도마도 과실의 감압저장에 관한 연구의 일환으로 도마도 과실의 추숙, 노화 현상을 효소적인 면에서 관찰하고자, 퍼옥시다제의 활성 변화, 동위효소의 유무, 그리고, 이에 따른 과실내의 저장물질의 변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 도마도 퍼옥시다제의 활성은 가용성구분, 세포벽구분, 미토콘드리아구분, 리보조옴구분의 순으로 강하게 나타났으며, 그 중 가용성과 세포벽구분의 활성이 95% 이상을 차지하고 있었다. 도마도의 추숙, 노화에 따라 퍼옥시다제의 활성은 감소하였으며 상온저장()에 비해, 저온저장()이 전반적으로 활성이 높았으며, 그 감소 경향은 유사하였다. 상압에 비해 감압구의 활성이 높았으며, 감압구 중에서도 380Torr.구가 570Torr.구에 비해 높은 활성을 보였다. 저장중 가용성(soluble), 가용화성(Solubilized), 퍼옥시다제의 전기영동 패턴(electrophoresis pattern)의 변화를 관찰한 바 3 - 4 종의 동위효소(isoenzyme)가 관찰되었으며 저장중 전기영동상의 변화가 인정되었다. 감압에 따른 저장중 일반성분의 변화는, 저온구와 상온구에 있어서, 온도에 의한 영향이 전반적으로 많이 나타나서 상온구 보다 저온구가 저장효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났고, 압력에 의한 영향도 다소간 나타내어 570Torr.구보다 380Torr.구의 저장 효과가 좋았으며, 이상의 두가지 사실을 종합해 볼때, 저온 380Torr.구가 저장효과가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 가용성 퍼옥시다제는 밴드B가 저장초기에 있었으나 저장 6일 경에 소실되었으며 밴드A는 가용화시킨 퍼옥시다제의 경우와 거의 같은 경향이었으며, 밴드는 저장시일이 경과할수록 전반적으로 약간 모여드는 경향이었다.

당근혹선충의 피해 정도와 경제적 피해 수준을 결정하고자 폿트 시험으로 실시한 결과 선충 접종 8주후까지는 고추, 토마토 모두 생육에 차이가 없었으나 12주 이후 주당 10,000마리 이상 접종구에서는 현저하게 떨어졌고 저밀도 접종일 때 생장 촉진 효과는 작물에 따라 차이가 있었다. 선충 접종 밀도와 고추, 토마토 수량과의 관계는 주당 7,500마리 이하 접종에서는 무처리와 차이가 없었으나 10,000마리 이상에서는 고추 , 토마토 이상 감수되었다.

Phenylmercuric 8-Oxyquinolinate의 광범위한 식물병원균에 대한 살균작용, 식물의 수분증산억제작용, 식물에 대한 약해작용, Gas작용 및 자외선에 의한 경시변화에 관해 실험을 행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 포자발아억제작용은 P.M.A.보다 약간 불량한 결과를 보이며, 균사생장억제작용은 P.M.A. 보다도 양호하였다. (2) 식물의 수분증산억제작용은 초기에는 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate가 P.M.Q.보다도 강한 억제작용을 나타내었으나, 끝에 가서는 반대로 P.M.Q가 Oxine sulfate보다도 강한 작용을 나타냈다. (3) 수도종자의 발아, 발근에 미치는 영향은 P.M.A. 보다 약해가 적었고 수도 및 대두의 유식물의 경엽(40ppm 처리)에도 약해가 없었다. (4) 식불병원균에 대한 Gas효과에 의한 살균력은 P.M.A.보다 적었다. (5) 자외선에 의한 영향은 생물학적인 변화와 화학적인 변화가 거의 일치하였으며 P.M.Q.는 P.M.A.보다도 훨씬 자외선에 안정하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본약제는 광범위한 식물병원균에 대해 살균작용을 가지고 있고 식물의 수분증산도 억제시키며 이화학적인 안정성을 가진 유망한 살균제가 될 것으로 생각된다.

