소 나노물질과 반응시켰다. 꿀 용액의 농도가 증가할수록 나노입자의 크기는 증가하였고, 음전하를 띠는 이산화규소의 표면전하가 고농도의 꿀 용액과 반응 시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, 당 혼합용액과 반응 시 농도에 따라 나노입자 크기의 증가는 나타나지 않았으며 표면전하의 유의적인 변화 또한 관찰되지 않았다. 전체 상호반응에 있어서는 당 혼합 용액 대비 아카시아 꿀 용액에서 나노물질과 당류와의 반응 정도가 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 식품 내에서 당류를 제외한 미량의 영양성분들이 식품성분-나노물질 상호작용에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 점과 단당류 및 이당류가 나노입자의 분산제로 사용될 가능성에 대해 제시할 수 있다.

최근 나노 기술이 발전함에 따라 식품, 의약품, 바이오, 식품산업 등 다양한 분야에 나노물질이 널리 사용되고 있으며 독성에 대한 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 특히, 식품 산업에 있어 이산화규소 나노물질은 고결방지제나 향미성분의 운반체로 많이 사용되고 있다. 나노물질이 식품첨가물로써 다양하게 사용됨에 따라 그 독성에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있지만 식품 성분과의 상호작용에 의한 독성영향이나 생체이용률에 대한 연구는 미진한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 식품 성분 중에서도 단백질 성분과 이산화규소 나노입자의 상호작용에 대해 규명하고자 하였으며 단백질 식품으로는 탈지분유와 탈지분유의 주 단백질 성분인 카제인을 선정하였다. 상호작용 반응은 저온(4°C), 상온(25°C), 고온(40°C) 조건에서 반응직후부터 7일차까지 관찰하였다. 단백질과 이산화규소 나노물질의 상호작용에 의한 물리화학적 특성 변화는 각 조건 별로 hydrodynamic size와 zeta potential을 측정하여 확인하였으며, 단백질형광 쇠기 감쇠를 비교하여 단백질과 나노입자의 quenching 정도를 분석하여 상호작용을 규명하였다. 그 결과, 이산화규소 나노물질과 카제인 반응 시 표면 전하의 특성이 변화하였지만 다른 조건에서의 물리화학적 특성 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 탈지분유와 카제인의 형광 쇠기 감쇠 비율은 유사한 경향을 보였고, 4°C 조건에 비해 25°C와 40°C 조건에서 더 많이 반응하며 나노물질의 농도가 증가함에 따라 단백질과의 반응 정도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 전체적으로 40% 미만의 단백질 형광 쇠기 감쇠 비율을 나타내는 것으로 보아, 이산화규소 나노물질과 단백질은 약하게 상호작용하는 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 추후 식품첨가물로 사용되는 나노물질의 잠재적 독성영향과 관련된 연구의 기반으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Nondestructive testing is a method of inspecting particular target objects without destructing them in industrial sites. Infrared thermal imaging is one of the nondestructive testing techniques. Among them, lock-in infrared thermography technique is a technique to detect a defect by generating a temperature difference of an object using periodic heat waves. This paper deals with the development of lock-in infrared thermography technique by using numerical analysis model for SM45C metal specimens. As a result, the appropriate frequency was determined for defect detection in SM45C metal specimen by using the established thermal behavior mechanism by periodic heat wave.

Structural dynamic system involves random variables conditions such as material property, geometric parameters and applied loads. This uncertainties result from the structural parameter are carefully considered the dynamic structural response in displacement, stress, and natural frequencies. The random vibrational system must be designed to withstand a certain amount of the fluctuation with respect to the uncertainties. Harmonic response of a spring-mass system is mathematically modelled with the probabilistic finite element method using the Monte Carlo simulation. The aim of this paper is to find the optimal lowest frequency for the spring-mass system with random input variables and response parameters to the displacements. The probabilistic design is carried out using ANSYS probabilistic design module in a commercial application software and then the optimal design is sequentially solved. An efficient and practical optimal design evaluation method is proposed for the design of the harmonic system. The numerical results are obtained where the next highest frequency of the system and displacements treated as constraints.

NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)―1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) is a major form of nitrosamine abundant in cigarette smoke and is a powerful carcinogen. Mercury is a major component of the amalgam that is widely used as dental filling material. Concurrent exposure to these two agents may result in their interaction and alter their carcinogenic potential. The present study used an immortalized human epithelial cell system that allows continuous exposure to potential carcinogens, in an attempt to elaborate the carcinogenic potential of mercury and NNK in humans. Cytotoxicity of mercury chloride and NNK was measured by an MTT assay. Parameters of neoplastic cellular transformation such as cell saturation density, soft-agar colony formation, and cell aggregation were analyzed to examine the carcinogenic potential of mercury chloride and NNK. The study showed that exposure to mercury chloride with NNK resulted in increased soft agar colony formation and cell aggregation. ROS generation by mercury chloride was further enhanced by treatment with NNK. The apoptosis that was observed following mercury chloride exposure was further increased upon co-treatment with NNK. The interaction between these two agents was also observed in cytokine mRNA induction. In the present study, mercury alone did not seem to pose a significant threat as a carcinogen, but it may have potential to enhance the carcinogenic potential of a known carcinogen from cigarette smoke. The present study provides valuable data regarding the evaluation of potential carcinogenic risk of mercury chloride and NNK on concurrent exposure.

내열, 코팅 및 접착특성이 우수한 아크릴계 공중합체를 설계, 제조하였다. 공중합체용 모노머 로 methyl methacrylate(MMA), isobornyl methacrylate(IBMA) 그리고 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)를 사용하여 괴상 중합 및 유화 중합으로 반응하여 > 95%이상 고수율로 중합체를 제조하였다. 1H-NMR로 화학구조를 확인하였고 DSC, DMA, TGA분석으로 내열성을 확인한 결과 유리전이온도가 123 ℃이상 140 ℃까지 높게 나타났다. 또한, IBMA성분이 증가함에 따라 저장 탄성율, 열분해온도 모 두 증가하였다. 인장강도는 IBMA의 함량이 전체 모노머 조성물중 10%에서 30%로 증가함에 따라 괴상 및 유화 중합체 모두에서 22에서 30 MPa로 강도가 증가하였으며 IBMA의 소수성 특성으로 접촉각은 70도에서 88도까지 증가함을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 돈지육 및 돈육 조직 내에 열안정성 수용성 단백질의 존재 여부를 확인하고 항체 생산에 있어항원으로의 사용 가능 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 돈지육 및 돈육을 생(raw) 시료와 조리된(cooked) 시료로 구분하여 비열처리 및 열처리법으로 단백질을 추출한 후 단백질 존재여부를 단백질 정량과 SDS-PAGE로 확인하였다. 그 결과 돈지육과 돈육 모두 생 시료를 비열처리법으로 추출한 시료의 경우 25~100 kDa 사이의 다양한 단백질이 확인된 반면 시료를 가열하거나 추출 시 열처리를 한경우 돈지육에는 100 kDa 이상의 단백질과 30 kDa 및 15 kDa 이하의 일부 단백질이, 돈육에는 100 kDa 이상과 30 kDa 이하의 단백질이 확인되어 돈지육과 돈육에 열안정성 수용성 단백질이 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이들 열안정성 수용성 단백질을 마우스에 면역 후 항혈청 역가를 측정한 결과 면역한 모든 마우스에서 높은 역가를 나타내었고, 생산된 혈청은 돈지육과 돈육에 각각 특이적인 반응성을 보인 반면 다른 축육과 지방육에 대해서는 반응성이 상대적으로 낮았다. 이러한 연구결과를 볼 때 돈지육 및 돈육에 존재하는 열안정성 수용성 단백질이 돈지육과 돈육에 특이적으로 반응하는 항체를 개발하는데 유용한 마커로서 활용이 가능하며, 열안정성 수용성 단백질에 대한 항체개발은 열처리된 축육 가공품 중 돈지육 및 돈육의 분석에도 매우 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Recently, the grain boundary diffusion process (GBDP), involving heavy rare-earth elements such as Dy and Tb, has been widely used to enhance the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. For example, a Dy compound is coated onto the surface of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets, and then the magnets are heat treated. Subsequently, Dy diffuses into the grain boundaries of Nd-Fe-B magnets, forming Dy-Fe-B or Nd-Dy-Fe-B. The dip-coating process is also used widely instead of the GBDP. However, it is quite hard to control the thickness uniformity using dip coating. In this study, first, a DyF3 paste is fabricated using DyF3 powder. Subsequently, the fabricated DyF3 paste is homogeneously coated onto the surface of a Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet. The magnet is then subjected to GBDP to enhance its coercivity. The weight ratio of binder and DyF3 powder is controlled, and we find that the coercivity enhances with decreasing binder content. In addition, the maximum coercivity is obtained with the paste containing 70 wt% of DyF3 powder.

