This study focused on using indirect filtration through riverbeds to produce high-quality drinking water. Data on water quality from a water intake facility(capacity 10,000 m3/day) and nearby rivers were collected over a three-year period. The average intake facility specifications were found to be a specific surface area of 58 balls/m2, a mean particle size of 24 mm, an inflow velocity of 2.2 cm/sec, and a burial depth of 5 m. The water quality improvement rate was assessed as grade Ia, surpassing the adjacent river’s water quality. Correlation analysis showed a weak correlation between opening ratio, Suspended Solid (SS), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) compared to total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The correlation coefficient R value of SS was -0.614, BOD was –0.588, total coliforms -0.870, and fecal coliforms -0.958. The R value shows a negative value, which showed that the larger the opening rate, the lower the removal rate of water pollutants. The correlation coefficient R values according to the depth of burial were found to be BOD 0.914, SS-0.124, total coliforms 1.000, and fecal coliforms 0.866. The deeper the burial depth, the higher the removal rate of BOD and microbial groups.

The leopard plant has the characteristic of being used for ornamental purposes when there are yellow spots on the leaves, and is widely used as a bed plant for viewing flowers. To set several indicators to predict the growth of crops with ornamental value, and to quantitatively express the relationship between the indicators are necessary. In this study, we determine a model that estimates the leaf area and the number of flower of Farfugium japonicum Kitam. using leaf length and width, and conducting a regression analysis on some regression models. As an indicator for estimating the leaf area and the number of flower, the leaf length and width of F. japonicum were measured and applied to 8 regression models. As a result of regression analysis of 8 models that estimated leaf area and the number of flower, R2 values of the linear models were all higher than 0.84 and 0.80. As a result of validation, using the most reliable model among the models for estimating the leaf area and the number of flowering, R2 was 0.90 and 0.82, respectively. Using a model that estimates various indicators that can be used for quality evaluation from easy-to-measure morphological factors, the evaluation of ornamental plants will be facilitated.

생물환경조절학회지 30권 3호에 게재된 논문의 그래프를 수정합니다.

본 연구는 Bacillus subtilis를 활용한 바이오플락 양식 기술(Biofloc technology, BFT)을 이용하여 대농갱이(Leiocassis ussuriensis) 양식의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 90일 동안 생존, 성장지수와 사육수 수질의 변화를 관찰하였다. 대농갱이를 입식하기 전 BFT 수 제조를 위해 실험수조에 사료와 당밀을 첨가한 후 B. subtilis를 접종하여 40일간 수질을 안정화시켰다. 실험결과, 대농 갱이의 생존율은 대조구 92.7±3.2%와 BFT 실험구 95.8±3.3%로 조사되었다. 증체율은 대조구 118.1±9.0%와 BFT 실험구 197.7±15.6%을 보였고, 일간 성장율은 대조구 0.87±0.5%, BFT 실험 구 1.21±0.06%로 나타났다. 사료효율은 대조구가 43.7±2.6%이었고, BFT 실험구는 70.1±4.1%로 측정되어 BFT 실험구의 사료효율이 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 실험기간 동안의 수질 변화를 측정한 결과, pH는 대조구와 BFT 실험구 모두 감소되었고, MLSS는 대조구에서 변화를 보이지 않았지만, BFT 실험구에서는 90일째부터 유의한 증가를 보였다. NH4 +-N와 NO2 --N는 대조구 에서 실험 30일째부터 유의한 증가를 보였으나, BFT 실험구에서는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 결론 적으로 B. subtilis를 활용한 BFT 시스템을 대농갱이 양성 과정에 적용한 결과, 수질은 안정화 되는 경향을 보였고, 성장도와 사료효율은 대조구에 비해 높은 것으로 조사되어 긍정적인 효 과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

