BPA, a diphenyl compound containing groups, that make it structurally similar to synthetic estrogen and is considered as one of the major endocrine disruptors. Silymarin has extensively been used to prevent and/or alleviate some human disease, especially for the treatment of adverse liver conditions. It has an antioxidative efficacy and cancer preventive efficacy. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that silymarin can inhibit BPA-induced toxicity in boar sperm duing in vitro storage. Sperm characteristics (motility, viability, membrane integrity and mitochondrion activity) in semen exposed to BPA (10~200 uM) were sharply lowered, while it increase in a dose and time dependent manner due to silymarin addition (50~200 uM) into semen extender in the presence of BPA (100 uM). All of the evaluated characteristics were gradually improved in the groups that were treated with silymarin (50~200 uM) in the presence of BPA (100 uM) in comparison to BPA 100 uM alone group, irrespective of incubation periods (3 and 6 h). These results demonstrate that silymarin can ameliorate the toxicity of BPA on boar sperm characteristics during in vitro storage, suggesting that silymarin indirectly act as an antioxidant.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have detrimental effects on human health. Among these EDCs, bisphenol A (BPA) binds to estrogen receptors (ERs) to stimulate estrogen-mediated responses. BPA is assumed to disrupt the reproductive and developmental system of humans. In addition, BPA has recently been suspected as a risk of carcinogenesis. Because BPA can cause abnormal estrogen-mediated response in the organism, exposure to BPA may stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancers in human. In breast cancer, cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 are important in G1/S phase transition during cell cycle progression. In this study, using an MTT assay, we investigated the effect of BPA on proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. In addition, we also analyzed the transcriptional levels of cyclin E and p27 following treatment with BPA using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. As a result, treatment with BPA resulted in significant induction of breast cancer cell growth, compared to a vehicle. BPA caused alterations of cyclin E and p27 mRNA expression. Expression of cyclin E was increased by BPA, while p27 was decreased at 24 h after treatment with BPA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Taken together, these collective results suggest that exposure to BPA induced breast cancer cell proliferation with deregulation of the cell cycle. A further study is required in order to determine the effects of BPA on the carcinogenic process in in vivo models.

실내에서 사육된 C. riparius를 대상으로 내분비계 교란물질인 BPA와 4-nonylphenol을 처리하여 형태적인 변화를 살펴보았다. 약제에 노출된 개체의 하순기절은 부드러워지거나(smooth) 손실(loss)이 가장 많았다. 처리물질에 따른 기형의 정도를 살펴보면, BPA는 31~90%, 4-nonlyphenol은 40~80%의 범위를 보였다. BPA는 처리 농도가 증가할수록 기형도 증가하였으나 4-nonylphenol

Development of the fourth-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius has a sensitive to ecdysteroid hormones. The 2D/E gel analysis for polypeptide expression reflecting early-ecdysterone inducible gene has conducted the emerged female from larval phase exposur

Bisphenol A (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, C15H16O2) is the monomer used in the manufacture of polycarbonate. Polycarbonate, in turn, is used in a wide array of plastic products, with new applications continuously being developed. Also it has be

합성화학물질의 몇몇은 고등동물의 내분비계를 교란하는 물질로 작용하는 것이 알려져 있다. 다이옥신, 디디티, 피시비 및 비스페놀 에이 등이 내분비계 장애물질로 분류되어 선진 각국에서는 엄격한 통제하에 관리되고 있다. 본 연구는 자주달개비 미세핵 분석법을 이용하여 염색체이상 유발에 있어서의 BPA와 방사선의 상대적 효과를 비교하기 위하여 시행되었다. 홉수처리를 위하여 자주달개비 4430클론의 절취화서를 각각의 농도로 조제된 BPA용액에 여섯시간 동안 침지하

본 연구는 자연수중의 미생물을 식종원으로 하는 TOC-HANDAI법과 OECD 생분해법을 활용하여 자연수 환경내에서 환경호르몬물질인 비스페놀 A와 노닐페놀의 생분해성을 비교평가하였다. TOC-HANDAI법에 의한 BPA분해는 73-78% 이었고 OECD법은 이보다 다소 높은 77-81%를 나타내었다. 두 방법을 통한 BPA의 분해양상은 대체로 2단계를 거쳐 진행되었다. 즉 초기 1주일 이내에는 분해반응속도(k1)가 0.24-0.34day-1

