This study is for the safety display device to the transportation of the road that are installed on the boundary stone. This device includes an upper side that is located and fixed on the boundary stone top, and a side that is fixed on the boundary stone front. Solar cell convert light of solar to electric energy is equipped inside the upper side. the device’s side part is consisted 3 part. the charging unit for charging the electric energy generated from the solar cell to charge the battery, the illuminance sensing unit for detecting the night, and the LED unit for flashing traffic sign in night. furthermore this device can be installed easily on the boundary stone. and it can help driver to aware road and boundary stone by improving visibility in night time.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of size and depth of cavities on the pavement failure using the full-scale accelerated pavement testing. METHODS: A full-scale testbed was constructed by installing the artificial cavities at a depth of 0.3 m and 0.7 m from the pavement surface for accelerated pavement testing. The cavities were made of ice with a dimension of 0.5 m*0.5 m*0.3 m, and the thickness of asphalt and base layer were 0.2 m and 0.3 m, respectively. The ground penetrating radar and endoscope testing were conducted to determine the shape and location of cavities. The falling weight deflectometer testing was also performed on the cavity and intact sections to estimate the difference of structural capacity between the two sections. A wheel loading of 80 kN was applied on the pavement section with a speed of 10 km/h in accelerated pavement testing. The permanent deformation was measured periodically at a given number of repetitions. The correlation between the depth and size of cavities and pavement failure was investigated using the accelerated pavement testing results. RESULTS : It is found from FWD testing that the center deflection of cavity section is 10% greater than that of the intact section, indicating the 25% reduction of modulus in subbase layer due to the occurrence of the cavity. The measured permanent deformation of the intact section is approximately 10 mm at 90,000 load repetitions. However, for a cavity section of 0.7 m depth, a permanent deformation of 30 mm was measured at 90,000 load repetitions, which is three times greater than that of the intact section. At cavity section of 0.3 m, the permanent deformation reached up to approximately 90 mm and an elliptical hole occurred at pavement surface after testing. CONCLUSIONS : This study is aimed at determining the pavement failure mechanism due to the occurrence of cavities under the pavement using accelerated pavement testing. In the future, the accelerated pavement testing will be conducted at a pavement section with different depths and sizes of cavities. Test results will be utilized to establish the criteria of risk in road collapse based on the various conditions.

PURPOSES : Road subsidence occurs owing to road cavities, which cause many social and environmental problems, especially in cities. Recently, road cavities were detected by various ground radars and repair works were carried out against the detected cavities. The condition assessments related to the road cavities are necessary to understand the potential risk of the cavities. Therefore, in this study, a numerical study was performed to assess the various conditions of road cavities. METHODS : The numerical method adopted in this study is the discrete element approach, and it is suitable for analyzing the condition because it can consider the movement of the soil particles in the surrounded cavity areas. In addition, the triaxial test was modeled and performed under various cavity conditions inside the specimens. RESULTS: The conditions of different cavity locations and shapes were analyzed to identify the effect of cavity state. Three general cases of particle size distributions were formulated to identify the effect of surrounding ground conditions. As a result, the degree of decrement and volumetric strain were varied depending on the locations and shapes of the cavity. Only minor changes were observed when the particle size distributions were altered. CONCLUSIONS: The strength reduction was higher when the cavity formed was larger and located in the upper zone. Similar to the cavity shape, strength reduction and volume deformation are more influenced by the width than the length of the cavities. There is an influence from ground conditions such as the particle size distribution, especially on the wide cavity.

PURPOSES: This study identifies the causes and the mechanism of the occurrence of underground cavities. METHODS: A case study on cave-in and a series of model tests with a small soil chamber were conducted. RESULTS: A hypothesis about the mechanism of the cave-in in road was established, and the basic influencing factors on underground cavity expansion were identified. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the characteristics of shear strength of soil and direction of water flow had a larger influence on cavity formation and expansion than the characteristics of internal erosion. In addition, large cavities suddenly expanded when cavities were caused owing to breakage of buried sewer pipe.