본 논문은 교정보호체계 내 대상자 수 적정화 필요성과 그 방향에 대해 다룬다. 범 죄자의 실효적 재범방지를 위해서는 증거기반 정책의 수립과 집행체계의 전문성 강화 등 다양한 이슈가 논의 될 수 있다. 다만, 이러한 정책들이 성공하기 위해서는 정책의 집행대상을 명확히 하여 밀도 높은 교정교화 활동을 실시 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 관 점에서, 우리 교정보호체계가 가진 큰 문제점은 교정과 보호체계 모두 필요 이상의 많 은 범죄자들을 관리감독하고 있다는 점에 있다. 교정시설의 과밀수용현상과 보호관찰 소의 만성적 인력부족 현상은 이러한 현상의 단면을 잘 보여준다. 우리 교정보호체계 는 이러한 문제점을 시설과 인력의 확충이라는 방법을 통해서 해결하려 해왔다. 그러 나 교정보호체계가 각자의 몸집을 불려가는 망의 확장 현상은 귀중한 형사사법 자원 의 낭비를 초래할 뿐 아니라, 최근 가장 설득력 있는 교정이론 중 하나인 RNR이론에 따르면 재범률 감소에 긍정적 영향을 주지 못한다. 교정과 보호 두 기관은 지역사회안전을 해치지 않는 범위내에서 대상자의 수를 감소시킴으로써 근본적인 문제를 해결 해야 한다. 시설내 교정체계는 지금 보다 많은 수용자를 탈 시설화(decarceration) 하여야 하고, 사회내 처우체계도 재범위험성이 낮은 범죄자를 조기해방(early release) 시켜줘야 한다. 본 논문은 한국의 교정보호체계가 전체 교정보호 대상자 총량의 감소 를 통해 스마트한 교정보호체계로 거듭날 수 있도록, 실효적 정책대안과 향후 제언을 제시하였다.

For a member model in nonlinear structural analysis, a lumped plastic model that idealizes its flexural bending, shear, and axial behaviors by springs with the nonlinear hysteretic model is widely adopted because of its simplicity and transparency compared to the other rigorous finite element methods. On the other hand, a challenging task in its numerical solution is to satisfy the equilibrium condition between nonlinear flexural bending and shear springs connected in series. Since the local forces between flexural and shear springs are not balanced when one or both springs experience stiffness changes (e.g., cracking, yielding, and unloading), the additional unbalanced force due to overshooting or undershooting each spring force is also generated. This paper introduces an iterative scheme for numerical solutions satisfying the equilibrium conditions between flexural bending and shear springs. The effect of equilibrium iteration on analysis results is shown by comparing the results obtained from the proposed method to those from the conventional scheme, where the equilibrium condition is not perfectly satisfied.

