Adenophorae Radix (AR) has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms of AR in allergic inflammation are not yet understood. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect and mechanisms of AR on the mast cell-mediated allergic response. To determine the pharmacological mechanisms of AR in allergic inflammation, we evaluated the effects of AR on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and IL-8 as well as the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-1 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). Our results demonstrated that AR effectively attenuated the PMACI-induced production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8 in stimulated HMC-1. Additionally, we showed that the inhibitory effect of AR on inflammatory cytokines in PMACI-stimulated HMC-1 cells involved the suppression of the activation NF-kB/caspase-1 in PMACI-stimulated HMC-1. Collectively, these findings provide experimental evidence that AR may be a useful candidate for the treatment of allergic inflammation.

The mechanism of anti-aging of fermented jujube (Zizyphus jujuba fruits (ZJF)) was investigated using transgenic daf-16 and mev-1 strains of C. elegans. Jujube extracts fermented for 7 days (F7-ZJF) and 14 days (F14-ZJF) with Laetiporus sulphureus were treated to a NGM agar plate with 10-15 transgenic daf-16 and mev-1 strains of the synchronized age. There was no difference of lifespan between the drug-treated group (7-day fermented ex. (F7-zjf-200 ㎍ /mL), 14-day fermented ex. (F14-zjf-200 ㎍/mL)) and the non-treatment group in both daf-16 and mev-1 strains. In the thermal stress experiment, F7-zjf-200 ㎍/mL showed a significant (t = 4.017) activity in thermal stress resistance with a 12% higher survival rate than the control group. In the survival test in H2O2, F7-zjf-200 ㎍/mL and F14-zjf-100 ㎍/mL have significant activity in oxidative stress resistance compared to the control group. This study indicates that life span expand of N2 strain of the jujube extract is related to the regulation of daf-16 and inhibition of mev-1 signal in C. elegans.

This study investigates the impact of bank regulation and supervision on the efficiency of banking sectors on 108 Islamic banks from 26 countries offering Islamic banking and finance products and services. The technical efficiencies of individual Islamic banks have been analyzed using the data envelopment analysis method (DEA). The ordinary least square estimation method is employed to examine the impact of country supervision and regulation on the technical efficiency of Islamic banks. The empirical findings suggest that supervisory power, activity restrictions and private monitoring positively influence the efficiency of Islamic banks. The study revealed that Islamic banks that are operating in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and middle-income countries are more technically efficient given the less stringent rules on capital requirement and we found that there is statistically significant evidence that higher capital requirements are negatively associated with the efficiency of Islamic banks. The empirical findings of this study are expected to help policy-makers and government officials to better understand how their decisions affect the performance.

A free-market economic system supported by the progress of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has given birth to a sharing economy with a disruptive business model. In many ways, this business model is more effective, efficient, and makes it easy for businesses and consumers. However, because disruptive innovation is not asymmetrical with the conventional business that sustains innovation, several regulatory issues arise because it is fundamentally very different and cannot be regulated by standard law. Disruptive innovation may create chaos if it is regulated by norms that are used to regulate conventional business. This research was conducted with a normative method, which examines various theories, principles, laws and regulations to get justification for how the law should govern. The findings of this study are: competition law must be designed pragmatically so that it can keep pace with changes in business models that are rapidly changing. For this reason, it is necessary to shift regulatory authority from the Government to business people to make self-regulation, as a rule, that was born from the agreement of the business actors themselves. Self-regulation is considered more effective in maintaining fair competition, so that the market will be more dynamic, and consumers will be more prosperous.

The condition of mining companies that exploit natural resources in their business processes underline this research to emphasize on social and environmental issues. After twelve years of government regulation on CSR practices, this study investigates the factors that influence mining companies in disclosing information about corporate social responsibility based on legitimacy, stakeholders, and agency theory. Thus, independent variables are foreign ownership, company size, leverage, and the board of commissioners. The dependent variable is the corporate social reporting disclosure that is measured using GRI indexing. For sampling, we have used thirty-four Indonesian mining companies listed in IDX during the 2014-2018. out of which only fifty-two companies meet the sample criteria. All data should pass the classical assumption test to get the best estimator. Multiple linear regression is used to test the hypothesis, and the results show that the model is good, and can explain 60% of the dependent variable. Based on F-test, all four variables affect CSR practices simultaneously. The findings of this study suggest that foreign ownership and firm size influences CSR disclosure in a positive direction. However, this study did not support the hypothesis that leverage negatively affects CSR disclosure and board size measures positively affect CSR disclosure.