경주 중·저준위 방사성폐기물 처분시설의 운영에 따라, 한국원자력연구원(대전)에 임시보관 중인 방사성동위원소폐기물 을 처분시설로 육상운반하였다. 본 연구에서는 방사성동위원소폐기물의 국내육상운반에 따른 작업자 및 일반인에 대한 방 사선 피폭선량을 평가하고 그 결과를 국내 방사선피폭 법적제한치와 비교하였다. 또한 방사성폐기물의 상하차 작업 시 작업 자와 드럼 간 거리 및 방사성핵종 누출율의 변화에 따른 예상피폭선량의 민감도를 분석하였다. 정상 및 사고조건에서의 예 상피폭선량은 국내 법적제한치를 충분히 만족하였음을 확인하였다.

This research focused on Road Bike synchronized with the virtual reality software. To clarify the effectiveness of exercise using a indoor Road Bike synchronized with the virtual reality software in this research, the changes of stress index were observed between synchronized status of Road Bike hardware and virtual reality software and not synchronized status. The virtual reality Road Bike which is synchronized with 3D virtual reality environment and mechanically works the same way with real bike allows a users not only to increase the effectiveness of exercise but also to reduce significantly the boredom compare to traditional indoor bike. The prototype of virtual realty Road Bike has been completed, detailed research will be conducted in the future to increase a user‘s safety and provide a more similar experience with real Road Bike for adapting various industry fields especially in the game industry.

The characteristics of stress distribution and fatigue life have been investigated in the road mower head system using FEM(Finite Element Method). There is high stress distribution around the coupling part with non-uniform load from the irregular road surface. Maximum equivalent stress especially occurs in the fixed plate and the pillar of the head device with maximum deformation at the rotation axis frame of the mower system. Fatigue life tests were also performed with SAE bracket history, SAE transmission, and sample history conditions. SAE bracket history and SAE transmission predicted the possibility of high damage while Sample history showed a stable trend. These results will be applicable in optimal design for various systems equipped with mower head system.

PURPOSES: In this study, we evaluated changes in the retroreflectivity and luminance of phosphorescent road line markings with changes in glass beads and line marking thickness. METHODS : The color of line markings affects their retroreflectivity. Using a chromaticity test, we conducted the analysis of whether phosphorescent road line markings adhered to the「 KS M 6080」standard. Then, we measured the dry retroreflectivity and wet retroreflectivity for various glass bead refractive indices. We conducted wet retroreflectivity test using the EN 1436 standard as the basis. We also conducted luminance tests for different glass bead refractive indices and line marking thicknesses. RESULTS : 1. Phosphorescent road line markings specimens satisfied the 「KS M 6080」standard. 2. In dry retroreflectivity test, phosphorescent road line markings sprayed with glass beads satisfied the national police agency standard (240 mcd/(m2₩Lux)). Wet retroreflectivity test results showed that except for one type of No.1 glass beads, phosphorescent road line markings specimens sprayed with glass beads of one type of No.3 and two types of No.1 satisfied the national police agency standard (100 mcd/(m2₩Lux)). 3. Phosphorescent road line markings had higher retroreflectivity than non-phosphorescent road line markings in the dry condition. 4. Phosphorescent road line markings sprayed with glass beads demonstrated improved luminance. Luminance increased with higher glass bead refractive index and with increased line marking thickness. However, when the thickness crossed a certain threshold, phosphorescence ceased to increase; this is a characteristic of the phosphorescence phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS : Visibility across short distances can be ensured when phosphorescent road line markings are sprayed with glass beads, because of the retroreflection phenomenon. It is also possible to ensure far visibility using phosphorescent road line markings.