본 연구는 bisphenol A의 실제 식품을 통한 사람의 노출농도에서 에스트로젠 효과를 알아보기 위하여 사람의 유방암 세포인 MCF-7와 난소를 적출한 무흥선 마우스를 이용하여 살펴보았다. MCF-7세포를 이용한 genistein과 bisphenol A가 용매대조군과 무처치대조군에 비하여 genistein(10nM, 100nM, 1 uM, l0 uM)과 bisphenol A(2 ng/㎖, 4 ng/㎖, 8 ng/㎖, 16ng/㎖)의 세포성장촉진 효과가 용량의 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. genistein의 경우 1 uM을 정점으로 세포성장촉진이 극에 달하다가 l0 uM 투여군에서 1 uM 투여군에 비하여 약 40% 정도 세포성장이 감소하였으나 대조군에 비하여 여전히 세포의 성장을 촉진하였다. 이러한 결과는 bisphenol A와 genistein이 에스트로젠과 같이 에스트로젠 수용체와 결합하는 경로로 MCF-7세포의 성장을 촉진한 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 확인하기 위하여, 에스트로젠 의존적으로 유전자가 발현되는 유전자 중의 하나인 pS2 유전자의 발현을 살펴보았다. Genistein과 bisphenol A가 pS2유전자의 발현을 유도하는 것이 northern blot분석에 의하여 관찰되었다. 또한, 21일령의 무흉선 마우스를 이용한 in vivo연구에서, 무처치 대조군에 비하여 genistein과 bisphenol A를 투여한 마우스 군에서 유선의 발달과 end-bud의 형성이 유의하게 증가됨이 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 결론적으로, bisphenol A와 genistein이 MCF-7 세포에서 에스트로젠 효과가 매우 낮은 농도에서도 나타날 수 있다는 것은 식품위생상 큰 의미를 갖고 있으며, 이러한 물질들의 실제 사람에서의 위해성 특히 성장기 유아의 위해성에 대하여 좀 더 면밀히 연구되어야 할 것이다.

Diglycidy1 ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)/4, 4'-methylene dianiline(MDA) 계에 malononitrile(MN)과 hydroquinone(HQ)을 도입한 계의 기계적 특성을 연구하였다. 80˚C에서 1.5hr경화시킨후, 150˚C에서 1hr 더 경화시킨 시편을 제조하여 시험하였으며, 사슬확장제로 작용하는 MN과 반응 가속제로 작용하는 HQ가 기계적 물성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. MN과 HQ의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 충격특성은 크게 개선된 반면, 딘장특성은 감소하였다.

에폭시 수지로 bisphenol계diglycidy1 ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)type에 아민계 경화제 4, 4'-methylene dianiline(MDA)를 사용한 계에 나타나는 취약점인 담약성을 개선하고자 반응성첨가제 succinonitrile(SN)을 첨가하였다. 이때 나타나는 화학적 구조의 변화로 야기되는 유리전이온도(Tg), 열분해온도(Td), 초기 열분해 온도(T-5%)를 SN의 함량비와 경화조건을 달리하여 고찰하였다. 이들 열적성질들은 SN의 함량이 증가함에 따라 유리전이온도와 열분해 온도는 감소하였고, 초기열분해에 일어나 5%의 중량감소가 나타나는 온도 또한 감소하였으나, 혼합액을 높은 온도에서 경화 시킬 경우 이들 열적성질들은 증가하였다.

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)와 경화제로서 4, 4'-methylene dianiline(MDA) 에 반응성 첨가제 succinonitrile(SN)을 첨가한 새로운 계를 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)로 이용하여 30˚C부터 350˚C의 온도 범위에서 승온적 진행 방범(dynamic run method)으로 얻은 값을 가지고 최대 반응속도에서의 온도에 승온속도가 미치는 영향을 해석 할 수 있는 kissinger식을 적용하여 경화반응 속도론을 연구하였다. SN을 첨가한 DGEBA/MDA계의 활성화에너지 (Ea)와 pre-exponential factor(A) 그리고, SN이 첨가될 때 에폭시와 아민과의 반응속도 상수 k를 구하였다.

As a herbal supplement, Dioscorea batatas Decne (DBD) presents potent antioxidant activity and diverse health benefits. In the present study, functions of a 30 kDa glycoprotein isolated from DBD (hereafter, DBD glycoprotein) in the regulation of feed efficiency and fecal malodor in mice were explored. DBD glycoprotein produced protective effect against cytotoxicity induced by the ecotoxicological endocrine-disrupting substance bisphenol A in gastrointestinal epithelial HT-29 cells. To investigate its potential roles in the regulation of feed efficiency and fecal malodor, mice were administered an oral injection of DBD glycoprotein for 2 weeks. Compared with the control values, the weight of internal organs (liver, heart, kidney, and spleen) and levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase were not significantly changed during DBD glycoprotein administration for 2 weeks. Interestingly, DBD glycoprotein improved feed efficiency and reduced hydrogen sulfide concentration without altering the ammonia level in mouse feces. Collectively, these results indicate that DBD glycoprotein is a functional agent that exerts gastrointestinal protective effects against ecotoxicological substances, improves feed efficiency, and reduces fecal malodor.

Organic contaminants can be released into water environments due to chemical accidents and exist as dissolved and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Fenton oxidation was tested for bisphenol A and nitrobenzene as model organic contaminants in dissolved and NAPL states. Fenton oxidation was successfully applied for both of the dissolved and NAPL states of the two pollutants and the results indicated that a quick treatment was needed to reduce the risk from a chemical accidents instead of carrying out oxidation after the contaminants dissolve in water. A set of Fenton reactions were tested under seawater conditions because chemical accidents often occurs in the ocean. Chloride ions act as radical scavengers and inhibit Fenton oxidation. The reaction rate is inversely proportional to salt contents and the reduced reaction rate can be compensated by increasing the quantity of the oxidizing agents. The current study showes that Fenton oxidation could be applied as a quick treatments for organic contaminant in dissolved and NAPL state organic contaminants released as a result of leaks or chemical accidents.

The adsorption characteristics of bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated using activated carbon based on waste citrus peel (which is abandoned in large quantities in Jeju Island), denoted as WCP-AC, and surface-modified with various P2O5 concentrations (WCP-SM-AC). Moreover, coconut-based activated carbon (which is marketed in large amounts) was surface-modified in an identical manner for comparison. The adsorption equilibrium of BPA using the activated carbons before and after surface modification was obtained at nearly 48 h. The adsorption process of BPA by activated carbons and surface-modified activated carbons was well-described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The experimental data in the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm model. With increasing P2O5 concentration (250-2,000 mg/L), the amounts of BPA adsorbed by WCP-SM-AC increased till 1,000 mg/L of P2O5; however, above 1,000 mg/L of P2O5, the same amounts adsorbed at 1,000 mg/L of P2O5 were obtained. With increasing reaction temperature, the reaction rate increased, but the adsorbed amounts decreased, especially for the activated carbon before surface modification. The amounts of BPA adsorbed by WCP-AC and WCP-SM-AC were similar in the pH range of 5-9, but significantly decreased at pH 11, and increased with increasing ionic strength due to screening and salting-out effects.

Bisphenol-A(BPA) is a member of alkylphenol family, and shows adverse effects including reduced fertility, reproductive tract abnormalities, metabolic disorder, cancer induction, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In the present study, we conducted Hershberger assay to evaluate whether the two candidates to replace BPA have androgenic or antiandrogenic activity. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague–Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were BPA, isosorbide (ISO) and cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper’s glands, and glans penis] and three androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including BPA did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was CHDM > BPA > ISO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of BPA group as well as ISO group. In CHDM group, high dose treatment exhibited most severe weight reduction in all measured tissues. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements, except BPA groups. Since the effects of ISO treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of BPA, ISO could be a strong candidate to replace BPA. CHDM treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of BPA substitute selection.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, induces toxicity in cells and in experimental animals. Ginseng extracts were evaluated to determine whether they can inhibit BPA-induced toxicity. The antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng extract (WGE), dried white ginseng extract (DGE), and dried red ginseng extract (RGE) was measured using the DPPH assay. WGE and RGE increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Cell viability was measured in HepG2 cells following treatment with BPA and ginseng extracts using the MTT assay. DGE and RGE increased HepG2 cell viability following treatment with 200 μM BPA. RGE reduced levels of biochemical markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) that increased in mice following treatment with BPA. In addition, the regeneration and proliferation of damaged liver cells were significantly increased in RGE-treated mice. Moreover, RGE inhibited hepatic fibrosis in the surrounding area and in the central vein of the liver microstructure. RGE also significantly inhibited BPA-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, RGE protected liver damage and regenerated liver tissues in BPA-treated animals. These results show that RGE may represent a potential candidate drug for the treatment and prevention of liver damage caused by environmental toxins.