본 연구의 목적은 예비교사의 지각된 수단성, 학습동기, 행동조절전략 간 관계성과 학습동기의 매개효과를 경로분석을 통하여 검증하는 것이다. 미국 남부에 위치한 주립대에 재학 중인 예비교사 214명이 연구에 참여하였다. 내생적/외생적 수단성 척도, 내재적/외재적 동기 척도, 행동조절전략(시간과 학습환경 관리전략) 척도가 포함된 자기보고식 설문지를 통해 자료가 수집되었다. 수집된 자료에 대한 확인적 요인분석, 상관분석 및 경로분석을 수행하였다. 자료분석 결과, 예비교사의 내생적 수단성은 그들의 내재적 동기와 시간 및 학습환경 관리 전략에 통계적으로 유의한 직접효과가 있었다. 또한, 내재적 학습동기는 내생적 수단성과 시간과 학습환경 관리 전략 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 시사점은 예비교사의 내생적 수단성과 내재적 동기를 촉진하여 그들의 효과적 학습을 이끌어 낼 수 있는 학습환경 조성이 필요하다는 것이다.

Cobots are industrial robots with greatly enhanced safety functions that enable them to work in the same space with workers without protector. Cobots are regulated by the Industrial Safety and Health Act and must be certified according to the manufacturing stage, installation stage and usage stage. The ISO 10218-2 standard applied in the installation phase is difficult to apply in the field. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a risk assessment method based on ISO 12100 standard. This paper proposes a new methodology that combines ‘JSA’ and ‘What-if’, which reflects the human error and the lack of known risk factors. Accordingly, a new risk assessment template was proposed and the effectiveness of the developed new template was examined. The current cobot safety regulations need to be unified with safety inspections scheme, and robot safety experts and infrastructures need to be expanded and Robot safety regulations should be unified to ‘Robot Act’. Based on this research, risk assessment methods suitable for the field need to be developed additionally, and robot safety regulation needs to be transformed to promote the industry.

유전자를 통해 개인의 질병 · 신체적 특징 정보를 분석하는 "유전자 혁명" 시대가 열리고 있다. 최근 유전자 분석 기술의 발전으로 가격과 분석 기간이 급속도로 줄고 있기 때문이다. 인간은 DNA 내 30억 쌍의 염기서열에 유전자를 담고 있는데, 염기서열을 분석하는 컴퓨터 성능이 크게 발전한 덕분이다. 이러한 시대에 맞춰 정부에서도 유전자 검사에 관한 새로운 상품 및 서비스에 맞는 인증, 허가 기준을 위한 산업융합 규제 샌드박스 제도를 실시하게 되었다. 규제 샌드박스는 신산업・ 신기술 분야에서 새로운 제품이나 서비스를 출시할 때 일정 기간 동안 기존 규제를 면제하거나 유예시켜주는 제도이다. 우리나라에서도 이러한 비용 절감이 우리생활에서 쉽게 할 수 있는 유전자검사로 이어졌고 지난 2016년 6월 ‘생명윤리 및 안전에 관한 법률’이 개정되면서 민간 기업이 일반인을 대상으로 한 유전자 분석 서비스, DTC(Direct to Consumer, 소비자 직접 의뢰) 상품시장이 열렸다. 이에 의료 · 제약업체들이 유전자 검사 서비스를 속속 출시, 다양한 유통채널을 통해 판매하고 있는 모습이다. 이에 국내에 제공되고 있는 개인 유전자 DTC 검사 키트 상품을 경험디자인적 관점에서 분석하여 검사 신청에서 실질적인 검체 채취와 반송에 이르기 까지 가장 적합한 유전자검사 키트 상품 제안은 의미가 크다고 하겠다. 사용자의 경험을 기반으로 한 유전자검사 키트 상품 개발은 앞으로 효율적이고 대중적인 개인 유전자 검사보급에 기초 적 자료 활용이 가능할 것이며 새로운 의료 문화형성과 국민보건의료 향상에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

