Social media marketing offers a vast array of opportunities for fashion brands to engage with their core customers and the broader digital audience. However, they still struggle with the question of which specific strategies can be successfully applied to enhance the effectiveness social media marketing (Rampton, 2014). This study investigates how a luxury brand’ social media brand page satisfaction and brand love are positively related to desired marketing outcomes (i.e., word-of-mouth and loyalty intentions toward the luxury brand). On the basis of Customer Value Theory (Sweeny & Soutar, 2001) and Brand Love Theory (Carroll & Ahuvia, 2006), this study developed and tested a dual impact model encompassing both brand page value (i.e., information, financial, brand interaction, social interaction, and entertainment value) and brand value (i.e., inner self-and social self-expressive value). Usable responses from 290 U.S. consumers following at least one luxury brand on social media were used for data analysis. The results of structural equation modeling showed that information, brand interaction, and entertainment values were positively related to brand page satisfaction while financial and social interaction values were not. In addition, inner self-and social self-expressive brand values were positively related to brand love. In addition, brand page satisfaction was positively related to WOM intentions but was not related to loyalty intentions whereas brand love was positively related to both WOM and loyalty intentions. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that brand page satisfaction fully mediated the influences of information, brand interaction, and entertainment values on WOM intentions. In addition, brand love fully mediated the influences of social self-expressive value on WOM and loyalty intentions. Our study suggests that social media brand pages providing unique value propositions can reap benefits in terms of enhanced brand page satisfaction, highlighting the crucial role of “content excellence” in social media marketing (Holt, 2016). Our findings also show that brand followers tend to love a particular luxury brand when the brand helps express their self and when the symbolic meaning of the brand is integrated into their own self-identity. Thus, one of the roles of social media marketing is in elucidating brand followers how to express their inner states guided by the desire to signal their self-identity not to others but to themselves (Berger & Heath, 2017).

Chinese economic develops fast and have became the second economic entity all around the world. The development of economic pushes the popularize of mobile clients. Accordingly, whenever and wherever the consumers are, they can acquire and share information about productions directly, e-word-of-mouth (eWOM) becomes one of the important part of online marketing. Customers prefer to trust opinion leaders and real users’ feedback rather than the advertisements which are made by companies. The choice preference of information source accelerate the development of social media. The Word of Mouth Marketing Association, have grown rapidly and have advocated for the burgeoning new industry. (Robert V. et al., 2010) Marketers and sociologists have recognized the importance of the phenomenon of word of mouth, for more than half a century, proposing, for example, that WOM affects the majority of all purchase decisions (Brooks 1957; Dichter 1966).They find that the “friend who recommends a tried and trusted product” rather than the “salesman who tries to get rid of merchandise” (Dichter 1966, p. 165). Marketing scholars has evolved from a transaction orientation to one based on relationships (Vargo and Lusch 2004) Consumers are regarded as active coproducers of value and meaning, whose WOM use of marketing communications can be idiosyncratic, creative, and even resistant (Brown, Kozinets, and Sherry 2003; Kozinets 2001; Muñiz and Schau 2005; Thompson and Sinha 2008) Therefore, when the behavior is on/off, impact measured as probability of purchase can differ substantially from impact measured as attitude change (Robert East 2015). This study will select significant respondents from Chinese social media users as sample. The WOM communication is send information to marketers from the market-based message interaction community ,gathering consumers with same interests. In this study, not only structural equation modeling (SEM) will be used to test research model. But also using the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) and SPSS, the first method attempts to find a new configuration to verify the finding and the SPSS can be used to make reliability analysis and validity analysis. WOM of the research model will also be tested by fsQCA and SPSS to obtain the conclusion about what extent do two communication ways influence consumers’ purchase preference. We want to explore different results between opinion leaders and the real users in different communication ways. Based on the results we will give some implication to both marketing scholars and practitioners.

