While designation status of state-appointed cultural properties, promotion status of scenic sites, overlap with natural parks, and relationship with both nine river bends and eight views were reviewed, application and promotion status of scenic sites were analyzed by exploring culture and tourism websites of local governments and tourist leaflets on scenic sites. The results of the analysis are as follows. There are totally 109 designated scenic sites in Korea and these are distributed in 59 local governments, which account for 26.1% of local governments. Accordingly, unequal regional distribution was found to be significant. As a result of the exploration of the status of overlapping between scenic site-designated areas and national, provincial, and county parks, altogether 53 designated scenic sites that account for 48.6%, overlapped with natural parks. Thus, there is a great need for role sharing and cooperation with natural park management entities in terms of experience programs within scenic sites and cultural commentaries. Meanwhile, there is a significant difference among the local governments regarding the efforts in highlighting cultural properties as tourist resources while universal awareness and promotion of scenic sites was found to be very low. Marking scenic sites on leaflets were prone to lag behind those on homepages. The analysis on status of scenic sites revealed that festivals and events were being held in 39.4% of scenic sites and those with longer designation- lapsed years were associated with the prevalence of festivals. Moreover, natural scenic sites located in natural parks were unwilling to be used through local government’s awareness and tourism endeavors compared to historical and cultural scenic sites. Additionally, several wrong descriptions were found on the markings of scenic sites and thus, promotion of scenic site culture and operational management requires urgent improvement.

본 연구는 유아기자녀를 둔 다문화가정 부부의 부모역할 및 부모교육 경험에 관한 질적 연 구이다. 연구대상은 다문화가정의 한국인 남편과 결혼이주여성 아내로서 7쌍의 부부, 총 14명 이고, 심층면접을 통해 수집한 자료를 분석하였으며, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다문화가정 부부의 ‘부모역할 경험’을 살펴보았을 때, 부부 공통으로 자녀양육에서 가 장 큰 기쁨은 자녀출생으로 나타났다. 자녀양육의 가장 큰 어려움은 부부 공통으로 다문화가 정 자녀의 정체성체 대한 걱정과 양육지식의 부족으로 나타났다. 차이점은 남편은 경제적 어 려움을, 아내는 언어소통의 어려움을 가지고 있었다. 자녀양육 어려움의 해결방법은 남편은 이웃이나 모친의 도움이고, 아내는 남편의 도움이었다. 부모로서의 만족감은 남편은 낮고 아내 는 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 다문화가정 부부의 ‘부모교육 경험’을 살펴보았을 때, 남편은 대부분 부모교육을 모르 거나 교육에 참여한 적이 없었으나, 아내는 유치원을 비롯한 다문화가족 지원센터 등을 통해 서 참여 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 부모교육의 필요성에 있어서는 부부 모두 자녀의 성장 및 이해를 위해 꼭 필요하다는 태도를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다문화가정 부부를 위한 부모 교육 프로그램 개발에 유용한 기초자료로 제공될 수 있을 것이다.

The objective of this study was to explore the role of familiarity in cross-cultural product perception and perception changes according to food systems (hot sauce and spicy-chicken) in Korean and US consumers. Free choice profiling was conducted by Korean and US consumers on four spicy-chicken samples made using four hot sauce samples. Half of the hot sauce samples were selected to be more familiar to US consumers and vice versa to Korean consumers. A previous study that investigated cross-cultural perceptions of the same four hot sauce samples in US and Korean consumers was incorporated in this study. For distinct sample differences, US and Korean consumers perceived products similarly. However, for less obvious differences, flavor familiarity seemed to affect consumers’ product perceptions. In addition, product perceptions changed more dramatically according to food systems for familiar samples in each country. The findings of this study show that consumers’ product perception can be affected by flavor familiarities.

This study aimed to explore and interpret the sense of place in Insa-dong a traditional street designated as a cultural district in Seoul through the thoughts and opinions of insiders who actually experience it. The study also aimed to identify a plan for the development and preservation of Insa-dong. Insa-dong was found to have the characteristic of an “unconscious sense of place,” which had formed naturally over time. This characteristic applies to most physical, social, cultural, and experiential elements that make up Insa-dong. It developed as a place of tradition and arts culture, and thus Insa-dong has continued to be a representative place of traditional and Korean culture until the present. While a uniform modern consumer culture is emerging as a result of the integrated designs and socioeconomic changes brought about by urban capitalism, these changes arguably fall within such a range that Insa-dong’s unique, unconscious sense of place is not greatly damaged. Accordingly, Insa-dong as a unique, attractive place where the new cultural characteristic of “modernity” blends appropriately with “traditionality” can be understood as a representative place that expresses Korea’s past and present life. This study is significant because it examined Insa-dong’s sense of place by moving away from expert perspectives and focusing on interviews with insiders. Based on the results, the study developed a plan for the preservation and formation of Insa-dong’s sense of place. Though this study’s results can suggest basic directions and processes for interpreting sense of place, they are limited in terms of suggesting specific planning and design elements. Therefore, a limitation exists in terms of drawing practical implications. Follow-up studies using this study’s suggestions for preserving and improving Insa-dong’s sense of place can formulate more concrete strategies.

The ecosystem is composed of various elements and maintains the function of the system. The characteristics of each ecosystem type affect the culture of the area, so it is necessary to consider ecocultural characteristics when establishing the policy. This study was conducted to evaluate the value based on the distribution information of eco - cultural resources and to find out how to use it in establishing related policies. The target sites were Gyeongsangbuk - do province, and were evaluated using 7 items of natural ecological characteristics and socio - cultural characteristics. The information used in the evaluation was 13 spatial information such as forest map, ecological and natural map, natural park distribution map, and it was ranked according to the utilization of policies such as tourism resource management and administration, and evaluated by the minimum indicator method. As a result of the evaluation, 336 excellent areas were selected. In the selected area, 6 kinds of endangered species from 1,914 observation, and cultural resources were distributed from 194 sites. Since ecological resources and cultural resources are applied to the same evaluation method and expressed in a single scale, it is considered to be easy to use in administrative plans and policies. Further studies such as comparison of evaluation models and subdivision of grades are necessary.

본 연구는 사회정체성이론, 유사성-호감이론, 신호이론 등에 근거하여 한국에서 경영활동을 수행하고 있는 다 국적기업 자회사 현지 직원의 자민족중심주의와 문화적 갈등이 현지 직원의 긍정심리자본에 부(-)의 영향을 미칠 것이라고 주장하였다. 또한 다국적기업 자회사의 사회책임활동이 ‘자민족중심주의와 긍정심리자본 간의 관계’와 ‘문화적 갈등과 긍정심리자본 간의 관계’를 부(-)의 방향으로 조절할 것이라고 주장하였다. 9개국 출신, 23개 다 국적기업 자회사에 근무 중인 281명의 현지(한국인) 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 획득한 자료를 활용하 여 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 이상의 주장을 실증적으로 검증하였다.

Cultural industry has grown into a pivotal part of the knowledge economy and it characteristically allows high employment of young population with high education and at the same time is a labor-intensive industry that yields high added values. For these reasons, it has been regarded as an industry that can be an answer to ever worsening problems of youth unemployment and deteriorating employment quality in the service industry sector. The Korean government has established and enacted government-level supporting policies to foster the cultural industry, especially in the 2000s. In the process, a supporting system for start-up businesses in the cultural industry was implemented to foster one-person culture businesses, focusing on the supporting system for start-up businesses established by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA). This study will look into possible solutions to some problems that occurred in the course of implementing supporting policies for cultural industry and will see if there could be alternatives to them.

Sense of place (SOP) has recently been considered an effective strategy through which to pursue sustainable place development. However, many urban spaces have not usually considered the contribution of built-environment factors to SOP and SOP’s contribution to people’s willingness to revisit for sustainable place. Therefore, this research aims to understand the internal structure of SOP at Daehak-ro, one of the most famous cultural district and tourism sites in Seoul, Korea. Through this study, the sociocultural factor was found to make the greatest contribution to Daehak-ro’s SOP, and SOP was itself found to be highly related to willingness to revisit. These results suggest that non-physical factors could be most important to developing an SOP in urban environments. This study will eventually lead to better understanding of developing SOP, and will contribute to Daehak-ro becoming more sustainable than at present.

‘Mantari’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom for bottle culture. It was bred by crossingmonokaryons isolated from ‘DM11732’ and ‘Chunchu-2ho’. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 26~29°C on PDA medium, and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruiting body of ‘Mantari’ on sawdust mediawas 18°C and 16°C. It took 32 days to finish spawn running, 4 days to finish primordia formation, and 3 days to finish fruiting body growth in the bottle culture. The fruitcharacteristics: the pileus was round and gray-black in color, and the stipe was long, thin, and light gray in color. The yield per bottle was 179 g/900 ml and was 5% higher than that of the control variety (Chunchu-2ho). The physical properties of the fruit body were as follows: springiness, cohesive, gumminess, and brittleness of the stipe tissue were 96%, 76%, 160 g, and 15 kg, respectively.

Morphological and culture characteristics of the novel Phellinus linteus variant KACC93057P collected in Korea were characterized in this study. The surface of the wasangular, sessile, tough-woody, concentrically zonate, and dark brown in color. Basidiocarppores were circular, with 5–7 pores per mm. The hyphal system was dimitic, and basidiospores were ellipsoid or oval, 4.5–6 × 4–5, exhibiting characteristics typical of P. linteus. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25–30oC, and optimal pH for growth was 5–7. The mycelial growth rate of P. linteus KACC93057P was faster than that of other P. baumii isolates. On growth medium, KACC93057P formed aerial mycelia with density higher than that of other isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-ribosomal DNA sequences were closely related to the sequences P. linteus complex.

Chinese characters is a cultural phenomenon, so the first thing to study the relationship between Chinese characters and its cultural background. If you want to comprehensive investigation the Chinese characters, will study the following five topics: one is the Chinese characters and Chinese, Chinese characters and culture, the three Chinese characters and nature, the four Chinese characters and economy, five Chinese characters and society. From the perspective of the Han Chinese, cultural system, cultural ecology, research Chinese characters mainly has two aspects: One is to study the specific Chinese characters; Two is to study some theoretical issues of Chinese characters, such as the nature of Chinese characters, the characteristics of Chinese characters, and so on.

Advertising both reflects and creates social norms and cultural practices, such as concepts of beauty and gender roles. Research suggests that masculinity, like femininity, is constructed, codified and contested in advertising imagery (Schroeder & Zwick, 2004). By drawing on cultural categories to depict gendered consumer selves, advertising messages often limit and structure possibilities of masculine and feminine consumption. As marketers promote the blurring of traditional gender lines around product categories to open their products to a wider market, men increasingly consume products that are traditionally reserved for female consumption (Thompson & Hirschman, 1995). Despite the growing global men’s grooming market, research suggests that men view the consumption of cosmetics as not acceptable ‘masculine’ consumption behavior (Hall, Gough, & Seymour-Smith, 2013). According to Kolbe and Albanese (1996), masculinity is represented in advertising by images of strong and muscular ‘male icons’. In order to protect their masculine identities men reject advertising images that do not reflect these masculine traits (Elliot & Elliot, 2005). However, with advertising literature focusing on a notion of masculinity that is prevalent in Western individualistic cultures, cross-cultural research in this area is extremely limited. Given the cultural relativity of masculinity and attractiveness, images of masculinity and forms of accepted ‘masculine’ consumption behavior are likely to vary across cultures (e.g., Englis, Solomon, & Ashmore, 1994). For instance, the use of cosmetics may be regarded as acceptable ‘masculine’ behavior in South Korea, where young men spend more per-capita on cosmetics than their counterparts anywhere else in the world (Euromonitor, 2015). The aim of this research is to explore representations of masculinity in South Korean cosmetics advertising. We carry out a content analysis of print ads examining i) What types of male images do advertisers use in South Korean cosmetics advertisements?; and ii) What kind of masculinity do male images in South Korean cosmetics ads represent?

Well-developed listening skills are crucial to success in the marketing profession. Poor listening skills have been rated as the most important contributing factor to salesperson failure (Ingram et al., 1992). Listening errors can result in conflicts, missed business opportunities, alienated relationships, and a waste of time and money (Bergeron & Laroche, 2009). Recognizing the importance of effective listening, organizations such as Pfizer, Ford, IBM have introduced listening training programs for all their personnel (Shepherd et al., 1997). A number of definitions exist for “listening” (e.g., Bergeron & Laroche, 2009). From the marketing perspective, this paper adopts a well-accepted listening definition as “the cognitive process of actively sensing, interpreting, evaluating and responding to the verbal and nonverbal messages of present or potential customers” (Castleberry & Shepherd, 1993, p.36). Prior research has underscored the importance of “active listening” strategies such as active empathetic listening (Drollinger et al., 2006; Bodie, 2011); adaptive selling (Spiro & Weitz, 1990); and listening across cultures (Imhof & Janusik, 2006). However, despite its importance, neither marketing students nor professionals receive coaching or instruction for situations when listening is particularly difficult – i.e., when we are required to listen carefully to another person in the presence of hindrances to communication (distractions, inattention, poor delivery). Salespeople, students, journalists, counselors … are often faced with the task of “tough listening” - when they must listen carefully to a person that is not communicating in an interesting or engaging manner, when the environment is full of distractions, or when they as listeners are fatigued. The major hindrances to effective listening have been well documented, but extant research that addresses how people might overcome those hindrances is scant. The purpose of this paper is to explore the range of strategies that people use to improve their comprehension and empathy of others when they wish to listen carefully but find it difficult to do so. The practice of effective listening is perhaps one of the most human and fundamental components of community, commerce, and culture. Several academic disciplines such as marketing, education, communication, and psychology have closely examined the listening process in an effort to understand and improve it.