Purpose – The study aims to substantiate the approaches and principles of forming a model of social and labor relations adequate to the modern conditions of economic development. Research design, data, and methodology - The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of social and labor relations in the labor market of Kazakhstan; describes the current model of labor relations and its basic parameters; determines the external and internal factors; specifically, the influence of the new labor law on its further development in the direction of democratization and the establishment of social partnership as a regulatory institution in the labor relations field. Result - Result is the model of the system of social and labor relations proposed by the author, which allows us to cover the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon, to unite the influence of the external environment and the internal complex of their mutual relations and interdependencies. Conclusion - The creation of an effective model of social and labor relations should proceed from the multifaceted nature of their manifestation. This means that the theoretical and methodological basis for their formation should be a comprehensive approach to solving the problems of transformation and interaction of social and economic components.

This study examines the relationship between R&D intensity and disclosure. R&D activities are essential in bringing innovation to companies. However, R&D activities are naturally uncertain and increase information asymmetry. Thus, firms with high R&D activities are more likely to have the incentive to communicate the potential of R&D investment to the market through voluntary disclosure and, concurrently, resolve information asymmetry. Meanwhile, incentives to less voluntary disclosure exist because of the proprietary cost and the risk of competitiveness loss. Furthermore, the uncertainties inherent in R&D activities caused the possible decrease in the information accuracy. For the two opposing views, this study investigates the relationship between R&D intensity and disclosure frequency using the Regulation Fair Disclosure data in Korea. Moreover, the relationship between R&D intensity and usefulness of the information disclosed is also examined. Using firm sample listed in the 2011–2016 Korea Stock Market, results show that firms with high R&D intensity make disclosures more frequent. Subsequently, the analysis using forecast sample shows that management forecast error is higher in firms with high R&D intensity. This research contributes to the existing literature by presenting evidence that R&D intensity is a significant factor affecting manager's disclosure behavior and information usefulness.

본 연구는 만5세 유아를 대상으로 인성관련 동화책을 이용한 이야기 나누기-협동적 그룹게임 연결프로그램이 유아인성과 자기조절력에 미치는 효과를 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 유아인성과 자기조절력에 대한 선행연구를 토대로 인성관련 동화책을 이용한 이야기나누기-협동적 그룹게임 연결프로그램을 개발하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 연구대상은 경상북도 K시에 위치한 M어린이집 만5세반 14명(실험집단)과 M어린이집 만5세반 14명(비교집단) 총28명이다. 유아인성을 측정하기 위해 나은숙과 김경희(2014)가 개발한 ⌜3~5세 유아용인성척도⌟검사 도구를 사용했으며, 자기조절력 측정을 위해 Kendall과 Wilcox(1979)가 개발한 측정도구를 유혜정(1998)이 번안하고 이지현(2001)이 수정·보완한 척도를 사용하였다. 본 프로그램은 주2회 총 18회의 실험 처치를 실시하였으며, 유아인성과 자기조절력의 효과 검증을 위해 사전·사후 검사를 실시하였다. 결과의 자료 분석은 SPSS 12 프로그램을 이용하여 공변량(ANCOVA)분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 인성관련 동화책에 관한 이야기나누기-협동적 그룹게임 연결프로그램이 유아인성과 자기조절력 향상에 긍정적인 효과가 나타났으며, 유아인성과 자기조절력에 영향을 미치는 프로그램의 요인들을 중심으로 연구결과가 논의되었다.