Social media are increasingly becoming a strategic vehicle of modern companies’ way of communicating and interacting with consumers. Actually, social media marketing (SMM) has recently emerged as an effective two-way communication channel able to provide the sharing and exchange of information, ideas, and user-generated content in virtual environments. This is especially true for fashion brands, which are progressively creating interactive platforms such as online brand communities in order to enhance their consumer-based brand equity (CBE), interpreted as the consumers’ assessment of a company brand image, identity, and value. Scholars have widely analyzed the relationship between a company’s SMM and brand equity, thus finding a direct positive impact of the five main constructs depicting perceived SMM activities, namely entertainment, interaction, trendiness, customization, and word of mouth, on CBE. Despite this relevant scholarly interest, the consumer behavioral responses linking a company perceived SMM activities and CBE have been largely neglected. Actually, consumers’ benefits from virtual environments and online brand experience may represent significant elements marketing strategists should focus on in order to enhance a company’s brand equity. Building on the uses and gratifications theory and experiential marketing, we develop a conceptual model that unpacks such linkages, by relating SMM activities, perceived benefits of using social media, online brand experience, and CBE. Specifically, we interpret SMM activities as significant brand-related stimuli able to influence consumers’ cognitive, social interactive, personal interactive, and hedonic benefits, which in turn influence consumers’ sensory, affective, behavioral, and intellectual online experience. Moreover, we investigate the experiential responses of consumers that mostly affect a company’s brand equity, which finally impacts on consumers’ purchase intention of the fashion brand. The model is validated using structural equation modeling (SEM) on a sample of real users of online brand communities operating in the fashion industry. Our sample is composed of Millennials, which currently represent the most influential grown-digital generation of consumers. Overall, our findings shed light on consumers’ online behavioral and experiential responses to a company’s perceived SMM activities, thus proposing strategic implications for the management of brand online communities and suggesting interesting possibilities of future research on social media and fashion consumers.