Geographical isolation may lead to the populations having different ecological characteristics. Geographic isolation have been known to cause echolocation call differences in bats. In order to look at geographic differences of echolocation calls of Great Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), populations of inland and Jeju island habitats were examined in Korea. The study areas were some abandoned mines in the inland and caves of Jeju island, which were known as rest sites of Great Horseshoe Bats during the active season. Recording was done in two ways: Hand-held, Free-flying. Recording pulse was analyzed into five parameters: Maximum Frequency (FMAX), Minimum Frequency (FMIN), Peak Frequency (PF), Duration (D), Inter pulse Interval (IPI). Interestingly, The present study shows that the difference in echolocation between the inland and island populations. The PF of bats inhabited inland was 69 kHz. but, the PF of bats inhabited island (Jeju) was 71 kHz. There was a difference between regions. Discriminant analyses also showed clear difference between the inland and the island populations. Especially, PF of Korea population is lower than that of Europe (82 kHz) and higher than that of Japan (65 kHz).

Bloom of small centric diatom Stephanodiscus is quite occasional in winter season in temperate freshwater ecosystems. It often leads to degradation of water quality and affects the quality of supplied drinking water. In a previous study, we have found that naphthoquinone (NQ) 4-6 derivate is an effective tool for efficient mitigation of natural S. hantzschii blooms. In the present research, polylactide (PLA) and agar foam were used as immobilized agent for NQ 4-6 to improve the efficiency of NQ 4-6 compound releasing process for its application under various field conditions. Mesocosm experiments at 10 ton scale suggested that the abundance of S. hantzschii was continuously increased in the control and upon treatment of the mesocosm with immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam. Their algicidal activities were 78.8% and 77.1%, respectively, on S. hantzschii after 10 days. In the mesocosm experiments, the dynamics of biotic (bacteria, HNFs, ciliates, zooplankton) and abiotic (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrients) factors remained unaffected. They exhibited similar trends in the control and treatment groups. Therefore, the immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam has potential to be used as an alternative algicidal substance to effectively mitigate natural S. hantzschii blooms under various field conditions. In addition, it not only can be used to control S. hantzschii, but also is an effective technique. The immobilized NQ 4-6 showed stable controlled release in desired system.