Background : It is known that Platycodon grandiflorum has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory macrophages. But the change of bioactivity of platycodon grandiflorum according to steaming is not well known. In this study, We investigated the effects of steaming on anti-inflammatory activity of 70% ethanol extracts of platycodon grandiflorum. Methods and Result : The cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells treated with platycodon grandiflorum extracts was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the concentration of NO in culture supernatants were determined using nitric oxide (NO) assay. And western blotting was performed to quantify the expression of iNOS, a protein related to NO production. As a results, it was confirmed that no cytotoxicity was observed at 25, 50 and 100 ㎍/㎖ platycodon grandiflorum extracts in RAW264.7 cells. The production of NO and the expression of iNOS were induced by LPS and suppressed by all platycodon grandiflorum extracts in proportion to the number of steaming in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that a steaming process can increase anti-inflammatory activity of platycodon grandiflorum extracts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in the center of pressure (COP) by arousal regulation during static stability control task using various olfactory stimulating inhalant (ammonia, lavender and citrus). Methods: 11 healthy male adults (Mage = 28.55 years, SD = ±3.67) were recruited for the study. A biometric shirt was utilized to measure the heart rate while force plate (AMTI force-platform) was used to determine changes in COP area. The tasks were differentiated based on visual and ground proprioception (eyes open or close & presence of absence of memory foam). Results: The results of this study were as follows. First, for ammonia inhalant condition, average COP area lower than control condition. EO, EOC conditions had statistically significant lower value. Second, for lavender inhalant condition, average COP area higher than control condition. EC condition had statistically significant higher value. Third, for citrus inhalant condition, average COP area lower than control condition. EO, EC, and EOM conditions had statistically significant lower value. Lastly, there was significant differences in heart rate change in lavender inhalant, only. Conclusion: This study implies that the arousal regulation through olfactory inhalant affects the level of static stability. These results suggest that arousal regulation through olfactory inhalant may affect task performance and may contribute to improvement in performance of athletes.

본 연구의 목적은 부모의 정서조절양식과 통제적 양육행동이 유아의 내재화 문제행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 있다. 연구대상은 수원, 청주, 홍성지역의 만3-5세 유아를 둔 부 195명, 모 221이며 사용된 측정도구는 부모의 정서조절양식과 통제적 양육행동 그리고 유아의 내재화 문제행동 세 가지의 척도이다. 자료 분석은 SPSS Windows 21.0와 Amos 7.0 프로그램을 사용하였고, 기술통계, Pearson 상관관계 그리고 경로분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모의 정서조절양식은 부의 경우 능동적, 회피분산적, 지지추구적 정서조절양식이, 모의 경우 능동적, 회피분산적 정서조절 양식이 통제적 양육행동에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 부모의 통제적 양육행동은 유아의 내재화 문제행동에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 부모의 통제적 양육행동은 부모의 정서조절양식이 유아의 내재화 문제행동에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 부의 경우 능동적, 회피분산적 그리고 지지추구적 정서조절양식이 통제적 양육행동을 매개로 하여 유아의 내재화 문제행동에 유의미한 영향을 미친 반면, 모의 경우 능동적 그리고 회피분산적 정서조절양식이 통제적 양육행동을 매개로 하여 유아의 내재화 문제행동에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다.

Background : Mistletoe has been used as the herbal medicine to treat hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, arthritis and viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of branch from Taxillus yadoriki being parasitic in Neolitsea sericea (TY-NS-B) using in vitro model. Methods and Results : TY-NS-B significantly inhibited LPS-induced secretion of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells. TY-NS-B was also observed to inhibit LPS-mediated iNOS COX-2 expression. In addition, TY-NS-B attenuated production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS. TY-NS-B blocked LPS-mediated inhibitor of IκB-α, and inhibited p65 translocation to the nucleus and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, TY-NS-B reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38 and JNK, but not ERK1/2. In addition, TY-NS-B increased ATF3 expression and ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA attenuated TY-NS-B-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator expression. Conclusion : Collectively, our results suggest that TY-NS-B exerts potential anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation, and increasing ATF3 expression. These findings indicate that TY-NS-B could be further developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.

Background : Obesity, a global health problem and a chronic diseases, is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseases. A wide variety of natural remedies have been explored for their obesity treatment potential. To elucidate the anti-obesity effect of ginsenoside Rg5 : Rk1 (Rg5 : Rk1), a mixture of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer in a 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods and Results : In order to determinate the anti-obesity effect of Rg5 : Rk1, Oil Red O staining and triglyceride (TG) content was assessed. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible mechanism whether Rg5:Rk1 affects lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression analyses of adipocyte markers such as STAT3, PPARγ, CBEPα and ap2 were carried out. Rg5:Rk1 treatment showed an inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation and decrease on TG content. In addition, expression of STAT3, PPARγ, CEBPα and ap2 were decreased in dose dependent manner. Similar to these results, Rg5:Rk1 treatment reduced PPARγ and CEBPα protein expression. Conclusion : Rg5 : Rk1 treatment exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by down-regulation of the STAT3PPARγ/CEBPα pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line.

