본 연구는 훼손되지 않은 천연보호림인 점봉산의 고도 1,000미터 지점의 이웃한 남북사면의 서식처 환경차이에 따른 날개응애의 군집구조를 분석을 통한 생태계 구조를 이해함을 목적으로 1994년 5월부터 1996년 8월까지 매월 조사를 수행하였다. 두 조사지에서 채집, 동정한 날개응애의 종수및 개체수 비교에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 보였는데(t-test, p〈0.05), 북사면의 평균 밀도와 종수는 99.2±17.6, 24.7±3.0이고 남사면에서는 234.2±62.6, 40.8±5.8였다. 종다양도는 남사면이 3.09±0.11로 북사면 2.71±0.13보다 높게 나타났다. 날개응애의 개체군 크기를 전체 밀도에 대한각종의 밀도 백분율로 구하여 우점종, 중세종 그리고 약세종으로 나누어 나타내었고, O. nova와 Suctobelbella naginata가 조사지 모두에서 우점종으로 나타났고, Trichogalumna nipponica는 남사면에서는 우점종이었으나, 북사면에서는 채집이 되지 않는 종이다. 두 조사지의 우점종의 먹이 습성은 토양미생물을 섭식하는 식균성(microphytophagous) 이었다. 고도 1,000미터 지점으로 서로 이웃한 남/북사면 조사지에서 종수 및 개체수, 우점종 구성이 뚜렷한 차이를 보였고, 조사지별 유사도가 낮게 나타나 미소환경의 이질성이 날개응애 군집의 특성에 큰 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다

  This study presents the intellectual capital (IC) indicator selection criteria based on the review of qualitative characteristics of financial accounting information and data quality of information systems. The AHP survey has been performed to verify th

대규모 표준화된 문항을 사용하는 과학과 국제 비교 연구에서 드러난 우리 나라 학생들의 성 차이가 국내 연구에서도 나타나는지 파악하기 위해 지난 30년 동안 과학 교육 관련 학술지인 한국과학교육학회지, 한국초등과학교육학회지, 한국지구과학회지, 한국생물교육학회지, 화학교육, 새물리 등에 게재된 논문 전체를 분석했다. 젠더 문제를 연구의 주제로 한 논문은 많지 않았지만, 총 279편의 논문에서 연구 결과를 성별로 제시했다. 이 중 통계적 유의미도가 검증된 225개의 논문을 2인의 연구자가 내용 분석했다. 분석 결과는 검사 문항을 사용한 조사 연구와 프로그램을 적용한 실험 연구 등으로 구분해 경향을 파악했다. 조사 연구 논문 분석 결과, 과학 지식과 태도 모두에서 국제 비교 연구와 마찬가지로 남학생이 우월하게 나타난 논문이 가장 많았다. 특히, 과학 관련 태도에서 성 차이를 보인 논문이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 과학 지식, 그리고 과학 탐구 능력에서의 성 차이를 보인 논문이 가장 적었다. 실험 연구 분석 결과, 새로운 과학 교육 프로그램의 효과에 있어서 성 차이가 나타나지 않는 논문이 가장 많았지만, 프로그램 적용 후 남학생은 인지적 측면에서 여학생은 정의적 측면에서 더 효과적으로 드러난 논문이 많았다. 여학생들의 과학 성취도 향상과 과학에 대한 태도를 긍정적으로 하는 다양한 프로그램 개발이 필요한 시점이다.

As students, faculty, and professionals from China and America interact more frequently through face-to-face exchanges and through networking technologies they are more and more aware that cultural assumptions and values affect the ways they communicate and learn from each other. Unstated assumptions regarding individualism, competition, time, and authority tend to differ between American and Chinese cultures. These differences, in turn, have implications for creating effective technology -enhanced distance learning environments. Further research is needed on issues such as whether cultures that put heavy emphasis on the authority of the teacher and predispose learners towards the transmission model of learning, are less favorably disposed to existing distance learning models, and how novel models could meet these challenges.