This research examines how advertising message effectiveness differs depending on media types that provide fashion information among teenagers. Employing cloth consumption value and ‘fitness’ of fashion style, young people’s attitudes toward advertising and brand of fashion product were analyzed. Theoretical contribution and practical implication for fashion industry are discussed. Introduction Teenagers are an important consumer group in the clothing market, and the market size is expanding. They are more likely to absorb new information and respond to social influences, compared to other age groups. Thus, it is expected that teenagers are greatly influenced by the fashion information gained when making a purchase decision. In adolescence, the peer group is especially influential, as well as the media. Therefore, it is possible that their use of information source will differ from other groups. The most popular medium for Korean teenagers in recent years is social media. A Social Network Service (SNS) is a web-based service that allows individuals to build social relationships, providing a place for users to exchange information and opinions by providing a platform for communication (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). As development of mobile Internet technology, smart phone or tablet PC is commonly used in Korea and SNS becomes vital way for communication for young people. Most of teenagers are using SNS daily and exchanging their opinion each other. Recently, it attracts increasing attention for marketers to deliver advertising messages as a new marketing tool. Fashion companies widely employ SNS in their marketing activities to enhance brand images, retain customers (Cho & Park, 2012). SNS serves as a platform for “many-to-many” interactive communication, unlike traditional mass media for ‘one-to-many’ communication. Unlike traditional media, SNS has a wider influence on participants. Therefore, exactly the same message could be differently functioned by the advertising delivering system. This study seeks to look at how message effectiveness differs depending on the type of media that provides fashion information. As mentioned earlier, social media has distinct characteristics from the traditional mass media. Thus, even when it is the same advertising information, its impact on the consumer can vary when transmitted through the mass media and through social media. In addition, social media is a collection of various social platforms that share specific properties rather than a single media. Thus, depending on the type of social media, the same ad information can also be expected to elicit differing responses from consumers. In this study, female youth were studied as subjects of research. The survey method was utilized. This will allow us to explore the impact of various media on female youth's response on fashion advertisement. Understanding the sources of information important in youth will help develop effective clothing products marketing. The use of clothing sources varies depending on the group. Therefore, each vendor is expected to establish effective marketing methods through research on the use of the clothing information sources of the target audience. Theoretical Background Type of Media In this study, type of advertising media was mainly categorized as follows: Social Network Service (SNS) and mass media. More specifically, SNS was reassigned into three by characteristics of service such as network-type, share-type, and blog-type (Chung & Lee, 2015). Overall, four types of media were analyzed in this study and each service was represented by Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and magazine ad in the order named. Social Desirability and SNS Along the development of Internet based technology (IT), ways of advertising placement became diverse and moved focus on IT based service including SNS. Especially for young people, fashion industries are willing to catch their eyes on SNS. By the nature, young SNS users are eager to search, blog, and share what they have earned on SNS for various reasons. Sharing fashion information is very important for young female. Their expressions on SNS mean what they are; what I eat, wear and so on. A fellow feeling, so called ‘we-ness’, is extremely essential for Korean young people. Looking alike does not only share collectivistic spirits, but also makes feel not fall behind the trendy style. Using SNS is one of the best ways of confirming their fellow feeling and at the same time it reduces peer pressure. From the domain of fashion marketing, research on communication had been mostly focused on mass media, and research on SNS communication, sharing of consumption information among consumers had been insufficient (Jun & Park, 2013). Fashion companies are recently trying to utilize SNS as a new alternative to have efficient effects with little costs. The SNS communication effect plays a large role in the consumption of consumers and analyzes the influence of SNS on the responses of the customers. SNS has the characteristic in which recommendations of friends or reliable acquaintances based on trust are important (Jung & Cho, 2016). Fashion Information Source and Clothing Consumption Value Consumers’ choice of clothing is based on the information gained. Information provided by the media or other people's clothing is the main source of decision making. In this case, the media and the surrounding people will become sources of desirable fashion style. Earlier, Cox(1967) classified the type of information sources as marketer-driven sources, consumer-driven sources, and neutral sources. Several scholars classified information sources as personal and non-personal sources, and direct observations and experiences (Andreasen 1968, Sproles 1979). Park and Yoo(2000) classified consumers according to fashion lifestyles and analyzed the sources of information that each group utilized. Each group tended to use different types of fashion information sources. Fashion-following group and personality-oriented group utilized more media and personal information, such as print media and television, compared to pragmatism group and conformity group. Personality-oriented group tends to use more direct observation than other groups. Conformity group showed the least use of mass media, purchase experience, observation, and interpersonal information source. This result shows that the types and degree of information used varies depending on the consumer’s fashion lifestyle. Research has found that clothing consumption value is one of the major variables which affect consumer’s use of information source. Among several classifications of consumption values, Sheth’s model is the most utilized model in Korea fashion academia (Han and Kim, 2002). Sheth et al. (1991) classified consumption values into functional value, social value, emotional value, epistemic values, and conditional value. Han and Kim (2002) classified consumer groups into 4 groups utilizing Sheth’s classification: the Conspicuous, the Epistemic, the Social/Conformitive, and the Indifferent. There were significant different among the four groups in information search process. The Conspicuous and the Epistemic more tend to search carefully the clothes inside the store or in the show window than other groups. The two group members answered that they make a decision based on my own tastes than the other groups. Research Questions and Hypotheses Based on the earlier discussion, we propose following research question and hypotheses. Research Question 1: Would advertising message’s effect on young people’s attitudes toward advertising and brand of fashion product be different, depending on their consumption value of clothing? Hypothesis 1-1: Consumers in different consumption values groups will show different response to the same advertising message delivered through different channels. Specifically, social conformity group are more likely to show positive attitude toward advertising and brand presented on network-type SNS than advertising and brand presented on other platforms. Hypothesis 1-2: The Expressive is more likely to show positive attitude toward advertising and brand presented on magazine than other groups are. Research Question 2: Would advertising message’s effect on young people’s attitudes toward advertising and brand of fashion product be different, depending on their age group? Hypotheses 2-1: Young women will have better responses to SNS-based ads than magazine ads to older women. Research Question 3: Would advertising message’s effect on young people’s attitudes toward advertising and brand of fashion product be different, depending on their perception of ‘fitness’ of their desired fashion style? Hypotheses 3-1: When they perceive the presented style on the ad does not fit to their desired fashion style, network-type SNS is more likely to get positive attitude from the social conformity group than from the other groups. Methodology This present study aims to investigate the effects of advertising message by operating delivering system on consumers’ attitude toward fashion advertising and purchase intentions. This research employed a 4 (consumption value of clothing: expressive, practical, unique, social/conformity) X 4 (Advertising media type: network-type SNS, share-type SNS, blog-type SNS, and magazine) X 2 (fashion style fitness: fit/not fit) between subjects factorial design. The survey was conducted on 200 more young females, aged 16 to 24. Main Discussion Points This study aims to investigate how a fashion product ad works depending on the type of media on which the fashion advertising presents. To do this, authors will compare the advertising effectiveness among magazine ad, Facebook (Network type SNS), Instagram (Share type SNS), and Twitter(blog type SNS). First of all, we are going to examine how each advertising medium works depending on consumer’s consumption values, their age, and the perception of fitness of their desired fashion style. Based on the results, the theoretical contribution and practical implication will be discussed. This discussion will provide us deeper understanding on how fashion industry utilizes advertising media when female youth is a major target group