CREBZF (cAMP-response element binding protein zhangfei) is a member of ATF/CREB family, and which regulates various cellular functions by suppressing major factors with direct interaction. In this study, we have examined the expression of CREBZF on mouse endometrium during uterus estrous cycles and estrogen (E2) treatment. In uterus, CREBZF mRNA expression was higher than other organs and mRNA and protein of CREBZF was increased in proestrus phase and decreased in estrus phase. The expression of CREBZF in 3-weeks old mouse uterus was reduced by E2 injection in endometrium. In addition, the expression of progesterone receptor, a marker of E2 in ovariectomized mice was found to be strongly expressed in stroma, while CREBZF was only expressed in epithelium. Also, we conformed that E2-suppressed CREBZF was restored by co-injection of ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist. Overall, these results suggest that CREBZF is regulated by estrogen and involved in ER signaling pathway in mouse uterus.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to make a comparative assessment of People Credit Funds (PCFs) ranking in Vietnam between the Circular No. 42/2016/TT-NHNN dated December 20, 2016 with the Decision No. 14/2007/QD-NHNN dated 09/4/2007 issued by the Governor of the State Bank. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is mainly based on the Circular No. 42/2016/TT-NHNN dated December 20, 2016 and the Decision No. 14/2007/QD-NHNN dated 09/4/2007 issued by the Governor of the State Bank on PCFs ranking. Results - The study paper has shown positive changes in PCFs ranking in Vietnam in accordance with the Circular No. 42/2016/TT-NHNN, such as increasing Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), maintaining CAR, improving assets quality, developing indicators of governance, management and control capability. These changes have implications for the development and efficient performance of PCFs in Vietnam. Conclusions - The classification and evaluation of PCFs will contribute to its healthy development. These finding support PCFs to understand more about rating methodology, significance of rating system and the importance of improving their rating. PCFs in Vietnam desire to develop their business effectively, they need to understand exactly and comply fully with regulations related to their field of operations.

Rubia cordifolia has been used to treat diseases for many years in China and India. Although the biological properties and major compounds of R. cordifolia have been extensively studied, the underlying mechanisms of its biological effects remain elusive. In terms of immunological effects, anti-inflammation effect of macrophage (Raw 264.7) simply has been reported. In this study, R. cordifolia was extracted in 70% ethanol and the extract did not affect to macrophage (Raw 264.7) pro-inflammation and T cell (Molt-4). However, in mast cell (RBL-2H3), it showed inhibition of degranulation. The inducing inhibitory effect on degranulation was related to concentration dependent variation in phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 and upregulating the JNK phosphorylation in RBL-2H3 cells. Based on these data, we concluded that R. cordifolia newly have anti-allergenic effects in RBL-2H3 and might be used as a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis.

In the present study, we investigated the role of binding immunoglobulin protein/glucose-regulated protein, 78-kDa (BIP/GRP78)-regulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress on meiotic maturation and cumulus cells expansion in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). Previously, it has been demonstrated that unfolded protein response (UPR)- related genes, such as molecules involved in ER-stress defense mechanisms, were expressed in matured oocytes and cumulus cells during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes. However, BIP/GRP78-mediated regulation of ER stress in porcine oocytes has not been reported. Firstly, we observed the effects of knockdown of BIP/GRP78 (an UPR initiation marker) using porcine-specific siRNAs (#909, #693, and #1570) on oocyte maturation. Among all siRNAs, siRNA #693 significantly reduced the protein levels of UPR marker proteins (BIP/GRP78, ATF4, and P90ATF6) in porcine COCs observed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. We also observed that the reduction of BIP/GRP78 levels by siRNA#693 significantly inhibited the meiotic maturation of oocytes (siRNA #693: 32.5±10.1% vs control: 77.8±5.3%). In addition, we also checked the effect of ER-stress inhibitors, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, 200 μM) and melatonin (0.1 μM), in BIP/ GRP78-knockdown oocytes. TUDCA and melatonin treatment could restore the expression levels of ER-stress marker proteins (BIP/GRP78, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, ATF4, and P90ATF6) in siRNA #693-transfected matured COCs. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that BIP/GRP78-mediated regulation of UPR signaling and ER stress plays an important role in in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes.