이 연구의 목적은 현무암과 화성암과 같은 화성암을 관찰할 때 화성암 지역에 살고 있는 학생들과 그렇지 않은 학생들 사이의 특징을 비교하기 위한 것이다. 연구를 위해 제주도에 살고 있는 5학년 학생 68명, 울릉도에 살고 있는 5학년 학생 28명, 그리고 화산지역과 직접적 관련이 없는 지역의 5학년 학생 61명을 선정하였다. 이 연구는 다음과 같이 진행되었다. 현무암과 화성암을 관찰하게 한 후 학생들은 관찰한 사실을 모두 적었다. 그리고 관찰이 끝난 후 관찰이외에 현무암과 화성에 대해 알고 있는 사실 모두를 적도록 하였다. 연구를 통해 알게 된 사실은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 화성암 관찰에 있어서 학생들은 지역적 특성 변인에 의한 유의미한 통계적 차이는 보이지 않았다. 둘째, 화성암과 관련하여 학생들이 관찰 이외에 알고 있는 지식의 양 또한 지역적 특성과 관련되어 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 셋째, 화성암에 대해 관찰 사실 이외에 알고 있는 지식을 질적으로 분석한 결과, 많은 학생들은 화성암의 근원물질이나 생성과정에 대해 알고 있었으나 지역적인 특성을 고려한 진술은 많이 나오지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 우리는 학교에서 이루어지는 과학 수업이 현상을 탐구하는 것뿐만 아니라 현상과 관련된 여러 가지 구체적인 사례들과 함께 이루어져야 한다는 것을 알 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to understand interrelationships among switching costs, customer satisfaction, and switching intent in a family restaurant. Based on a total of 427 customers obtained from empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of the research model and verified a total of five hypotheses using the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested simultaneously by using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data, χ2=137.881 (df=50); p〈 .001; CMIN/df 2.758; GFI= .947; AGFI= .919, NFI= .965; IFI= .978; TLI= .970; CFI= .978; RMR= .047; RMSEA= .064. The results showed that switching cost (β= .123) in a family restaurant had a positive (+) influence upon customer satisfaction. Further, switching cost had a significantly negative (-) effect on switching intent (β= -.414). In addition, there were moderating effects related to customer knowledge and variety seeking orientation in terms of the causal relationships between switching costs, customer satisfaction, and switching intent. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

This study examined native-speaking English teachers’ pedagogical knowledge through the analysis of transcriptions of videotaped lessons and interviews with six novice English teachers teaching at middle schools. The goal was to discover what pedagogical knowledge these teachers have and how the knowledge was represented in the form of instructional actions. The dominant categories of the teachers’ instructional actions were repetition of input and instructions. Hence, there were a lot of repetitions of input which seem to come from behavioristic perspectives of language learning and teaching. Also, there were lots of teacher-initiated questions and directives to elicit responses from the students. The primary way of clearing the meaning of the text was translation. The findings indicated that the native-speaking teachers’ pedagogical thought are mostly pertinent to general educational knowledge not about language learning and teaching. In addition, the novice teachers’ pedagogical knowledge deduced from pedagogical thoughts leaned towards heavily to ‘Handling language items’ while experienced teachers in Gatbonton’s (2000) study displayed no dominant category. Implications for teacher training were discussed.

본 연구는 고등학교 천체관측 관련 개념 검사지를 개발하여 지식상태 분석법으로 천체관측 개념의 위계와 개별 학습자의 지식상태를 분석하였고, 이에 따른 교수-학습 효과를 알아 보았다. 학습자가 갖고 있는 천체관측 관련 개념의 심리적 위계는 '지구운동 →천구좌표계 →천체관측(망원경 원리 →망원경 설치 →망원경 관측)' 순이었으며, 교수 위계(70.8%)도 같은 순 이었다. 개념 검사에서 같은 점수를 획득하여 천체관측 능력이 비슷할 것으로 추정되는 학습자의 지식상태가 서로 다르게 나타났다. 지식상태의 구조화가 잘 이루어진 경우와 그렇지 못한 사례가 있었는데, 이는 서로다른 교수-학습 처방이 이루어져야 함을 시사한다. 즉, 지식상태 분석을 통하여 학습자의 개별화 학습 처방과 형성평가의 역할을 할 수 있다. 지구과학I의 천체관측 단원에서 교과서의 내용 제시 순서 보다 학습자의 심리적 위계에 따라 수업한 경우가 개념의 성취도 수준에서 유의미(p〈0.05)하게 더 높았다. 이는 교사들이 천체관측 관련 개념을 지도할 때, 교육과정을 토대로 학습자의 지식상태를 파악하여 교과서의 학습 내용을 재순서화 함으로써 더 효과적인 학습이 이루어질 수 있음을 보여준다.

This study was conducted to promote specialty of pre-service teachers by observing their ways of i mproving lessons and forming experiential knowledge through reflective school practicum. The followi ng research subjects were raised to inquire into the me

최근 교육계에서는 학습자의 고차원적인 능력인 사고력과 창의력의 신장을 위 한 평가 방법을 중시하고 있다. 기존의 4지, 5지 선다형의 문항이 지닌 단순한 평 가 방식에서 벗어나 학습자의 생각을 다양하게 표현할 수 있는 평가 방식으로의 변화를 꾀하고 있다. 이러한 시대적 흐름에 적합한 평가 방법이 서술형 평가이다. 한문과는 한문의 독해와 올바른 가치관 함양을 교육과정의 주로 삼고 있으므로, 서술형 평가에 의한 평가방법은 교과타당도를 높이는 방법이 될 것이다. 한문지식 서술형 평가는 한문지식의 내용영역을 대상으로 하며 고등 사고능력 과 표현력을 측정할 수 있고 정답의 형식이 짧고 간단한 문장으로 답하는 유형이 다. 서술형 평가의 특성상 채점기준을 명확하게 해야 하며, 교사의 수업 방식도 이에 맞도록 다양하게 재구성되어야 한다. 한문과의 서술형 평가 문항은 이미 ‘국가수준 평가도구 개발’을 통해 일부 문항 이 개발되었으나, 현재의 개념과 다소 거리감이 있었다. 이에 한문지식 영역별 서 술형 문항을 기존의 문항에 대한 분석과 좁은 의미의 서술형 개념에 맞도록 8개 문항을 개발하여 현장에서 적용 가능하도록 하고자 하였다.

This paper reviewed the relationship between knowledge management and incremental innovation, and the moderating effect of firm-size. The results of multiple regression analysis, based on the responses from 434 employees in service industry, showed that knowledge acquisition and knowledge transfer related positively with incremental innovation. In moderating effects, knowledge transfer interacts with firm-size to have positive effect on incremental innovation, but knowledge acquisition doesn't have interaction effect with firm-size on incremental innovation.

During the last three decades, earth science has been re-conceptualized as an interdisciplinary discipline entitled Earth System Science (ESS), which is based on knowledge of the physical earth system and human impact on the earth. While there is increasing effort to teach earth as a system in K-12 education, teachers' preparedness of to teach earth system is still in its infancy. This article focuses on reviewing the literature of teachers' knowledge of earth systems and of how teachers' knowledge of subject matter affects their teaching practice and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). First, the study investigated a literature of PCK in general as well as in science teaching. Then this study duscuss what teachers' subject matter knowledge (SMK) is and what it means to be in teaching earth system science. Third, a literature of teachers' knowledge of earth system was reviewed. Finally, a number of suggestions and implications are made as to what teacher education program should do to better prepare future teachers to teach earth systems.

지식정보사회의 등장은 개인과 기업, 또는 공공기관 및 국가에게 부여된 목표와 성과를 달성하기 위해 유용한 정보를 획득, 가공하여 이를 활용할 수 있는 환경과 능력을 갖추기 위한 IT 기반의 지식경영 시스템 구축을 조직성과 향상의 핵심요인으로 인식하게 하였다. 이러한 환경의 변화는 국방획득사업을 관리하는 관련조직들에게도 전문성, 기밀성, 정보접근의 제한성이라는 국방획득사업의 특성과 권위성, 보수성, 비밀성, 정보보호의 의식 등의 국방조직의 특징을 극복하기 위한 수단으로 기존의 아날로그적 방식으로 관리 및 유지되던 사업 관리의 Know-How나 중요 지식 정보들을 IT기반으로 구축된 지식경영 시스템을 이용한 시스템 구축 및 체계적 관리의 필요성을 인식하게 하였으며, IT기반의 지식경영 시스템의 도입 및 정착을 진행하게 하였다. 이에 본 연구는 국방획득사업의 성과를 향상시킬 수 있다면, 지식경영의 핵심요인 중 하나인 지식경영 시스템 역시 국방획득사업의 성과를 향상시키는데 기여한다는 실증적 연구결과를 제안하였다.

This survey was conducted to investigate the attitude towards food hygiene, and the correlation between sanitary knowledge and the performance of college students in Daejeon. The respondents were composed of 218 food majors and 296 nonmajors. The answer that food hygiene was very important was given more often by food majors (82.9%) and those educated (80.5%) than non-majors (65.1%) and the uneducated (68.7%) (p<0.05). Information on food hygiene was mainly obtained from TV, radio, or the internet. The average food hygiene knowledge score was 4.08 and that in practice was 3.37 (p < 0.001). The average score was lower in practice than knowledge for personal hygiene, food separation use and storage, washing-sterilization of food, and utensils. The average knowledge score was higher for food majors and educated than that in non-majors and uneducated (p<0.001). The degree of HACCP perception was much higher in food majors (34.9%) and educated (37.4%) than in non-majors (5.4%) and uneducated (8.2%). The knowledge and practice scores were correlated (p<0.01). It is necessary that college students be educated to obtain useful knowledge about food hygiene and conduct proper personal food sanitation in their daily life.

In the global knowledge economy society, the quality of human resource is the key for competition. Adults are the mainstream of workforce and therefore adult learning has been a crucial investment for economic targets. Due to the characteristic, adult learning is offered by diverse stakeholders and how to improve the partnership between providers has been a significant issue. The paper is based on an empirical study in Chinese Taipei’s local communities and there are meaningful results explored into 311 subjects in six different local communities. The findings are intended to apply in APEC member countries and recommendations are raised to develop educational partnership and networking for competing in global knowledge economy society.

The development of informatization impacts all sectors, including agriculture. Agricultural informatization builds the knowledge linkage structures of agricultural innovation systems globally. This study investigated the global knowledge linkage structures in agricultural innovation pertinent to information technology (IT) for agricultural research and development (R&D) investments and activities. We explored the longitudinal trend of systemness within the networked research relationships in the triple helix (TH) of the university, industry and government (UIG). We collected data from publications in the Science Citation Index (SCI), the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) to analyze the TH network dynamics. We also performed a scientometrics analysis to quantitatively identify the knowledge and insights of global agricultural innovation structures. These results could be informative for individual countries. Our findings reveal that the global knowledge linkage structures in the agricultural sector that are pertinent to IT fluctuate widely and fail to increase the capacity of agricultural innovation research due to a neglect of the network effects of the TH dynamics of UIG.

The existing evaluation systems based on financial performance summarize the information about past results and focus on short-term performance, and so they have the limits to explain the future value of firms and to make a long-term strategic performance. By this reason, as a way to increase the future value, the development of the integrated performance evaluation system with which we may manages financial performance and knowledge assets together has been required recently. This study puts together various researches for the evaluation of knowledge assets, and analyzes the existing studies for the domestic medical devices industry and the tendency of introduction for business practice. Under this analysis, this study develops the knowledge asset evaluation indexes for medical devices industry by using the Balanced Score Card (BSC) of Kaplan & Norton(1992), and then presents the evaluation model by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) of Saaty(1980) to get the weight for each index. With the final evaluation model, we can calculate the evaluation score combined with both the quantitative indexes and the qualitative indexes at once.