“Today I was persuaded to spend more than $200 on a lotion in Barneys. The price difference (between online and store) is $75. However, the store salesman told me that it is only few dollars way! I felt humiliated by the upscale society.” Lawrence, a 22 years old male Chinese who is an international undergraduate student studying marketing in a public U.S. university, posted the above status on his WeChat moments. With its fast growing economy and huge population, China has become one of the most lucrative markets for luxury brands (Zhan and He 2012). In fact, China has surpassed Japan and become the No.1 luxury products’ spender in the world, accounting more than one-quarter of the global luxury brand expenditure (Yousuf 2012). According to Bian & Company’s study (2016), $ 17.6 billion were spent on Chinese luxury market in 2015. In the past, the core Chinese luxury consumers are female middle-class and up-class consumers (Zhan and He 2012). In recent years, the faces of Chinese luxury consumers have gradually changed: more and more Chinese luxury goods buyers are males, and they actually spend more money on average than women do (Chen, 2016). In addition, the Chinese culture is different from the Western culture (Li, Li and Kambelle 2012). Accordingly, Chinese luxury consumption follows its own patterns and trends, which may not always resemble those of the Western world (Li, Li and Kambelle 2012). Previous studies have revealed unique characteristics of Chinese luxury consumers, in terms of motivations, for example, Mianzi (prestigious face) (Li and Su 2007; Wang and Ahuvia 1998), subcultures (Wang, Sun and Song 2011), public meaning (Wang, Sun and Song 2011), gift giving (Li and Su 2007), and reference groups (Li and Su 2007). All of those studies emphasized the cultural and social dimensions of luxury brands’ consumption. Given these distinctive characteristics of the Chinese market, Western luxury brands have made use of all possible communication methods to connect with Chinese consumers. One of the seemingly promising channels is the Internet. The Internet breaks down geographical and temporal boundaries (Kozinets 1999), and enables Western luxury brands to connect with overseas markets. Among all the digital advertising tools, social media have become increasingly important in the Chinese market (Kim and Ko 2012). In 2015 alone, there were 574 million active mobile social media users in China (Kemp 2015). Due to the large number of social media users, Western luxury brands, like Burberry (Phan, Thomas, and Heine 2011), have started practicing social media advertising (Okonkwo 2009). Accordingly, several challenges emerge. With the rising popularity of social media, Chinese consumers increasingly demand Western luxury brands’ social presence online. Looking at the bright side, social media allows Western luxury brands to show a desirable brand image (Okonkwo 2009; Tynan, McKechnie, and Chhoun 2010) and maintain customer relationship (Kim and Ko 2012). However, concerns about negative consumer comments and their potential impact on brand images (Britten 2013; Macnamara and Zerfass 2012; Singer 2014) loom large. Thus, it remains a question whether and to what extent Western luxury brands embrace the interactive media. Moreover, it is unclear how Chinese consumers perceive their social media advertising effort. In particular, how Chinese young males, the new market segment, interpret luxury brands’ social media advertising presence is an untapped research field. Thus, the purpose of this study is to fill the research gap by exploring how Chinese young male consumers understand and interpret luxury brands’ social media advertising. Given the exploratory nature of the study, a qualitative research approach is adopted (Creswell 2013).

Despite its innovative and avant-garde reputation, the luxury industry initially began showing a very low commitment to new online marketing tools and it held a conservative approach to selling when compared to other sectors. Nowadays, the context has dramatically changed and luxury brands are approaching with an increasing interest social networks as well as the online selling. This research aims to clarify the current strategic approaches of the players in the different luxury markets towards the social commerce phenomenon, from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The purpose is to test a framework that can be used to classify luxury companies’ strategies regarding social media adoptions based on actual theories on social media. Four strategies related to the social media adoption by luxury brands have been identified: the Social brand ambassadors strategy class (low promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use social media for entertainment and user engagement; the Social showcases strategy (high promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use their social accounts as online catalogues; the Social infotainers strategy (low promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that scored high in social commerce, mainly because of the provision of informative content and brand–consumer interactions, but they were linked to more entertainment-oriented actions rather than product-related ones. Finally, the Social sellers strategy (high promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that have integrated social commerce into their online strategies and have subsequently exploited the potential of social media to drive online and offline sales. The database is built using original data from a content analysis of 100 luxury brands’ postings on five different social media platforms – namely Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest. The total final sample included 12,132 Facebook posts, 21,216 tweets on Twitter, 1,105 YouTube videos, 10,138 Instagram pictures/videos, and 117,359 Pinterest pictures. The main findings are the following: luxury brands adopt at this stage the Social brand ambassadors and Social showcases approaches; brands belonging to the perfumery, cosmetics, jewelry and watches markets show a more developed attitude towards the social commerce; in other luxury markets, such as wine and spirits, brands still adopt a Social Brand Ambassador strategy, while managers should increase the promotional content in order develop the social commerce. The Fashion & Accessories brands show a positive relationship between the percentage of promotional content and social commerce score. This means that social commerce adoptions depend on the single brand’s strategic choices, ranging from low adoption to best practices. In general, social commerce is still not widespread; many luxury fashion brands, while presenting new collections during fashion weeks, focused on fashion shows, backstage events, and celebrities, rather than really promoting the new product lines with materials, availability, and purchasing indications. This social media approach is mainly focused on increasing brand awareness rather than increasing social commerce. If managers aim at increasing social commerce they should add direct call to action and link the contents to e-commerce market place. Automotive brands are concentrated in the Social showcases area; This sector encounters natural limitations in the introduction of social commerce due to the difficulty of selling products through the digital channel; many brands have, however, devised strategies to approach their users during the purchasing process prior to the actual transaction to take advantage of the increasing ROPO phenomenon. Conversely, the Perfumes & Cosmetics sector shows a highly fragmented approach to social commerce. The content analysis based on single post contents has shown that actually the contents are based on pictures of the products, or the brand, information on events, and a large and increasing presence of video posts based storytelling about the history of the product and the brand heritage; the most social commerce oriented posts are picture or video focused on the product. The commercial contents that aim at developing the see now, buy now approach are mainly based on video shows.

디지털 매체의 사용이 확산되면서 이러한 매체의 최대 사용자인 청소년들이 유해매체물에 노 출되는 빈도도 급증하고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 현행 청소년 유해매체물 규제 제도에 대해 유해매체물 심의 기준을 중심으로 비판적으로 검토하였다. 현행 청소년유해매체물 심의 기 준에 의하면, 음란한 자태를 지나치게 묘사한 것, 성행위에 대해 그 방법 등을 지나치게 묘사한 것, 청소년 대상으로 성행위를 조장하는 등 성 윤리를 왜곡시키는 내용 등을 담은 매체들은 청소 년에게 유해한 매체물로 규제하고 있다. 그러나, 규제되지 않은 매체물도 많으며 또는 이와 유사 한 매체물들은 디지털 매체를 통해 여전히 활발하게 전파되고 있다. 나아가 때로는 동법에서 보 호하는 청소년이 이러한 매체물들을 직접 생산⋅전파하는 역할을 하는 경우가 빈번한 현상을 볼 때, 보다 실질적인 규제 방안이 필요하다고 할 것이다. 그 방안으로서, 청소년 유해성의 개념을 명확히 설정할 필요가 있으며, 청소년의 인권을 존중하는 범위 내에서 청소년의 보호가 어떠한 의미인지에 대해 현 시대에 적합하게 정립할 필요가 있다고 하였다. 또한 법적인 규제와 자율 규제를 조화롭게 운영하여 보다 실효성있는 규제 체계를 정립할 필요성을 제안하였다. 그리고 이 모든 것은 보다 명확한 심의 기준을 바탕으로 달성될 수 있다는 점을 강조하였다.

본고는 1972년 미국 닉슨 대통령의 중국방문을 다룬 존 아담스(John Adams)의 오페라 《닉슨 인 차이나》(Nixon in China)를 미디어적 관점에서 분석한 연구이다. 《닉슨 인 차이나》는 동시 대 사건을 다룬 뉴스를 오페라 무대 위에서 재현했다는 점 때문에 세간의 주목을 끌었다. 그러나 미디어와의 이러한 표면적 연관성은 오히려 작품이 가진 보다 본질적이고 심층적인 미디어와의 연 관성에 대해서는 간과하도록 만들었다. 본 연구는 이러한 점에 착안하여 《닉슨 인 차이나》를 미 디어이론의 틀에서 접근한 새로운 해석을 시도하였다. 즉 본 작품의 내용과 형식에서 모두 미디어 적 속성이 반영되고 있으며 이를 통해 미디어가 현실에 영향력을 끼치는 모습을 작품 속에서 드러 내고 있음을 밝히고자 하였다. 미디어와의 다층적인 연관성이 《닉슨 인 차이나》의 리브레토, 음악, 연출에서 어떻게 나타나는 지 분석하여 현대사회 속 미디어의 모습을 반영하는 오페라로서의 본 작품을 고찰하였다. 분석의 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 작품의 내용은 닉슨의 중국방문이 아니라, ‘미디어에 비친’ 닉슨의 중국방문이라는 점을 핵심으로 한다. 등장인물들은 TV를 시종일관 인식하고 있으며 이에 따라 대조적인 모습을 보여주어 현대인의 삶과 미디어의 연관성을 포착한다. 둘째, 내용을 담는 작품의 형식을 보면, 뉴스나 쇼 등 구체적인 텔레비전 프로그램의 모방이 나타날 뿐 아니라 패스티시와 플로우 등 텔레비전이 취하는 전형적 구성형식을 취하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 특성은 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서의 파편적 극 구성과 음악구성, 긴장과 이완의 호흡을 고려하여 시종일관 관객의 시선을 놓치지 않도록 하는 배열 등에서 나타난다. 셋째, 내용과 형식을 통해 드러나는 작품의 주제는 미디어적 현실에 대한 비판적 반성으로 볼 수 있다. 이에 사로잡힌 현대인의 모습을 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서는 정신분열증과 노 스탤지어를 통해서 포착한다. 통전적인 인식을 방해하는 미디어의 영향력은 분열된 자기의식, 기표 의 언어유희인 정신분열증을 통해 나타난다. 노스탤지어는 현실도피를 위한 상품화된 가상인데 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서는 노스탤지어 속에서도 이미 자리 잡고 있는 미디어의 모습을 통해 그 무 한 소급적 위력을 드러낸다. 미디어의 막강한 영향력은 하이퍼리얼리티의 생산에서 절정을 이룬다. 이는 현실보다 더 현실 같은 가상과 원본 없는 이미지의 유통을 의미하며 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서 는 극중극 장면에서 첨예하게 나타난다. ‘낯설게하기’는 이러한 주제를 구현하기 위한 효과적 극적 장치로 사용되어 미디어의 영향력에 대한 객관적 거리를 확보하게 한다. 이러한 분석을 근거로, 《닉슨 인 차이나》는 현대사회 속 미디어의 모습을 매개(mediate)하는 역할을 하는 오페라로서 독해가능하며 바로 이 점이 《닉슨 인 차이나》가 지닌 동시대적 오페라로 서의 진정한 지위와 가치를 보장해 주는 것이라고 할 수 있다.

This study investigated the effect of Charcoal:Dextran Stripped fetal bovine serum (CDS FBS) and heat-inactivated FBS (HI FBS) in embryo culture medium on their ability to support in vitro development of bovine embryos. The developmental ability and quality of bovine embryos were determined by assessing their cell number, lipid content, mitochondrial activity, gene expression, and cryo-tolerance. The percentages of embryos that underwent cleavage and formed a blastocyst were significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium containing CDS FBS than in medium containing HI FBS (42.84 ± 0.78% vs. 36.85 ± 0.89%, respectively). Furthermore, the beneficial effects of CDS FBS on embryos were associated with a significantly reduced intracellular lipid content, as identified by Nile red staining, which increased their cryo-tolerance. The post-thaw survival rate of blastocysts was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the CDS FBS than in the HI FBS group (85.33 ± 4.84% vs. 68.67 ± 1.20%). Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the mRNA levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3, acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase long-chain, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor were significantly increased upon culture with CDS FBS. Moreover, the mRNA levels of sirtuin 1, superoxide dismutase 2, and anti-apoptotic associated gene B-cell lymphoma 2 in frozen-thawed blastocysts were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the CDS FBS group than in the HI FBS group, however, the mRNA level of the pro-apoptotic gene BCL2-associated X protein was significantly reduced. Taken together, these data suggest that supplementation of medium with CDS FBS improves in vitro bovine embryo developmental competence and cryo-tolerance.

The purpose of this research was to identify how students used social media during their experience with study abroad programs that focus on social and environmental sustainability. Key research questions included: Did students and program faculty directors perceive social media as beneficial or challenging to program goal? How did social media contribute to the overall learning process? How can this knowledge inform the design and implementation of future study abroad experiences? Surveys were conducted with students participating in three study abroad programs in three countries with varying levels of internet access. We found that most students used social media as a familiar support system to help acclimate to a foreign land, through the formation of cohesive peer groups and establishment of communication channels with family and friends. However, both students and program directors acknowledged the challenges of social media dependency. We conclude that judicious use of social media, when coupled with conscious immersion into the local environment and culture can enhance study abroad programs; and offer suggestions for future program planning.

토마토를 저면관비 방법으로 육묘할 때 유묘 생장과 상토 무기원소 농도 변화에 적합한 추비의 종류 및 농도를 구명하기 위해 본 실험을 수행하였다. 육묘용 2종류의 동절기 혼합상토 피트모스 0-6mm(PM06)+perlite 1- 2mm(PE2)(7:3, v/v)와 피트모스 5-15mm(PM515)+PE2(7:3, v/v)를 72공 플러그 트레이에 각각 충전하고 토마토 ‘도태 랑다이아’ 종자를 파종하여 발아시킨 후 생장상에서 35 일간 육묘하였다. 자엽형성기에 추비를 시작하였고 13- 2-13, 15-0-15, 20-9-20(N-P2O5-K2O) 복합비료를 순서대로 처리하였다. 추비시 생육 단계별로 25mg·L-1의 농도 차(N 기준)를 둔 3종류의 Program을 두어 시비하였으며, 플러그 트레이의 수분이 포화 기준으로 40-50%로 감소 하였을 때 저면관비하였다. 파종 후 1, 2, 4 및 5주째 혼합상토를 상부, 중간, 하부로 3등분하여 포화추출한 후 추출용액의 pH, EC 및 무기이온 농도를 분석하고, 5주 후에 유묘생장을 조사하였다. 육묘 기간 중 상토의 pH는 PM06+PE2가 PM515+PE2 보다 높았으며, 하부와 중간이 상부보다 높은 경향이었다. EC는 PM06+PE2가 PM515+PE2보다 높았으며 평균적으로 상부가 하부보다 2배 이상 높았다. NH4-N과 K+ 농도는 2종류 혼합상토의 모든 시비 Program에서 육묘 후 5주까지 높아졌으며, PM06+PE2의 추비 프로그램 3에서 가장 높았다. NO3-N 농도는 PM06+PE2에서 육묘기간 동안 높아졌고 추비 농도가 높을수록 그러한 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 지상부 생 체중을 비롯한 유묘의 생장은 PM06+PE2의 추비 Program 2에서 가장 우수하였다. 따라서 2종류 혼합상토 를 이용한 공정육묘시 13-2-13, 15-0-15 및 20-9-20을 순서대로, 질소 기준 25mg·L-1에서 125mg·L-1까지 육묘 기에 따라 점차적으로 높여 추비하는 방법이 적합하다고 판단하였다.

When digital media and images are combined, their significant sociocultural impacts can be exercised. Therefore, this study analyzes digital images shown in such trends of digital media compared to the digital fashion from an aesthetic perspective. Research and empirical studies are focused upon to analyze the aesthetic characteristics of digital fashion. Digital Fashion comprehensively refers to fashion design using computers and software, and is considered as “Fashion Design utilizing Digital Technologies” including computer software and hardware perspectives, so that it may be renamed “Digital Fashion.” The esthetic characteristics shown in the Digital Fashion defined above are analyzed according to how media philosophers conceptualize the digital image. First, from the perspective of creation, Digital Fashion Images are technical images produced by computers. Uncanny characteristics expressed through virtual images look more realistic than the actual ones used in experimental works of fashion designers. Such virtuality dynamically expresses various colors and fabric patterns through lights using digital technologies that do not yet exist in cloth form, rather in a non-material form of dynamic virtual imagery. Digital fashion images on monitors express digital fashion designs by shaping virtual images through 3D printing. Second, Digital Fashion Images from the perspective of acceptance are created through deconstruction, while fashion has only been previous viewed visually, Digital Fashion delivers immersions of visual touches as if directly experienced for accepters. Digital Fashion will continuously develop and become more influential as it converges with digital media.

The efficacy of the natural amendments in improving physical condition as well as waterretention characteristics of the growing media in pot culture was studied on seven different mixratio of growing media applied to soil. Growing media was prepared from peat, perlite, pruningwaste, pulp(3:1:3:3(w/w/w/w)). Growth substrates were prepared by mixing growing media at therates of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% with soil at 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%,50% and 0%, respectively. The bulk density tended to decreased with increasing growing mediaproportions. The particle density was lowest(0.6 g/cm3) in sole growing media treatment and theporosity of all the soil mixed growing media(63.2~83.3%) was significantly higher than that ofthe soil as sole medium(60.7%). The water content was lowest in sole soil treatment(5.1%) andgrowing media as sole medium(57.8%) was the closely ideal range for pot culture(>60%). Although substrates were varying water to the atmosphere at similar rates which retained waterfor longer, growing media as sole still remain constant on high water content. It was confirmedthat strongly correlated between bulk density and water retentivity(correlation-0.85).

This research is aimed at developing Web-Based Instructional Media in the Indonesian senior high school writing class. The Dick and Carey Model (2009) was employed as the development model. The steps began with identifying instructional goals, conducting instructional analysis, analyzing learners and contexs, writing the performance objectives, developing assessment instruments and instructional strategies, developing and selecting instructional materials, designing and conducting formative evaluation of instruction, revising, and finally designing and conducting summative evaluation. The overall results identified that the Educational Technology Expert validation reached 94.62%, the Media Expert reached 99.04%, and the Matter Expert reached 85.00%. These results proved that the use of Web-Based Instructional Media significantly improved the students’ writing skills. The small group trial demonstrated 78.38%, while the field trial 82.79%; these showed that the Web-Based Instructional Media could be implemented both in the small group and the field trial. In conclusion, the results of the expert validation and the field trials stated that the web-based instructional media is highly appropriate use in improving Bahasa Indonesian students writing skills.

Supplemental substrates for mushroom cultivation media are potent sources for fungal contamination of indoor environment in cultivation houses. The present study was performed to investigate the presence of harmful fungi in the supplemental materials (beet pulp, cotton seed meal, kapok meal, peat moss, wheat straw) imported from China, Egypt, Germany, Indonesia and Pakistan. Fungal concentration in the supplemental materials ranged from 1.3×102 to 1.8×103 cfu/g. A total of 11 genera and 21 species were identified. Two genera and two species were found in Germany peat moss. In Pakistan wheat straw, three genera and four species were detected. In Egypt beet pulp and China cotton seed meal, four genera and five species and seven genera and ten species were shown, respectively. Among the identified fungi, Acremonium sp., Aspergillus chevalieri, Cryptococcus adeliensis, Eurotium amstelodami, Paecilomyces variotii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were known as human pathogens. This study provided evidence that pathogenic yeast and filamentous fungi are present in imported agricultural byproduct materials for mushroom cultivation.

본 논문은 칠레 출신의 개념미술가 알프레도 하르의 1980년대와 1990년대 언론지 차용 작업에서 나타나는 미디어 비판적 시각에 대한 연구이다. 본래 하르는 다큐멘터리 사진을 이용한 설치작품으로 뉴욕 미술계의 주목을 받기 시작했다. 그렇기 때문에 주로 미술사에서는 그를 다큐멘터리 사진작가로 분류하여 사건의 기록적인 측면에서 연구해 왔다. 하지만 그는 자신의 다큐멘터리 사진 작업이 미디어에 대한 비판적 시각 아래 제 작했다고 언급한 바 있다. 따라서 그러한 시각이 직접적으로 드러나는 언론지 차용 작 업을 연구하는 것은 작가의 작품전반에 대한 폭넓은 이해를 제공할 것이다. 하르의 1980년대 언론지 차용 작업은 칠레 쿠데타의 미국 개입의혹과 미국의 자유 주의 사상 이면에 만연하는 불평등을 중심으로 이루어졌음을 발견할 수 있다. 그는 언 론지의 표지나 광고, 혹은 보도사진을 병치해 미디어에 내포된 이데올로기를 지우고 자 신의 의도대로 의미를 전환시켜 미디어를 순수한 사회적 기록물로 볼 수 있는가에 대한 문제를 제기한다. 또한, 그의 1990년대 언론지 작업은 제 3세계에서 일어난 정치적 사건 에 대한 서구 미디어의 태도에 초점이 맞춰져 있다. 그는 사건이 발생한 기간 동안 발행 된 언론지의 표지를 나열해 미디어가 인종차별적 아래 해당 사건을 주요 뉴스에서 배제 시켰음을 폭로한다. 이를 통해 사건의 직접적 가해자뿐만 아니라 미디어의 방관적 태도 역시 사건에 대한 책임이 있음을 시사한다. 이렇듯 그의 1980-1990년대 언론지 차용 작 업은 일상 속에서 정보를 제공하거나 소비를 유도하기 위한 언론지의 기사 텍스트나 이 미지 혹은 광고에 변형을 가하지 않고 단순히 병치시킴으로써 기존에 미디어가 내포했 던 의미와 작가가 전환시킨 의미를 관람자가 비교하고 깨닫게끔 유도했다고 볼 수 있 다. 이러한 점에서 그의 작업은 주류 미디어를 역으로 이용한 대항(counter) 미디어로서 의 성격을 갖는다고 볼 수 있다. 그의 언론지 차용 작업은 미국뿐만 아니라 현재 대한민국에서도 활발히 논의 중인 우파와 좌파간의 첨예한 대립, 사회적 평등에 대한 시각, 제 3세계 주변국 사람들을 바 라보는 차별적 시선 등과 같은 정치적 사안과 연결된다. 이러한 점에서 볼 때 하르의 1980-1990년대 언론지 차용 작업은 여전히 동시대적 성격을 갖는다고 볼 수 있다.

인상학은 몸의 물질적 표면에서 내면의 정신성을 파악하려는 지식 구성물이다. 얼굴 이미지로 부터 성격유형론을 추론하려는 인상학 담론은 근대 신경과학에 의해 물질성 담론으로 번역된다. 이 과정에서 측정과 기록을 위한 의학 기계와 미디어 기계의 기입 방식이 자각된다. 벨라 발라즈와 발 터 벤야민은 기계에 의한 사물세계의 인상학적 구성을 해명한다. 사물의 인상학에서 기계의 작동은 하나의 표현으로 옮겨진다. 이러한 현상은 인간, 사물, 기계가 혼종된 미학의 가능성을 보여준다.