This study evaluated the growth, physiological responses and productivity based on the intercropping ratio of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). on the rooftops to determine out the efficient ratio in urban agriculture. From April to September 2019, an experiment was conducted on the rooftop of Konkuk University Glocal Campus. Cherry tomato and basil were selected as companion plants for eco-friendly urban agriculture on the rooftops. Each plot was created with a width of 100 cm, length of 100 cm, and height of 25 cm. After installing drainage and waterproof layers from bottom to top, substrate was laid out with a height of 20 cm. Intercropping ratio was consisted of a single tomato plant (TC), 2:1 tomato to basil (T2B1), 1:1 tomato to basil (T1B1), 1:2 tomato to basil 2 (T1B2), and a single basil plant (BC), were conducted using a randomized complete plot design with five treatments and three replication (a total 15 plots). Measurements were divided into growth, physiological responses, and productivity parameters, and detailed items were investigated and analyzed by classifying them into plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, root collar caliper, chlorophyll contents, fresh weight, dry weight, number of fruit, fruit caliper, fruit weight, and sugar content. Comparative analyses of cherry tomato with basil plants by intercropping ratio, growth, physiological, and productivity responses are determined to be efficient when the ratio of cherry tomato to basil ratio is 2:1 or 1:1.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different compositions of environmental substrates on hydroponic tomato cultivation. Three different substrates were used in coir chip:dust (v/v=50:50; CP1), coir chip:dust (v/v=80:20; CP2), and rock wool cube with CP2 (CPR). The amount of irrigation during the cultivation period was 190 mL/(plant·time) in all substrates. The pH and EC were 5.8-6.2 and 2.6-2.9 dS/m, respectively. The drainage rate in CP1 was 31%, in CP2 was 36%, and in CPR was 29%. The growth of tomato plants in terms of height was higher in CP1 and CPR. The leaf area was greater in CP2. The fresh and dry weights were greater in CP2 and CPR treatments. The net photosynthesis in CP2 (19.31 μmol CO2/m2s) and root activity in CP2 were higher among all three treatments. The soluble solid content of fruit was not significantly different among treatments. The yield per plant in CP2 and CPR treatments was 17% greater than the yield per plant in CP1. Therefore, the most suitable substrate for hydroponic tomato cultivation is the substrate mixed with coir chip:dust (v:v=80:20; CP2), i.e., CPR.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the growth promotion effects on tomato crops and to assess the mineral nutrient concentrations of farm-made liquid fertilizers used in organic cultivation in South Korea. We hope that this study will help to develop of a standardized manufacturing technique for these organic liquid fertilizers. We collected 62 farm-made liquid fertilizers made from various raw materials including fish, seaweed, food scraps, plant and crop by-products, and other materials. Two groups of tomato seedlings were treated at different times, one at 20 days and the other at 40 days after sowing. We used both foliar and soil applications. These seedlings were treated using liquid fertilizers at various dilution rates (x1000, x500 and x100). When foliar application was used, seedlings after 20 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 47-48 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 17-32 fertilizers. When soil application was used, seedlings after 20 days had the same increase in shoot fresh weight with 30-31 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days also saw the same increase with 6-7 fertilizers. Therefore, our studies showed that application of liquid fertilizers to seedlings 20 days after sowing was most effective and that foliar treatment was more effective than soil treatments. We also observed that the higher the concentrations of fertilizer, particularly when applied twice rather than just once, the higher the rates of growth, which promoted shoot fresh weight more than plant height. Our results imply that mineral nutrients in liquid fertilizers seem to be the probable cause for the growth promotion observed in this study. However, more study is required to determine exactly which mineral nutrients are most effective.

The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic properties of causality and asymmetric price transmission in the distributional channel of the tomato market in Korea. Using the wholesale and retail price series of the tomato market, we obtain the following results. First, the price transmission mechanism reveals the causal relationship channeling from the wholesale price to the retail price. Second, we find an asymmetric price transmission from the analysis using the threshold partial adjustment model. The retail price responds strongly when the wholesale price increases. On the other hand, the retail price shows sluggish adjustment when the wholesale price decreases.

국내 일부 시설재배지는 장기간 과도한 양분 투입 등에 의한 염류 집적 현상이 문제가 되어왔으며, 최근 이상기온에 따른 온도장해에 의한 피해도 발생하고 있다. 이러한 현상에 대해 친환경적으로 대처하기 위하여 고염류와 온도 스트레스에 대해 작물에 내성을 증강시키는 미생물을 선발하였다. 국내 토양에서 분리한 1,944균주중 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스 조건에서 세균의 생장과 식물생장촉진 관련 특성(IAA 생성, ACC deaminase 활성, 인산가용화능)을 고려하여 20균주를 1차 선발(전체 균주의 1.03%)하였다. 1차 선발한 20균주 중 토마토 식물검정을 통해 고염류 또는 온도스트레스에 대한 내성을 유도하는 7세균(1차 선발균주의 35%, 전체 균주의 0.36%)을 단계적으로 선발할 수 있었다. 선발된 세균은 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 통해 모두 Bacillus 속에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 선발된 7균주는 토마토의 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스에 대한 효과적인 미생물 제제로 활용이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimal concentration of agricultural organic materials using sulfur and oil for the insect pest control in pepper and cherry tomato cultivation. The control value of aphids and Oriental tobacco budworm (OTB) was examined one day after spraying with sulfur preparation (SP) (0.33~0.17%), oil preparations (OP) (2.00~0.33%), SP+OP, OP+ginkgo leaf extracts (GLE), SP+OP+GLE on the “Super Manidaa”pepper. The aphid control in pepper was complete by applications of SP+OP (0.25+1.00%) in the early growth stage and the control value was above 98.1% by the application of OP+GLE (1.00+1.00 %), SP+OP+GLE (0.25+1.0+1%), SP+OP+GLE (0.25+1.0+0.5%) in the middle to late growth stage while showing 0% in the control treatment. The OTB was completely controlled by the 3 times application with the high concentration of SP+OP (0.25+1.00%) in pepper cultivation. This result indicates that the oil and the sulfur preparations should be applied at low concentration before insect pests do not appeared, and then sprayed at the high concentration after they appear at pepper plant. The greenhouse whitefly in ‘Minichal’ tomatoes was completely controlled by three times application of SP (0.25~0.33), OP (1.0~2.00%). and all the treatment of SP+OP. However, continuous control with intervals of 1~3 days was considered favorable in the tomato plant. By the periodical control with agricultural organic materials using sulfur and oil, the greenhouse whitefly, which is a high-temperature insect pest, several moths of OTB did not occur at all. In conclusion, SP+OP (0.17%+0.33%) treatment was the most economical combination to control the aphid, OTB, and greenhouse whitefly in pepper and tomato cultivation when considering operating cost. In addition, we recommend that SP should not be sprayed on the plant shoots during the day time from July to August because of high temperature.

As the interest in urban agriculture and people’s demand for eco-friendly food grow, the number of urban gardeners who directly grow and harvest will increase. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of conventional fertilizer with the effluent water from the biofloc technology inland aquaculture in the concept of resource circulation as a substitute for fertilizer used in urban agriculture. In order to verify the effect of fertilizer on the cultivation of cherry tomato, tomato seedlings were transplanted on the horticultural soil without nutrients and treated for 8 weeks. Experimental treatment was carried out in five treatments: control, hyponex solution (HS), slow-released fertilizer (SF), effluent water daily treatment (DE), and effluent water treatment once a week (WE). The growth characteristics of the cherry tomatoes showed significant differences among the treatments except for root length. In the case of plant length was shown HS=WE›DE=SF›control, and stem diameter was shown DE=SF ›WE=HS›control. It was found that HS and WE were not significantly different in shoot length and diameter, and DE and SF showed no difference. In the case of number of leaves, HS, DE, and WE showed a significantly higher level than SF and control. In other growth characteristics, DE and SF showed higher growth. As for the growth of cherry tomato fruit, the sugar content did not show any significant difference among the treatments except control. Weight per fruit and yield were significantly higher in HS and WE than DE and SF. Based on these results, it is considered that the use of effluent water is comparable to the use of urban agricultural fertilizer as compared with chemical fertilizers in cultivating crops.

본 연구는 국제적으로 해양투기의 기준이 엄격해지고 있는 현재의 실정에 맞추어 양식장에서 배출되는 배출수를 자원의 선순환의 개념으로 이를 토마토 재배에 적용하여 도시농업용 비료로서의 이용가치를 구명하고자 수행하였다. 시험용 작물로는 완숙형 토마토‘슈퍼 선로드’를 사용하였으며, BFT 배출수는 내수면양식연구센터 틸라피아를 양식하고 있는 양식조의 물을 채취하여 무처리, 상업용 하이포넥스500배 희 석액, 배출수 원액을 매일 관주, 배출수 원액을 1주에 1회 관주, 완효성 고체비료 시비 등 5처리로 실험하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 배출 수원액을 매일 처리하는 구가 T/R율과 엽록소함량이 제일 높은 결과를 보였으며, 과실의 당도도 제일 높은 결과를 보였다. 또한 토마토의 기 능성 물질은 리코펜함량의 결과에서도 하이포넥스와 관행의 재배방법보다 3배가 많은 함량의 결과를 보였다. 하지만 토마토 체내의 무기성 분의 함량결과 질소가 다른 처리구에 비해 제일 많은 결과를 보여 비료사용으로서의 보완점을 연구해야하는 문제점도 보였다. 하지만 생육 과 기능성 물질의 함량결과등을 고려하여 본다면 BFT 양식 배출수의 비료효과에 대한 가능성은 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 토마토를 일정한 기간(15일) 동안 저장하여 토마토의 품질인자인 감모율, 색상과 경도를 분석하고 비 파괴적 방법으로 토마토 경도를 측정한 결과로 경도와 감모율 사이의 상관관계를 분석하고 선형회귀모델을 도출하여 토마토 품질을 예측하고자 하였다. 그린하우스에서 재배된 ‘티와이250’품종을 수확한 후 일반 과실 종이 박스에 포장한 후 설정환경이 10℃, 90%RH인 항온항습챔버에 저장하여 3일 간격으로 경도, 무게와 색상 변화를 조사하였다. 15일간 저장 중 감모율은 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 증가하나 1.1% 정도에 머물러 단순히 감모율 인자로만 판단했을 때 토마토의 신선도 품질에 영향 끼치는 수준은 아니다. 색상변화 중 명도와 색조 각은 저장기간의 증가에 따라 감소하는 경향을, a/b와 ΔE는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈었고 일원분산분석결과를 볼 때 유의한 수준이었다(p<0.001). 경도는 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며 저장 15일차에는 경도감소율이 40% 이상인 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 비 파괴방법으로 측정한 경도 값과 감모율 사이의 상관관계를 분석하여 선형회귀모델 WL=-0.0241×F+1.5213을 하였으며 모델의 추정치 오차는 ±0.231이었다. 이러한 결과에 비추어볼 때 수확 후 일정한 저장환경에서 비파괴적인 경도 측정을 통해 감모율을 추정하고 신선도를 판단하는 지표고 사용하는 것이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다.

Tomatoes are considered as one of the main components of daily meals in most households. Thus, it is important to invest in studies enhancing their yield and nutritional value. The study evaluated the effect of wood vinegar (WV) on tomato under greenhouse conditions. Data on fruit number, fruit weight, and plant height were recorded. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of tomato were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, respectively. FRR-CF+500x-WV significantly increased the fruit number (86.11%) and fruit weight (81.78%) over the control. Results were comparable to HRR-CF+250x-WV, indicating that conventional fertilizer and WV may have synergistic effect on each other. TPC and scavenging effect on DPPH radical was improved by 250x-WV application. The increase in the phenolic compounds can be attributed to WV as a direct source or as a factor triggering the plants to produce more secondary metabolites with the purpose of increasing natural defenses. The significant effect obtained by applying the full recommended rate of conventional fertilizer on the carotenoid content was due to the availability of the major nutrients needed by the plant. Correlation analysis showed that carotenoids have negative correlation with TPC and DPPH. However, TPC and DPPH showed that these are positively correlated with each other. Tomatoes are excellent source of antioxidants associated with the reduction of some human diseases and improved health. The results provided evidence that WV alone and/or its combination with conventional fertilizers has favorable effects on the quality of tomato.

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity in the leaves and stems of 50 tomato accessions, in order to examine the possibility of using tomato by-products as a functional material. The extracts of the leaves (LE) and stems (SE) were analyzed for DPPH, ABTS, and total polyphenol content (TPC). Antioxidant activities and TPC differed significantly between the LE and SE of the 50 tomato accessions. TPC in LE and SE showed wide variation, ranging from 24.4 to 60.6 and 12.5 to 18.8 ㎎ GAE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities of LE ranged from 10.0 to 38.2% (scavenging effect) and 20.8 to 59.0 ㎎ ASC/g, respectively, while the DPPH and ABTS measurements of SE were 1.4 to 8.8% and 2.2 to 22.5 ㎎ ASC/g, respectively. As assessed by the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI), IT033117 and IT203466 had the highest antioxidant activity in LE and SE, respectively. These results will expand the knowledge of antioxidant activity and provide information on tomato accessions valuable for the development of functional foods and food additives.

The purpose of this study was to screen desirable yeast strains for alcoholic fermentation of tomato paste without sugar addition. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, and soluble nitrogen contents of the tomato paste (25 °Brix) were found to be 67.33%, 1.90%, 0.03%, 0.02%, and 30.72%, respectively. Free sugars found in the paste were fructose and glucose. Most abundant free amino acids of the paste were glutamic, aspartic, and γ-aminobutyric acids. Total seven yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae KDH (TWA), S. cerevisiae Lalvin ICVD-47 (TWB), S. cerevisiae Lalvin RC-212 (TWC), S. cerevisiae Lalvin K1-V1116 (TWD), S. bayanus Lalvin EC-1118 (TWE), S. cerevisiae Enoferm (TWF), and S. cerevisiae DJ97(KCTC8842P) (TWG)) were tasted for alcohol fermentation of the tomato paste. The highest alcohol content (8.2%) and the lowest residual sugar content (13.25 °Brix) were observed in the tomato paste fermented using the S. cerevisiae Lalvin ICVD-47 strain (TWB) after 3 day and 4 day of fermentation, respectively. Sugar and reducing sugar contents, and pH of the tomato paste were not remarkably affected by the difference in yeast strains used, showing 13.25~13.45 °Brix, 28.37~28.48 mg/mL, and 4.43~4.54, respectively, after 4 day of fermentation. Color and total acid content were significantly affected by the types of yeast strains and fermentation time, but the numerical changes were negligible. These results indicate that TWB would be the suitable strain for alcoholic fermentatiom of tomato paste based on its highest alcohol production and the lowest residual sugar content produced during fermentation.

There are growing interests in environmental friendly cultivation for the matter of health concern. This study analyzes an economic efficiency of strawberry and tomato farming by considering the role of environmentally friendly cultivation. The Database of Rural Development Administration is used for strawberry and tomato farming households. We adopt a Bayesian stochastic frontier model to resolve a small sample property of the data. Empirical finding is that environmentally friendly cultivation improves the revenue of farming but the effect on net profit is not conclusive which calls for future research.

본 연구에서는 과채류의 포장실태를 조사하고, 포장방법 을 달리한 토마토 및 파프리카의 저장 중 품질변화를 측정 하였다. 포장실태조사는 서울에 소재한 백화점, 대형할인 마트, 동네슈퍼마켓을 대상으로 조사하였으며 주로 골판지 상자, PP, LDPE, PS, PVC 등의 재질로 포장되어 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 토마토와 파프리카의 포장형태별 품질변화 를 측정하기 위하여 토마토는 골판지 상자+PP film, PP film bag, 파프리카는 PP film bag, 스티로폼 tray+PVC film wrapping 형태로 포장한 후 상온저장하며 품질변화를 측정 하였다. 저장 48시간 후 포장하지 않은 토마토와 파프리카 의 중량감모율이 다른 처리구에 비하여 증가하였으며 경도 는 저장 중 감소하였다. 골판지 상자로 포장한 토마토는 저장 중 가용성 고형분 함량이 유의적으로 높았던 반면, pH값은 처리구 중에서 가장 낮았으며 유의적인 차이는 없 었다. 토마토는 골판지 상자+PP film, 파프리카는 PP film bag으로 포장한 경우 저장 중 품질유지에 효과적이었다.

Cherry tomato ‘TY Candy’ F₁ Hybrid was bred in Tomato Life Science and Research Institute from 2008 to 2014, which has indeterminate plant type, oblong fruit shape, average fruit weight 17 ~ 22 g and sugar content brix 8 ~ 9. Female line was selected and fixed with vigorous plant, firm fruit texture, Fusarium and Cladosporium resistance. Male line was selected and fixed with medium internode, deep leaf color, high brix, Yellow leaf curl virus and Nematode resistance. F₁ combination was made and pollinated in 2011 year, hybrid selection and sample seed production were progressed in 2012 year, farmers’ field trial was conducted at major tomato cultivation area and resulted good performance in 2013 ~ 2014. The distinctive characteristics of ‘TY Candy’ are higher yield, fruit quality and TYLCV, Nematode, Cladosporium etc. multi-disease resistance compared to existed varieties.

Botrytis cinerea infects stems, leaves and fruits of greenhouse tomato and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop organic farming control method against tomato gray mold. Twenty two organic farming materials including mineral and plant extracts were screened for the suppressive activity against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro and in vivo. Among the organic farming materials, sulfur, copper, Chinese twinleaf extract and rhubarb extract decreased by 51.7-90% of the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Also, gray mold incidence was reduced more than 90% on tomato stems by treating sulfur, seaweed extracts, rhubarb root extracts and Chinese twinleaf extract. After the selected four organic farming materials were applied on tomato cultivated in greenhouse, their control effects against the tomato gray mold were tested. When the water soluble sulfur was foliar-sprayed on the tomato leaves infected by artificial inoculation with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, it showed 87.9% of control value. Also, control activity of the water soluble sulfur was paralleled with chemical fungicide, diethofencarb+carbendazim. The above mentioned results indicate the sulfur for-mulation can be used as chemical fungicide alternatives for controlling tomato gray mold in the greenhouse.

Regulation of fruit ripening may help extend fruit shelf life and prevent losses due to spoilage. Here, we investigated whether sound treatment could delay tomato fruit ripening. We treated harvested tomato fruits with low-frequency sound waves (1 kHz) for 6 h, and then monitored various characteristics of the fruits over 14-day period at 23±1°C. Seven days after the treatment, 85% of the treated fruits were green, versus fewer than 50% of the non-treated fruits. Most of the tomato fruits had switched to the red ripening stage by 14 days after treatment. Ethylene production and respiration rate were lower in the treated than non-treated tomatoes. Furthermore, changes in surface color and flesh firmness were delayed in the treated fruits. To investigate how sound wave treatment affects fruit ripening, we analyzed the expression of ethylene-related genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. We found that the expression level of several ethylene biosynthetic and ethylene signaling pathway-related genes was influenced by sound wave treatment. These results demonstrate that sound wave treatment delays tomato fruit ripening by altering the expression of important genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signaling pathways.