PURPOSES: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of pavement management works and to develop a function for estimating the level of service (LOS) and cost of service (COS) for the systematic and quantitative management of pavement performance in the public sector. METHODS: The International Roughness Index (IRI) was used as the performance index for pavement management. Long-term pavement performance data for a period of 7 years (2007-2014) collected by the National Highway Pavement Management System and historical maintenance budget data published by the South Korean government were used to develop the LOS-COS function. Based on the function, a model for estimating the appropriate budget as well as the network conditions was suggested. RESULTS : There was high degree of correlation between pavement performance and the investment level (R = - 0.74). The developed LOS-COS function suggested that the unit cost to improve the network IRI to 1 m/km was 32.6 billion KRW. Further, the maintenance costs normalized with respect to the LOS levels were LOS-A = 88.2 billion KRW, LOS-B = 55.6 billion KRW, and LOS-C = 23.0 billion KRW. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a simple way of developing a LOS-COS function. It also shows how to develop a network budget demand and condition estimation model using the LOS-COS function. In addition, it is the first attempt to evaluate the road maintenance budget in South Korea. It is expected that these results will help in the negotiations between the road managers and budget makers.

PURPOSES: This study evaluates the reliability of the patterns of changes in the road surface temperature during winter using a statistical technique. In addition, a flexible road segmentation method is developed based on the collected road surface temperature data. METHODS: To collect and analyze the data, a thermal mapping system that could be attached to a survey vehicle along with various other sensors was employed. We first selected the test route based on the date and the weather and topographical conditions, since these factors affect the patterns of changes in the road surface temperature. Each route was surveyed a total of 10 times on a round-trip basis at the same times (5 AM to 6 AM). A correlation analysis was performed to identify whether the weather conditions reported for the survey dates were consistent with the actual conditions. In addition, we developed a method for dividing the road into sections based on the consecutive changes in the road surface temperature for use in future applications. Specifically, in this method, the road surface temperature data collected using the thermal mapping system was compared continuously with the average values for the various road sections, and the road was divided into sections based on the temperature. RESULTS : The results showed that the comparison of the reported and actual weather conditions and the standard deviation in the observed road surface temperatures could produce a good indicator of the reliability of the patterns of the changes in the road surface temperature. CONCLUSIONS: This research shows how road surface temperature data can be evaluated using a statistical technique. It also confirms that roads should be segmented based on the changes in the temperature and not using a uniform segmentation method.

본 연구는 경상남도 의령군 궁류면 일대와 지정면 일대의 지역에 2005년부터 2013년까지 9년 동안 연속 적으로 시공한 임도를 대상으로 임도시공 후 경과년수에 따른 절토와 성토 비탈면에 침입하는 식생피복율 과 식물상을 분석하였다. 조사대상 임도의 절토와 성토 비탈면의 평균경사는 14°에서 75°의 범위로서 완 사지, 경사지, 급사지, 절험지 등이었으며, 절토와 성토 비탈면의 토양은 양토와 사양토로 나타났다. 식생 피복도는 조사대상 임도의 성토 비탈면의 평균피복도(71.7%)가 절토 비탈면의 평균피복도(52.3%)보다 높 게 나타났다. 조사대상 임도 절토 비탈면에서의 평균 출현종은 39.1종으로 성토 비탈면에서의 평균출현 종 (35.3종) 보다 높게 나타났다. 조사대상 임도 절토 비탈면에서의 종다양도 지수는 2006년 개설된 임도에 서 1.491로 가장 높았으며, 성토 비탈면에서는 2010년도 개설임도에서 1.402로 종이 가장 다양한 것으로 분석되었다. 균재도(Evenness)는 절토와 성토 비탈면 양쪽모두 임도개설 년수가 오래될수록 비교적 높았 으며, 출현한 식물종은 균일한 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 식물종간의 경쟁에 의해 그 지역의 입지 환경에 가장 적합한 식물들에 의해 식생이 안정화 되어 가고 있는 것을 의미한다.

Recently, China's economy has entered a state of rapid growth from high growth to the growth of the so-called “The New Normal". In such a situation, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeas become the key of project The Chinese Dream. The cultural construction in "The Belt and Road" Initiative is really the key areas. According to this judgment that we say: "The Belt and Road"Initiative contains several important cultural significance. Its main contents are as follows: On the one hand, "The Belt and Road"Initiativeis not only the main spirit inheritance policies of socialist culture in contemporary Chinese, and The Chinese Dream future cultural policy to realize the plan. Second, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeis an important measure to spread China excellent traditional culture, create a good national image. Third, "The Belt and Road"Initiativein the construction of "people connected" is to expand cultural exchanges and strengthen people-to-people exchangesas the key target practice. Fourth, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeof advocacy and practice means to seek spiritual world through trade exchange settlement. This is to achieve the unity of the world "the Chinese Confucian philosophy, advocated "multicultural coexistence", "harmonious but different" pattern of world civilization. In a word, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeis not only an economic strategy, but more important is to promote along the cultural exchanges between the people all over the country. Chinese government is convinced that only relying on the profound Chinese culture, in order to overcome the difficulties "The Belt and Road "Initiative, finally realize the harmonious and win-win old world.

PURPOSES : This study proposes a methodology to collect data necessary for microlevel emission estimation, such as second-by-second speeds and road grades, and to accordingly estimate emissions. METHODS: To ease data collection for microlevel emission estimation, a vehicle equipped with speed- and location-recording instruments as well as equipment for measuring road geometry was used. As a case study, this vehicle and the proposed methodology were used on a 10- km-long highway in Yongin City, Korea. Emissions from the vehicle during driving were estimated in various microscale driving conditions. RESULTS : Differences in the estimated emission under different microscale driving conditions cannot be ignored. Compared with the estimations obtained when second-by-second data were not considered, CO and NOx emissions were more than threefold higher when considering second-by-second speed; similarly, CO and NOx emission estimations were higher by approximately 10% and 3%, respectively, when considering second-by-second road grade. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed method can estimate vehicle emissions under real-world driving conditions in such applications as road design and traffic policy assessments.

Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is a new initiative for international cooperation. It will have a positive impact on the peaceful use of the South China Sea by encouraging a Code of Conduct to Parties in the South China Sea between China and ASEAN members; realizing a breakthrough of jointly developing oil and gas resources in the area; promoting comprehensive cooperation in maritime non-traditional security field; and providing a peaceful external environment for the South China Sea dispute settlement. The South China Sea dispute is a negative challenge to building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. However, the pace building should not be stopped because of it. In the future, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road will be on the international consensus as an international legal regime. Also, it will improve the domestic legal system regarding building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road for China as well as the countries along the Belt and Road, especially the ASEAN members.

이 논문은 셰릴 스트레이드의 『와일드』에 드러나는 어머니에 대한 애도의 과정을 데리다의 열린 주체성 개념과 레비나스의 타자에 대한 책임의식이 우리 의 주체성을 형성한다는 관점에 입각하여 분석하고자 한다. 고인의 죽음이 가져 다준 슬픔을 극복하고 본래의 자아를 되찾는 것이 애도의 성공이라고 본 프로 이드와는 달리, 데리다는 우리의 주체성이 어느 단계에서 완성되는 것이 아니므 로 되찾아야할 주체가 있을 수 없고, 때문에 애도의 과정은 삶이 지속되는 한 계속되어야 할 것이며, 타인에 대한 책임을 완수하면서 끊임없이 새롭게 만들어 져가는 것이라고 본다. 주인공은 어머니의 갑작스런 죽음이 가져다주는 무력감 과 어머니의 죽음을 사전에 막지 못했다는 죄책감으로 어머니가 강조했던 건전 하고 선한 삶에서 일탈한다. 그러나 그녀는 PCT에서의 고된 트레킹을 완수하면 서 어머니의 존재가 자연 속에 거함을 느끼며 죽음이 자신에게 어머니와의 단 절을 가져오지 않았음을 알게 된다. 산 속에서 고독하고 힘겨운 여정을 완수하 면서 어머니에 대한 죄책감을 벗게 되는 그녀는 어머니가 자신에게 묻는 질문 에 답하는 것이 평생의 과업이 될 것임을 느끼며 그것을 감당할 결심으로 여행 을 끝낸다. 그녀의 애도는 어머니의 죽음 이전의 자아를 되찾고 죽은 이와 자신 을 분리시키는 임무가 아니라, 죽은 어머니를 반추하며 앞으로 자신의 삶을 통 해 살아남은 이의 책무를 다하는 끊임없는 과정이다.

