The study is about the process of modernization of conventional rural houses in Kyung-gi province. It alms to identify the pattern of change, particularly focusing on the changes of the site plan and plan. The site of study is Samga Village, in YongIn County, near Seoul. The study discusses the process of modernization during the three decades from 1960 to 1980. The basic information was obtained through field research and site analysis, and the study relies predominatly on observational and statistical analysis. Four developmental stages can be clearly identified which are ; (1) Traditional type, (2)Modified-traditional type, (3) Saemaul type, and (4) The type of urban houses. The analysis was done through identification of changing site plan and plan. It is interesting to note that the changes of these elements show a certain pattern of sequential steps which also can be classified according to the four developmental stages mentioned above. The pattern of site design was consistantly maintained while plan and building system became very different However, the process of modernization of Korean rural houses was the process of producing a certain type of architecture that is not universal but uniquely Korean.

This study was carried out to provide basic data for logical forest management by developing a site index curve reflecting the current growth characteristics of Cryptomeria japonica stands in Korea. The height growth model was developed using the Chapman-Richards, Schumacher, Gompertz, and Weibull algebraic difference equations, which are widely used in growth estimation, for data collected from 119 plots through the 7th National Forest Inventory and stand survey. The Chapman-Richards equation, with the highest model fit, was selected as the best equation for the height growth model, and a site index curve was developed using the guide curve method. To compare the developed site index curve with that on the yield table, paired T-tests with a significance level of 5% were performed. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the site index curve values at all ages, and the p-value was smaller after the reference age than before. Therefore, the site index curve developed through this study reflects the characteristics of the changing growth environment of C. japonica stands and can be used in accordance with the site index curve on the current yield table. Thus, this information can be considered valuable as basic data for reasonable forest management.

This study investigated the distributional pattern of meiobenthos associated with future deep-sea mining in the Korea Deep Ocean Study area present in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) located in the southeastern part of the North Pacific Ocean. Standing stocks of meiobenthos were investigated in benthic impact experiment sites (BIS) and Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology long-term monitoring (KOMO) sites during the 2008-2014 annual field survey. A total of 14 taxa of meiobenthos were identified. Nematodes were the most abundant taxon (60-86%). Harpacticoid copepods (5-26%) and benthic foraminifera (1-12%) were also dominant at all sites. The total meiobenthic densities varied from 4 to 150 ind./10 cm2. The mean value of total meiobenthic abundance was higher at BIS than at KOMO sites, but there was no significant difference between the two sites. The mean values of the number of taxa and biomass at BIS and KOMO sites were similar. The mean abundance of nematodes that were the most dominant taxa was also higher at BIS than at KOMO sites. The standing stocks in our study sites were relatively lower than those previously reported at other CCFZ sites. These results seem to reflect a low organic concentration in the study area.

Rehabilitation work is required to increase well productivity, which decreases with the elapsed time of pumping owing to the clogging of the water well. Clogging causes not only a reduction in the well productivity but also a deterioration of the water quality. For unclogging and rehabilitating wells, several techniques are used such as brushing, air surging, surge blocks, and gas impulse. In this study, the high-pressure air impulse technique, which effectively and economically rehabilitates wells, was applied to a riverbank filtration site in Korea for the same objective. At most of the wells, the hydraulic parameters (transmissivity, storage coefficient, and specific capacity) were increased by the application of the high-pressure air impulse technique. The well loss change values also indicate an increase in the hydraulic parameters by the air impulse implementation. Thus, the high-pressure air impulse technique can be efficiently and economically applied to water and riverbank filtration wells for rehabilitating the decreased productivity.

Safety, Durability, and Usability of the Concrete Structure affecting among, there are crack and leakage the main damage is crack and leakage. Especially, Leakage is accompanied by Efflorescence, and provoke steel corrosion, exfoliation. This leakage is leaked to the exterior of the concrete surface in the shape of line or face, the method of repair varies with the shape of leakage. Accordingly, this paper will introduce case analysis of the shape of the water leakage to water leakage site in the lining structure of the NATM tunnel for utilize investigation method and basic data for the method of repair.(leakage, Efflorescence)

본 연구는 제올라이트 Y (Si/Al = 1.56)에서 Cs+ 이온 교환에 Ca2+ 이온의 경쟁 양이온 효과를 연구하기 위해 수행되었다. 완전히 탈수되고 부분적으로 Cs+ 이온으로 교환된 3개의 제올라이트 Y(Si/Al = 1.56)의 단결정은 혼합이온교환 용액을 사용하여 흐름법으로 제조되었으며, 전체 농도가 0.05 M인 이온교환용액의 CsNO3 : Ca(NO3)2 몰비는 1 : 1 (Crystal 1), 1 : 100 (Crystal 2) 및 1 : 250 (Crystal 3)이다. 이온교환된 단결정을 723 K에서 2일 동안 1 × 10-4 Pa로 진공 탈수시켰으며, 결정구조는 100(1) K에서 입방공간군 Fd3̅m을 사용하여 단결정 싱크트론 X선 회절법으로 해석하고 구조를 정밀화하였다. Crystal 1, 2 및 3의 단위세포당 화학식은 |Cs21Ca27|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU, |Cs2Ca36.5|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU 및 |Cs1Ca37|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU이다. 3개의 결정 모두에서, Ca2+ 이온은 D6Rs 내의 site I을 우선적으로 점유하고 있으며 나머지는 site I’, II’ 및 II를 점유하고 있다. 한편 주어진 이온교환용액의 초기 Cs+ 이온의 농도에 따라 Cs+ 이온의 분포에 중요한 차이가 관찰되었다. Crystal 1에서는 Cs+ 이온이 site II’, II, III와 III’에 위치하고 있으며, Crystal 2에서는 site II, IIIa, IIIb에 위치하고 있다. Crystal 3에서는 Cs+ 이온은 site IIIa 및 IIIb에만 위치하고 있다. 초기 Ca2+ 이온의 농도가 증가하고 Cs+ 이온의 농도가 감소에 따라 Cs+ 이온의 교환정도는 28.0에서 2.7과 1.3 %로 급격히 감소하였다.

북한은 수력발전이 전체 발전량의 약 63%를 차지할 만큼 비중이 높고, 지리적으로 수력발전 개발에 많은 이점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 33 개의 북한 댐개발 가능지점에 대해 DEM자료를 이용하여 유역분석 및 저수량을 산정하고, MWSWAT 모델을 이용한 30년간의 장기유출 분석 결과를 적용하여 연간가능발생전력량을 추정하였다. 33개 지점의 연간가능발생전력량은 현재 북한 수력발전량의 약 28% 수준으로 평가되었다. 또한 도별 공업지구 규모를 추정하고, 장래 인구 변동을 전망하여 도별 댐개발 우선순위를 선정하고, 저수량과 연간가능발생전력량을 기초로 도내 댐 개발 우선선위를 선정하였다. 도별 우선순위는 평안남도, 함경남도, 함경북도, 황해북도, 평안북도, 자강도, 량강도, 황해남도, 강원도 순으로 나타 났다. 본 연구의 결과는 북한지역의 수력발전댐 개발사업의 진출을 위한 초기 검토 자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to provide fundamental data for enlargement strategy of Ramsar site through the analysis of designation properties about 22 sites which has been registered for 20 years since Yongneup (Mt. Daeam) was designated as the first Ramsar site in Korea. Designation properties were analyzed on the basis of Ramsar Information Sheet and ecological properties was mainly analyzed in relation to designation criteria. Designation of Ramsar wetland was concentrated before and after Changwon Congress in 2008 and in terms of area 11 sites are below 1 ㎢ and 5 sites are above 10 ㎢. The average number of applied designation criteria was 2.86 and Criterion 2 (threaten species), Criterion 1 (representativeness and rareness of wetland type) and Criterion 3 (biodiversity) are mainly applied. In terms of protection species, internationally recognized species were 18 species on IUCN redlist, 12 species on CITES and 13 species on CMS, and nationally recognized species were 76 species on endangered species designated by Ministry of Envirionment, 83 speceis on national redlist and 71 speceis on endemic species respectively

This paper presents basic data to enhance the performance of safety check systems by analyzing the status of participants in the construction industry on the Periodical safety check system. The survey was conducted by the client, supervisor, and contractors. It is judged that it is possible to enhance the performance of the peer review system by expanding the participation of other highly recognized participants in the construction industry. It is deemed necessary to set up a monitoring system to monitor the check detai

At riverbank filtration sites, groundwater levels of alluvial aquifers near rivers are sensitive to variation in river discharge and pumping quantities. In this study, the groundwater level fluctuation, pumping quantity, and streamflow rate at the site of a riverbank filtration plant, which produces drinking water, in the lower Nakdong River basin, South Korea were interrelated. The relationship between drawdown ratio and river discharge was very strong with a correlation coefficient of 0.96, showing a greater drawdown ratio in the wet season than in the dry season. Autocorrelation and cross-correlation were carried out to characterize groundwater level fluctuation. Autoregressive model analysis of groundwater water level fluctuation led to efficient estimation and prediction of pumping for riverbank filtration in relation to river discharge rates, using simple inputs of river discharge and pumping data, without the need for numerical models that require data regarding several aquifer properties and hydrologic parameters.

In this study, the regular inspection check-list for vulnerable areas of debris flow was developed in order to cope with expected debris flow in urban areas. First, items for regular inspection were obtained by the Delphi technique, and the regular inspection check-list was developed based on obtained items. The check-list was verified and improved by means of applying it in 2 test-bed site.

In this study, it modeled the ground proper to geotechnical site characteristics in Korean urban area, compared geotechnical site characteristics of the selected 158 grounds in Korean urban areas with characteristics of the ground in the western part of the United States and performed earthquake responses to improve the decision method of the design earthquake force. Based on the amplification factor from the analysis results, the response spectra of each ground were developed and analyzed with the design response spectra presented in the seismic design criteria.

Because methane-producing bacteria (MPB) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) compete for anaerobic utilization of organic matter, the methane generation potential (Lo) decreases logarithmically with the decrease in the COD/SO4 ratio. The Lo correction coefficient equals the Lo at a particular COD/SO4 ratio divided by the maximum Lo. An Lo correction coefficient was derived each year based on the COD/SO4 ratios of waste added to the landfill. The methane generation potential was multiplied by the Lo correction coefficient in order to correct the LFG (landfill gas) generation calculation. At the second Sudokwon landfill site (2000 ~ present), the COD/SO4 ratio decreased from 11.6 in 2000 to 4.8 in 2014. Thus, the Lo correction coefficient decreased from 0.89 in 2000 to 0.42 in 2014. The LFG 2008-2014 production correction was calculated using the model equation (Scholl canyon), and was almost the same (91 ~ 113%) as the quantity measured, including LFG that was collected, flared, or allowed to diffuse through the landfill. The methane oxidation correction factor, calculated from the concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen within the landfill gas, was between 0.92 and 1 for the first landfill site and between 0.96 and 1 for the second landfill site. Air ingress into the landfill had a negligible effect on gas generation.

In this study, it modeled the ground proper to geotechnical site characteristics in Korean urban area, compared geotechnical site characteristics of the selected 158 grounds in Korean urban areas with characteristics of the ground in the western part of the United States and performed earthquake responses to improve the decision method of the design earthquake force. Based on the amplification factor from the analysis results, the response spectra of each ground were developed and analyzed with the design response spectra presented in the seismic design criteria.

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of residual wastes from transesterification was tested to safely recycle carcass via rendering process. The carcass was obtained from a buried site for avian influenza (AI) infected poultry. Rendered lipid generated by a pilot-scale high-pressure rendering process was the main source of transesterification for biodiesel recovery. To test the feasibility of waste-to-energy approach for AI infected carcass, we compared the BMPs of various fractions of rendered materials from the carcass. BMP and specific methanogenic activity results indicate that transesterification waste shows better digestibility than that of rendered lipid, and the digestion performance was comparable to that of liquid residue. Biogas yields of glycerol, rendered lipids, and liquid residue were estimated as 0.11 L/g chemical oxygen demand (COD), 0.06 L/g COD, and 0.17 L/g COD, respectively. Regression analysis support that biogas production rate of glycerol (21 mL/g COD/d) was much faster than that of lipid (7 mL/g COD/d) while that of liquid residue was similar (24 mL/g COD/d). In summary using transesterification waste as a bioresource for bioenergy conversion can be a viable and sustainable option for the complete termination of burial site.

The equatorial region of the Earth’s ionosphere exhibits large temporal variations in electron density that have significant implications on satellite signal transmissions. In this paper, the first observation results of the variations in the trough of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly at the permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) site in Chuuk (Geographic: 7.5° N, 151.9° E; Geomagnetic: 0.4° N) are presented. It was found that the daytime Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) values vary according to the 27 day period of solar rotation , and that these trends show sharp contrast with those of summer. The amplitudes of the semi-annual anomaly were 12.4 TECU (33 %) on 19th of March and 8.8 TECU (23 %) on 25th of October respectively, with a yearly averaged value of 38.0 TECU. The equinoctial asymmetry at the March equinox was higher than that at the October equinox rather than the November equinox. Daily mean TEC values were higher in December than in June, which could be interpreted as annual or winter anomalies. The nighttime GPS TEC enhancements during 20:00-24:00 LT also exhibited the semi-annual variation. The pre-midnight TEC enhancement could be explained with the slow loss process of electron density that is largely produced during the daytime of equinox. However, the significant peaks around 22:00-23:00 LT at the spring equinox require other mechanisms other than the slow loss process of the electron density.