PURPOSES : The increasing heat wave warnings during the summer season in Korea have significant impacts on daily life and industry as a whole, especially in urban areas (such as areas with asphalt and sidewalk pavements). Heat waves directly affect urban heat island and heat dome phenomena. Various urban temperature reduction measures are being discussed to reduce urban heat islands and heat dome phenomena and to improve citizen safety against summer heat waves; suggestions include thermal packaging, rooftop greening, and expansion of vegetation areas. There is a lack of analysis on the methodology for increasing the road spraying effect during summer heat waves (e.g., there is no systematic engineering study on the effect from reducing the temperature of the road spraying during a heat wave in the city) and on the types of road pavements in the city. In addition, as the asphalt pavements of roadways and block pavements installed in sidewalks account for a considerable portion of all pavements, this study provides a more systematic and scientific approach and procedures for reducing temperatures through road spraying in the city by tracking the effects of heat waves. METHODS : In this preliminary experiment, four types of road pavement materials were selected as test specimens: asphalt test specimens (AP- 300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm), concrete test specimens (CP-300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm), impermeable blocks (IB-200 mm × 200 mm × 60 mm), and self-permeable blocks (PB-200 mm × 200 mm × 60 mm). As a test method to evaluate the size and duration of each spray effect package type, the surface temperature of each specimen was measured using thermal imaging cameras every 20 min after spraying at the maximum temperature point of each specimen, and the average surface temperature was analyzed based on the collected temperature data. In addition, to conduct a quantitative analysis of the effect of reducing the surface temperature of road pavements by road spraying in summer, field tests were conducted on asphalt roads and watertight blocks for sidewalks. RESULTS : As a result of the comparative analysis of the spray effect under a 36 ℃ air temperature based on a heat wave warning, the surface temperatures were, from high to low, the asphalt (68.8 ℃), concrete (59.1 ℃), impermeable block (57.3 ℃), and permeable block (58.7 ℃). The asphalt pavement had the greatest effect on the heat island and heat dome phenomena. From measuring the temperature reduction effect and sustainability of each type of road pavement, the surface temperature reduction effects were ranked in the following order: water-permeable block (Δ18.0 ℃), asphalt test piece (Δ17.5 ℃), concrete test piece (Δ12.2 ℃), and water-permeable block (over 240 min). In the report pitching block, the average road surface temperature reduction between the pore recovery and treatment was expected to continue to decrease by approximately -4.3 ℃ on the day of work and approximately -2.4 ℃ on the next day. The expected effect of the temperature reduction owing to simple spraying on the surface of the pore block was evaluated to be limited to the day. CONCLUSIONS : In the road spray effect analysis conducted on the common asphalt road, there was a slight difference in the initial temperature reduction size as the test specimen was measured, but the surface temperature difference between the non-spray section and spray section tended to be approximately Δ3°C after 140 minutes of spraying. Therefore, it was determined that the asphalt pavement temperature reduction plan through road spraying in urban areas in summer would be the most effective if it was repeated twice or more in an hour (between 13:00 and 14:00) on the day of the heat wave.

본고는 중국의 정책·공약 표제에서 자주 활용되는 ‘수+个+X’ 형식의 내부 구성을 분석하고, ‘수+个+X’의 활용이 가져오는 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. ‘수+个+X’는 전형 적인 수량사 조합을 탈피한 형식으로 ‘수’는 정책·공약 세부내용에 나열된 항목의 총 개수를 나타내며, ‘X’는 (동사, 부사, 수사)조합, 형용사, 대명사, 접속사, 기타(사자성 어, 기호 등)의 형식으로 정책 항목에서 반복적으로 출현하거나 핵심 되는 단어이다. 그러나 개중에는 전혀 내용을 추측할 수 없는 단어나 기호도 출현하는데 이러한 모 순적인 구성이 오히려 더 많은 궁금증과 호기심을 유발하는 효과를 가진다.

털부처꽃(Lythrum salicaria L.)은 전국에 분포하는 다년생 초본식물로 척박하고 습한 지역을 포함한 다양한 환경에서 잘 자라는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 하천변, 척박지에서 정원 용, 화훼용 및 관상용 식물로 이용이 가능하다. 본 연구는 털 부처꽃의 적정 육묘 조건(토양종류, 플러그 트레이 셀 크기,파종립수, 액비농도 및 차광)을 조사하였다. 대조구(원예상토) 에서 재배된 유묘의 생육이 가장 우수하였다. 반면 피트모스 와 펄라이트의 혼합용토는 육묘기간이 지속되면서 생육수치 가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 셀 크기는 용적이 가장 큰 162 셀에서 재배된 유묘의 생육이 우수하였으나, 200셀과 288셀에 서 자란 묘도 건강했다. 한편 유묘의 결주발생을 고려하면 셀 당 2립을 파종하는 것이 적합하였다. 액비 처리는 유묘의 생 육을 촉진하였다. 특히 Hyponex 1000배는 초장, 줄기직경, 엽수, 마디수, 근장, 지상부 생체중 및 지하부 생체중을 증가 시켰다. 또한 유묘의 생육은 55% 차광 하에서 우수하였다. 따 라서 털부처꽃의 가장 효과적인 생육조건은 원예상토가 충진 된 288셀 플러그 트레이에 셀 당 2립을 파종하고 Hyponex 1000배를 시비하면서 55% 차광 하에서 재배하는 것이었다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to investigate directions for future smart city transportation policies and service development by evaluating road service satisfaction levels and predicting future service demand. METHODS : A nationwide survey was conducted in Korea to develop a transportation service evaluation system based on the functions and objects of transportation. The satisfaction level of road service was evaluated using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), promising service sectors were identified using the revised importance-performance analysis (IPA) technique, and detailed service demands by sector were suggested. RESULTS : The most valuable service value felt by the people was "safety" (weight 0.4), and the overall satisfaction level was 68.9 points, slightly exceeding "normal." As a result of analyzing the promising service sectors by dividing them into urban and rural areas, "handicapped, elderly, and pedestrians" were important in both areas, and "road facility maintenance" was classified as an additional promising sector for rural areas. CONCLUSIONS : People demand that future smart city transportation policies and services should be "people" and "safety" centered. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the development of new services but also to the improvement of problems with existing services and policies.