The study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practices of vegetable farmers in Hanoi, Vietnam in controlling mites, and their attitude towards N. longispinosus as biological control agent against T. urticae on green bean. The field surveys conducted in Tang My and Son Du hamlets, two of the largest vegetable production areas in Dong Anh district, show that the respondents in Tang My who had training on the vegetable IPM program had higher knowledge on green bean pest management and knew better about natural enemies and biological control than the ones without training in Son Du. However, both groups of respondents did not have enough knowledge on spider mite control and most of them did not know or hear about predatory mite before. Hence, 40 percent of the respondents said they would not use predatory mites, and 33 percent were still uncertain whether they will adopt this biological control. The paper suggests some recommendations to enhance farmers’ use of biological control against mites on green beans.

본 연구는 예비 지구과학교사들이 개발한 교정 교수학습자료의 문제점과 개발 과정에 영향을 주는 요소를 찾는 것이다. 이를 위해 전라북도에 소재하는 사범대학 과학교육학부(지구과학전공)에 재학 중인 54명(남자 18명, 여자 36명)으로부터 258개의 교정 교수학습자료를 수집하였다. 이를 분석한 결과 교정 교수학습자료는 개발하는 절차와 예비 지구과학교사들의 선행 지식에 의해 영향을 받고 있었다. 교정 탐색 우선형은 이미 형성된 선행 지식 범위 내에서 자료를 개발하기 때문에 이들이 개발한 자료는 교육과정의 특정 영역에 편중되어 있다. 이에 비해 개념 탐색 우선형은 대부분의 예비 지구과학교사들이 접근하지 못한 영역의 자료를 개발하였다. 올바른 선행 지식을 형성하지 못한 예비 지구 과학교사들은 잘못된 소재를 선택할 뿐 아니라 개념 연결에서도 오류를 범하고 있다. 또한, 대부분의 예비 지구과학교사들이 지질현상에 대한 과학개념을 형성하고 있다고 하더라도 생성과정을 무시하고 소재의 형태만을 주로 고려하고 있다. 그러므로 지질조사 및 고체지구과학 분야에 대한 충분한 학습이 가능하도록 지구과학교사 양성 교육과정에 충실히 반영해야 하며, 이를 바탕으로 예비 지구과학교사들의 지질학적 내용지식, 야외 교수학습 전략, 자료개발 절차 등이 하나의 통합적인 개념으로 형성될 수 있도록 지도할 필요가 있다.

As the public is already aware, baby food has a significant effect on a baby's physical and mental health. It is also very important because choice of baby food forms proper eating habits, which will affect health in the future. In particular, recognition of appropriate baby food by the mother or the primary care provider is even more important. Although many studies have been conducted on this matter for domestic housewives, no studies have been conducted on married immigrant housewives whose numbers are increasing every year. A survey was conducted on the recognition and current situation of baby food preparation by mothers living in Gangwon Province with children 6 to 36-months-old. The purpose of the study was to research the level of understanding of baby food by immigrant housewives given that they were raised in different environments with different eating habits and child raising norms. And additional purpose was to provide proper educational material and direction for choosing appropriate baby food. The results showed significant differences depending on the nationality and age of the mother. Moreover, the results showed an insufficient understanding of baby food but a high desire for education, as mothers did not receive enough support from society. Therefore, necessary education should be provided systematically after mothers fully learn to communicate in Korean. These mothers need continuous attention and support, so they can settle in this country as wives, daughters-in-law, and mothers. Moreover, the needed professional education should be provided so that the mothers can learn traditional Korean eating habits and understand differences in the culture and environment between countries. As the selection of baby food forms the basis of future eating habits and the foundation for good health, proper education should be available to establish healthy intercultural families.