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences of cognitive responses, emotional responses, customer satisfaction, and service loyalty about service encounter quality by types of restaurants and to analyse emotional responses, customer satisfaction, and service loyalty in accordance with level of service encounter quality. The questionnaire were collected from customers (N=812) who had used restaurants in Seoul, aiming at 15 or more-year-old customers from October 24, 2005 to November 6, 2005. The main results of this study were as follows: Statistically significant difference was showed in importance and performance of interaction quality, importance and performance of physical environment quality, performance of outcome quality depending on types of restaurants, while significant difference was not indicated in importance of outcome quality by types of restaurants. Positive emotional response was significantly high by types of restaurants in order of fine-dining restaurants, family restaurants, and fast-food restaurants, while negative emotional responses were significantly higher in fast-food restaurants than in the other two types. As far as Customer satisfaction are concerned, fine-dining restaurants showed higher customer satisfaction than the other two types. Attitudinal service loyalty was high in fine-dining restaurants, family restaurants and fast-food restaurants in order and behavioral loyalty was not significantly different with each type of restaurant. In accordance with level of service encounter quality, cluster analysis was conducted and the clusters were divided into 'high-valuation' and 'low-valuation'. 'High-valuation cluster' and 'low-valuation cluster' showed significant difference depending on types of restaurants that customers used(p<.001). The customers who used fine-dining restaurants and family restaurants valued the performance of service encounter highly. However, in fast-food restaurants, a lot of low-valuation customers existed. Therefore, fast-food restaurants have to improve performance of interaction quality, outcome quality and physical environment quality in service encounter. In addition, in 'high-valuation cluster' who valued service encounter quality highly showed higher scores in positive responses, customer satisfaction, service loyalty than in 'low-valuation cluster', and showed low negative responses.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of periodontal disease to self-reported history of stroke in the elderly(60 years of age and older) with a special emphasis on elderly women. Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III), a large population-based cross-sectional survey of the United States, were utilized for this study. Since we have 1,563 edentulous subjects from a total of 5,123 subjects and periodontal disease is a major cause of tooth loss, it was necessary to account for this in our statistical analysis. Hence, we developed a new index called the Periodontal Health Status(PHS) index. In the logistic regression models with stratification by gender, males did not show statistically significant relationship between Periodontal Health Status(PHS) and stroke history. In contrast, females showed some marginal association between Periodontal Health Status(PHS) and stroke history. Further longitudinal intervention studies need to be conducted to determine the temporal relationship between periodontal disease and stroke

There was a significant difference in Japanese"s consciousness among region, age, and job. Although traditional and conservation trend is strong in Tohoku and Kyushyu, people in metropolital areas tend to stick to old customs rather than those in non-metropolis. The difference of consciousness between suburban and rural areas is getting weaker. Depending on the character of research, however, the difference in consciousness was shown between Kanto and Kansai. People in big cities exhibit different consciousness, and people in Kyushyu show entirely different consciousness even in the same area like Kagoshima. There was a significant difference in consciousness regarding morals, politics and tradition. In particular, there was a conspicuous difference in awareness among people who have different jobs. People in agriculture and fishery showed strong conservatism while peolpe in technique and business showed openness. If this research findings show the difference of consciousness in region, age, and occupation, it might provide a model of stereotype. The purpose of this study, however, is to help Koreans to reconsider the stereotype of Japan, It is hoped that this research help people to be aware of a variety of Japanese.

Raw materials from different sources, produced by a given process and having equal chemical composition, are supposed to be equivalent. The differences in sintering behavior have been investigated on P/M steels obtained from four diffusion-bonded powders (Fe + Ni + Cu + Mo) on atomized iron base, at the same alloy contents. Two levels of carbon and two sintering conditions have been investigated. Dimensional changes, C content, hardness, microhardness pattern, universal hardness, fractal analysis, pore features, microstructure features, and rupture strength have been compared to characterize different raw materials. The results show that the claimed equivalence is not confirmed by experimental data.

본 연구에서는 향기섬유제품에 대한 향기감성반응이 제품에 대한 태도와 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구모형을 제시하고 530명의 소비자를 대상으로 온라인 설문을 실시하여 연구모형에 대한 성별비교를 하였다. 연구결과에서 제시된 연구모형은 남녀 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 여성의 경우 향기섬유제품에 대한 태도에 영향을 미치는 감성반응은 유쾌성, 자극성, 친숙성, 적합성으로 나타났으며, 남성의 경우 유쾌성만이 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 또한 남녀모두에서 향기의 유쾌성이 향기섬유제품에 있어 가장 중요한 요인이었으며 남성은 향기섬유제품에 대하여 더 높은 구매의도를 보였다.

We used nine decamer primers to generate DNA fragment sizes ranging from 100 bp to 1,600 bp from two bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) populations of Dangjin in Korea. 376 fragments were identified in the cultured bullhead population, and 454 in the population of wild bullhead from Dangjin: 287 specific fragments (76.3%) in the cultured bullhead population and 207 (45.6%) in the wild bullhead population. On average, a decamer primer was used to generate 34.2 amplified products in a cultured bullhead. A RAPD primer was used to generate an average of 3.1 amplified bands per sample, ranging between 2.5 and 6.0 fragments in this population. Nine primers also generated 24 polymorphic fragments (24/376 fragment, 6.4%) in the cultured bullhead population, and 24 (24/454 fragments, 5.2%) in the wild bullhead population. The OPA-16 primer, notably, produced which 11 out of 11 bands (100%) were monomorphic in the wild bullhead population. 110 intra-population-specific fragments, with an average of 12.2 per primer, were observed in the cultured bullhead population. 99 fragments, with an average of 11.0 per primer, were identified in the wild bullhead. Especially, 55 inter-population-common fragments, with an average of 6.1 per primer, were observed in the two bullhead populations. The bandsharing value (BS value) of individuals within the wild bullhead population was substantially higher than was determined in the cultured bullhead population. The average bandsharing value was 0.596±0.010 within the cultured bullhead population,. and 0.657±0.010 within the wild bullhead population. The dendrogram obtained with the nine primers indicates two genetic clusters, designated cluster 1(CULTURED 01~CULTURED 11), and cluster 2(WILD 12~WILD 22). Ultimately, the longest genetic distance displaying significant molecular differences was determined to exist between individuals in the two bullhead populations, namely between individuals WILD no. 19 of the wild bullhead population and CULTURED no. 03 of the cultured bullhead population (genetic distance = 0.714). RAPD-PCR allowed us to detect the existence of population discrimination and genetic variation in Korean population of bullhead. This finding indicates that this method constitutes a suitable tool for DNA comparison, both within and between individuals, populations, species, and genera.

본 연구는 패밀리 레스토랑 맥락에서 패밀리 레스토랑 내 환경에 대한 젊은 남녀의 지각 차이를 검증하고자 하였다. 성별 주제에 대한 연구는 소비자 행동 연구에서 기본적인 조절 변수로 널리 사용되고 있으며, 패밀리 레스토랑 업게 에서도 점포환경의 마케팅 믹스 전략으로서 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있다. 자료는 세 개의 패밀리 레스토랑을 방문한 382명의 고객들로부터 수집하였으며, SPSS LISREL 통계프로그램을 사용하였고 가설검증을 위하여 신뢰도분석과 확인요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남성이 여성보다 식음료 요인에 대하여 더욱 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이벤트 요인들은 여성보다는 남성이 레스토랑 내 환경을 판단하는데 유용한 기초를 제공하였다. 셋째, 디자인 요인들이 여성보다 남성에서 성별차이를 설명하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 요약하면, 본 연구의 결과는 레스토랑 내 환경믹스 전략들은 성별에 따라서 달라져야 한다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 최근 젊은 남성들의 기호는 전통적 패러다임에서 변화하고 있으며, 심미적으로 스타일적이며, 감성적 지향적 문화를 추구한다. 따라서 이러한 결과들은 식음료산업 트랜드에 중요한 방안을 제공해준다. 연구의 마지막 부분에, 이론적 기여도, 관리적 시사점, 연구의 한계점, 그리고 향후 연구방향이 제시되었다.

남자와 여자는 여러 가지 관점에서 많은 차이점을 가지고 있다 그 중에서도 남녀의 인지행동과 관련된 차이는 많은 관심 대상이 되어 왔다 지금까지 많은 연구자들이 남자와 여자 사이에는 인지행동적 차이가 존재함을 주장하며 그에 대한 과학적인 근거와 통계들을 제시하였다. 그러나 현재 디자이너들이 제품이나 웹사이트의 정보구조나 네비게이션을 설계하는 과정에서 남녀 사이의 인지 행동적 차이점은 거의 고려되고 있지 않고 있다. 평가 과정에서도 조사 대상을 남녀로 구분하기는 하지만, 구분 목적도 뚜렷하지 않으며 평가 데이터에서 나타나는 남녀의 차이에 대해서도 이를 설명할 수 있는 근거나 이론이 마련되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구는 웹 네비게이션을 설계하는 데 있어서 남녀의 차이를 반영하기 위하여 관련된 기초 지식과 근거를 마련하고자 하였다. 특히 네비게이션의 정보 구조에 있어서의 남녀의 선호도를 중심으로 논의를 전개하였다. 우선 다양한 문헌 조사를 통하여 남녀의 일반적인 인지행동적 차이에 대해서 조사하였으며 이를 통해 남자의 인지적 사고방식은 일반적으로 순차적(sequence)이며 단계적인 반면 여자의 인지적 사고방식은 동시적(parallel)이며 임의적인 특성을 보임을 제시하였다. 다음으로 이러한 차이가 실제로 웹 네비게이션의 사용 과정에도 적용됨을 보이기 위하여 관련된 실험을 실시하였다. 우선 동일한 컨텐츠를 가지는 상이한 구조의 웹 네비게이션들을 디자인하였고 이를 남녀로 구성된 실험 대상자들로 하여금 사용하고 평가하도록 하였다. 그 결과 분석을 통하여 남자 실험 대상자들은 여자 실험 대상자들에 비해 좁고 깊은(narrow & deep) 정보 구조의 네비게이션에 대한 선호도가 상대적으로 높으며 반면에 여자 실험자들은 넓고 얕은(broad & shallow) 정보 구조의 네비게이션을 상대적으로 더 선호함을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 파악된 남녀 사이의 인지적 차이는 향후에 주사용자 그룹에 따른 보다 적절한 웹 네비게이션을 디자인하는 데 있어서 중요한 지침과 근거로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate what the memory representation of L2 text is like based on the Causal Network Model. In order to do that, 8 stories were read in English by Korean students and recalled in Korean. Their recall was analysed in terms of the number of causal connections each sentence has as specified in the model. And then it was compared with the results of Kim (2001) where Korean students read and recalled the same stories in Korean. The overall amount of recall was not different between L1 and L2 texts, but the pattern of recall showed differences in terms of the causal structure proposed by Causal Network Model. While the recall of L1 text was nicely accounted for by the number of causal connections specified in the model, the recall of individual goal statements in L2 text did not reflect the causal structure. Interesting was the finding that the more important goal among the two goal statements was recalled better for L2 than for L1 text.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gender differences existed in knee valgus kinematics in college students when performing a vertical drop landing. The hypothesis of this study was that females would demonstrate greater knee valgus motion. These differences in knee valgus motion may be indicative of decreased dynamic knee joint control in females. This study compared the initial knee valgus angle and maximum knee valgus angle at the instant of impact on vertical drop landings between healthy men and women. In this study, 60 participants (30 males, 30 females) dropped from a height of 43 cm. A digital camera and two-dimensional video motion analysis software were used to analyze the kinematic data. There was significant difference in the mean knee valgus angle at initial contact landing between the two groups (Mean=, SD= in males, Mean=, SD= in females). The range of knee valgus angle on landing (Mean=, SD= in males, Mean=, SD= in females) was differed significantly (p<.05). The maximal angle of knee valgus on landing (Mean=, SD= in males, Mean=, SD= in females) was also differed significantly (p<.05). The females landed with a larger range of knee valgus motion than the males and this might have increased the likelihood of a knee injury. The absence of dynamic knee joint stability may be responsible for increased rates of knee injury in females. No method for accurate and practical screening and identification of athletes at increased risk of ACL injury is currently available to target those individuals that would benefit from neuromuscular training before sports participation.

This study investigated whether personal question asking of strangers or close acquaintances is cultural behavior that differentiates Koreans from North Americans as conjectured in Yoo (1997). The investigation entailed two research questions answered in surveys collected from 49 North Americans. One was whether North Americans ask the same personal questions among themselves that Koreans ask of them. The other was to find how North Americans would feel if they were asked such questions by acquaintances. The results and findings show that North Americans do ask personal questions among themselves, though the range of topics does not coincide with those among Koreans.