The bending exercises of radial tire is one of the most important structural properties of the sidewall relating to ride and road noise of automobiles. The frequency band analysis is more useful for analyzing tire road noise due to property change of tread and sidewall. In this paper, the vertical stiffness and lateral stiffness of tire which have a various tread and sidewall is measured and the road noise is measured about same road condition. Furthermore, we investigated the effect on the structure of the tire tread and sidewall for the sound pressure level.

Buzz, squeak, rattle noise that are referred as BSR have become important part in vehicle's quality because vehicle NVH(noise vibration harshness) reduction technology of main parts like engine and drive-line has made great progress except BSR noise. BSR test is progressed by composing many road excitation power spectrum density(PSD) profiles into a composite PSD profile. Shakers which are input by composite PSD profile make time histories(time-acceleration data) by aggregate of a large number of harmonics related with composite PSD profile in general. But when only composite PSD profile is input to shaker, the time histories from shakers exhibits Gaussian distribution characteristics and can't reflect all road excitation PSD profiles. In this study, we search other studies that try to solve the problems occurring when a shaker is input only PSD profile and analyze time histories resulted from BSR test to check ways of shaker's operation.

PURPOSES: While road networks are becoming increasingly complex, traffic signs are being indiscriminately installed and operated, which makes drivers who depend on traffic signs to reach their destination confused and unable to understand road information efficiently. In order to promptly and exactly guide road users to their destinations, traffic signs should be able to satisfy the functions of connectivity, visibility, and location suitability. However, the results of a site survey shows that most of the traffic signs currently installed in the Jeollanam-do Province do not satisfy these functions. METHODS: This study analyzed the problems of traffic signs after an actual site survey and focused on a total on 9,353 traffic signs and 70 road routes in Jeollanam-do Province. RESULTS : This study analyzed the problems of traffic signs based on their required functions (connectivity, visibility, suitability) and suggested improvements by establishing a guide system that considered the problems found in the study. CONCLUSIONS : The guide system can be utilized as a basic material that provides efficient road information for future installation and maintenance of traffic signs in Jeollanam-do Province.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to validate the design criteria of the concrete modular road system, which is a new semi-bridgetype concept road, through a comparison of numerical analysis results and actual loading test results under static axial loads. METHODS : To design the semi-bridge-type modular road, both the bridge design code and the concrete structural design code were adopted. The standard truck load (KL-510) was applied as the major traffic vehicle for the design loading condition. The dimension of the modular slab was designed in consideration of self-weight, axial load, environmental load, and combined loads, with ultimate limit state coefficients. The ANSYS APDL (2010) program was used for case studies of center and edge loading, and the analysis results were compared with the actual mock-up test results. RESULTS : A full-scale mock-up test was successfully conducted. The maximum longitudinal steel strains were measured as about 35 and 83.5 micro-strain (within elastic range) at center and edge loading locations, respectively, under a 100 kN dual- wheel loading condition by accelerating pavement tester. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the comparison between the numerical analysis and the full-scale test, the maximum converted stress range at the edge location is 32~51% of the required standard flexural strength under the two times over-weight loading condition. In the case of edge loading, the maximum converted stresses from the Westergaard equation, the ANSYS APDL analysis, and the mock-up test are 1.95, 1.7, and 2.3 times of that of the center loading case, respectively. The primary reason for this difference is related to the assumption of the boundary conditions of the vertical connection between the slab module and the crossbeam module. Even though more research is required to fully define the boundary conditions, the proposed design criteria for the concrete modular road finally seems to be reasonable.