Although airborne wear particles (AWPs) generated from wheel-rail contacts are the major source of particulate matter (PM) in subway systems, studies on reducing the generation of such particles in order to enhance air quality are extremely rare. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of applying water-lubricant (applying tap water) on improving air quality by reducing the mass concentration (MC) of AWPs from wheel-rail contacts at a train velocity of 73 km/h using a twin-disk rig. An optical particle sizer was used to measure the MC of particles with the diameter range of 0.3 μm~10 μm. The results showed that the generation trends regarding PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were different for dry and water-lubricated conditions: all three PMs showed an increasing-decreasing trend with slip rate under dry conditions; however, they were almost constant with slip rate under water-lubricated conditions. The particle size distributions were also different for dry and water-lubricated conditions: the peak occurred in multi-modal with the largest peak at approximately 6 μm in diameter under dry conditions; whereas, the peak occurred in bi-modal with the largest peak at approximately 0.9 μm in diameter under water-lubricated conditions. In addition, MCs were mostly smaller under water-lubricated conditions than dry conditions except at approximately 0.9 μm in diameter. Applying water significantly decreased PM1~2.5 and PM2.5~10 by more than 95%. This caused a decrease in PM2.5 and PM10 by 48.1% and 78.5%, respectively. On the other hand, applying water increased PM0.3~1 (i.e., PM1) by 52.8%, possibly owing to the effect of water vapor and mineral crystals from tap water. Overall, these findings indicate that water-lubrication can improve air quality in subway systems by reducing the MC of APWs generated from wheel-rail contacts. This study may provide a reference for future studies seeking to improve air quality in subway systems by reducing AWPs generated from wheel-rail contacts by applying lubricants.

항로표지는 항행하는 선박에 대하여 가항수역의 위치·방향 및 장애물의 위치 등을 알려주는 항행보조시설이다. 항로표지가 가 항수역의 한계를 표시할 때에는 해당 수역을 처음 이용하는 항해자의 입장에서 편리하게 이용할 수 있도록 배치되어야 한다. 우리나라의 서남해안에는 지형적인 영향으로 많은 수의 좁은 수로가 형성되어 있으며, 좁은 수로를 따라 IALA 해상부표식에 따른 측방표지 및 방위 표지 등이 배치되어 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 서남해안 좁은 수로에 배치된 항로표지가 양식장 개발 등의 해상교통 환경 변화 이후, 선 박운항 안전에 대한 역할을 제대로 수행하고 있는지 검토한 실증 사례 연구이다. 서남해안의 5가지 좁은 수로에 대한 사례 검토 결과, 항 로표지가 표시하는 가항수역 상에 양식장이 분포하여 항로표지로서의 역할을 제대로 수행하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 로, 해당 항로표지의 종별 혹은 위치 변경, 양식장 표지의 설치, 해도상 양식장 위치 표기 등의 개선방안을 제시하였다.