In the year of 1741, the controversial debates about Calvin’s doctrine of predestination had been discussed intensely among methodists. John and Charles Wesley, who are against this doctrine, published Hymns on God’s Everlasting Love series in 1741. Through these hymn books, Charles Wesley, who is considered to be the main author of these two books, continually criticizes Calvin’s doctrine of predestination, especially regarding the elected and the reprobates, and strongly shouts for God’s general love for all mankind. Even though these two hymn books are valuable books for tracing the consolidation of Charles Wesley’s theology about Calvin’s doctrine of predestination and God’s universal love for all, they have not been studied enough because these books are considered to be only hymn books. This thesis studies on Wesley’s theology about Calvin’s doctrine of predestination and God’s universal love for all, through analyzing five major poems.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research is to develop additives for the modification of Solvent DeAsphalting Residue (SDAR) to be used as pavement materials, and evaluate the performance of asphalt mixture manufactured using the SDAR modified by developed additives. METHODS: The SDAR generally consists of more asphaltenes and less oil components compared to the conventional asphalt binder, and hence, the chemical/physical properties of SDAR are different from that of conventional asphalt binder. In this research, the additives are developed using the low molecular oil-based plasticizer to improve the properties of SDAR. First, the chemical property of two SDARs is analyzed using SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene) method. The physical/rheological properties of SDARs and SDARs containing additives are also evaluated based on PG-grade method and dynamic shear-modulus master curve. Second, various laboratory tests are conducted for the asphalt mixture manufactured using the SDAR modified with additives. The laboratory tests conducted in this study include the mix design, compactibility analysis, indirect tensile test for moisture susceptibility, dynamic modulus test for rheological property, wheeltracking test for rutting performance, and direct tension fatigue test for cracking performance. RESULTS : The PG-grade of SDARs is higher than PG 76 in high temperature grades and immeasurable in low temperature grades. The dynamic shear modulus of SDARs is much higher than that of conventional asphalt, but the modified SDARs with additives show similar modulus compared to that of conventional asphalt. The moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture with modified SDARs is good if, the antistripping agent is included. The performance (dynamic modulus, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance) of asphalt mixture with modified SDARs is comparable to that of conventional asphalt mixture when appropriate amount of additives is added. CONCLUSIONS: The saturate component of SDARs is much less than that of conventional asphalt, and hence, it is too hard and brittle to be used as pavement materials. However, the modified SDARs with developed additives show comparable or better rheological/physical properties compared to that of conventional asphalt depending on the type of SDAR and the amount of additives used.

When Tandem learning method was introduced into South Korea, it is not only an auxiliary method of learning foreign language in the promotion, but also became a normal subject in Busan University of Foreign studies. In the Tandem course of Chinese Department in Busan University of Foreign Studies, how the teacher to evaluate the students? What kind of standard the teacher to evaluate students? With these questions, started to prepare the thesis.This thesis is based on the Tandem course in Chinese department of Busan University of Foreign Studies, and the development of the Tandem course in Busan University of Foreign Studies and the present situation of the Tandem course in Chinese Department are introduced. Also it is the first time to observe and analyze the evaluation profile in progress through the questionnaire survey form. The results of the questionnaire show that students generally expressed satisfaction and recognition of the existing evaluation, which fully shows that the existing evaluation is worthy of recognition. However, as a teacher, This thesis noticed students, who are both students and teachers in the Tandem class, have very weak awareness of evaluation when they are teachers. How to help students to establish the correct understanding of self-evaluation, how to set up objective and reasonable evaluation standard among students, and more research questions put forward higher requirements.

본 연구에서는 라포나이트계 무기물 소재를 이온교환방법을 이용하여 실리케이트 층내에 술폰산기를 도입시켰으며 이를 이용하여 복합막을 제조한 후 특성 평가를 진행하였다. 층상구조를 가지는 라포나이트의 도입을 통하여 메탄올 투 과도가 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 동시에 술폰산기의 도입을 통하여 프로톤 전도도가 향상됨을 확인 할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 유화중합을 이용하여 폴리스타이렌계 나노사이즈의 입자를 제조하였으며 이를 후술폰화 공정을 이용하여 술폰산기를 도입시킨 고분자 입자를 제조 하였으며, 이를 이용하여 술폰화된 PEEK내에 도입하여 복합막을 제조하였다. 도입된 입자의 경우 고분자 분리막 내에 고르게 분산이 되었으며 제조된 분리막의 경우 입자의 함량이 증가됨에 따라 향상된 이온교환 능력 및 프로톤 전도도를 나타냄으로써 연료전지용 젼해질 막으로써의 적용가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 소수성 다공성 막의 투과 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 친수성 고분자를 염석법으로 코팅하였다. 코팅된 소수성 막의 코팅유무는 접촉각과 SEM을 이용하여 확인하였다. 막의 내구성을 향상시키기 위하여 Glutaric aldehyde(GA)를 이용하여 코팅용액과 함께 가교하였다. 가장 좋은 친수성 고분자로는 poly(styrere-sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA_MA)이었으며, 이를 이 용하여 코팅하였을 때 투과도 측면에서 80% 향상된 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 가장 좋은 코팅 조건은 코팅용액의 농도 150-300ppm, 이온세기는 0.15, 코팅시 간은 20분으로 도출되었다.