Plant-parasitic nematodes causes yield losses of more than $100 million per year in the world. Among them, soybeancyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) causes the greatest yield loss to soybean compared to any other pest worldwide.SCN causes yield reductions by feeding on plant nutrients, retarding root growth and inhibiting Bradyrhizobium japonicum(Kirchner) Buchanan nodulation. The primary methods for controlling SCN include planting resistant cultivars and rotationwith nonhost crop. In order to control SCN, we should be breeding resistant soybean cultivars which has resistant genefor this pest. The research that can minimize the damage of the soybean yield is still insufficient, comprehensive andsystematic research is urgently required. Current researches in our lab are discussed.

Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii, is one of the important pests of sugarbeet growing area inthe world, especially in Europe, Canada and USA. SBCN has host in 23 plant families and the important crop host occursin two families; the Chenopodiaceae and Brassicaceae. Host crops include beets, mangolds, cabbage, spinach, brassicas,radish, mustard, and broccoli etc. In korea, SBCN was first detected in the highland Kimchi cabbage fields of easternGangwon-do, 2011. The obvious foliar symptom is poor plant stands and growth, wilting and yellowing. The most easilyrecognized sign of infection is the white to pale yellow and lemon-shaped adult female attached to roots. A survey ofBrassica spp. fields was conducted to determine the distribution of SBCN in Korea. The cyst nematode was only foundedin a restricted highland Kimchi cabbage fields in Gangwon-do. Damage from SBCN may be reduced by employing acombination of various management practies such as prevention of nematode infestation, crop rotation, SBCN resistanttrap crop, weed control and chemical control.

Cyst nematodes are well known to cause serious yield losses in many important crops producing in Korea such assoybeans and Chinese cabbage. Recently, a new cyst nematode Heterodera trifolii has been recorded in the highland vegetablesgrowing area occurring severe yield losses. As a newly recorded pest, the severity of the nematode is still not clear tomost of the farmers. Identification of this nematode is another big issue as the nematode existed in the field with Heteroderaschachtii. Recent reports revealed that the pest is steadily spreading within the highland areas and has a huge possibilityto spread over Korea. Therefore, it is the high time to set a monitoring or warning systems and test more feasible managementstrategies to prevent the dispersal of this nematode.

This study described the spatial distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the Ulsan Coastal Waters (UCW). Surface sediment samples from 15 stations revealed the occurrence of 33 species involving the Groups Protoperidinioid (51.5%), Gonyaulacoid (30.4%), Calciodineloid (9.1%), Gymnodinioid (3.0%), Diplopsallid (3.0%) and Tuberculodinioid (3.0%). The recorded cyst abundance in the UCW recorded was low (260~1,680 cysts g-dry-1) compared to Korean coastal waters. The abundance of heterotrophic cysts is higher in the Ulsan harbour and northwestern parts of UCW with eutrophic areas, however autotrophic species are more prevalent in the southern parts with open sea environments. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the UCW were characterized by the dominance of Gonyaulax scrippsae, Protoperidinium sp. (Brigantedinium sp.), and Gonyaulax spinifera complex. The advent of the toxic dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense was recorded for the first time in the East-south sea of Korea. Therefore, as a result of ongoing monitoring and management for new toxic dinoflegallates from tropical or subtropical regions, analysis of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the UCW has been deemed necessary.

담관 낭종은 담관에 발생하는 선천성 담관 확장증을 의미하며, 담도계에 발생하는 비교적 드문 질환이다. 담관 낭종과 관련된 합병증으로는 담석 형성, 담관염, 췌장염이 있으며, 무엇 보다도 담관암이 발생할 수 있어서 낭종 절제술 같은 외과적 절제가 치료 원칙이다. 담관 낭종을 수술한 후에도 담관 낭종 의 불완전 절제로 인해 남아있는 낭종에서 담도계 암이 발생 하는 경우가 종종 있다. 저자들은 담관 낭종으로 수술받은 후 일부 남아있는 췌장내 총담관 부위 낭종에서 수술 15년 후 담관암이 발생한 1예를 경험하여 보고하고자 한다. 이 증례는 담관 낭종의 치료로써 완전 절제의 중요성과 정기적인 추적 검사의 필요성을 일깨워준다고 볼 수 있다.

담관낭종은 담도가 비가역적으로 확장된 선천성 질환으로 담도암의 발생 위험으로 인해 수술적 절제를 시행하는 것이 원칙이다. 임신 중에는 호르몬의 영향 및 확대된 자궁, 증가된 복압 등으로 담관낭종이 증상을 일으킬 수 있다. 그러나 임신 중에는 생리적 변화로 나타나는 임신 자체의 증상과 낭종에 의한 증상을 구분하기가 어렵고, 임신 중 시행할 수 있는 영상 검사가 제한되어 있어 담관낭종의 진단이 지연됨으로써 산모와 태아에게 치명적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 또한 수술로 인한 태아와 산모의 이환율과 사망률을 고려할 때, 즉각적인 외과 수술보다는 담관낭종으로 인한 합병증을 예방하고 출산 시까지 산모와 태아를 안전하게 보호하기 위한 단계적인 치료 전략이 중요하다. 저자들은 임신 중 담관낭종에 의해 발생한 황달 및 복통으로 내원한 26세 산모에서 투시 조영술 도움 없이 내시경 초음파를 이용한 담도 배액술을 시행하여 증상 완화와 함께 최대한 임신을 유지할 수 있었다. 이후 성공적인 출산 및 산후 회복기를 거쳐 담관낭종을 수술적으로 제거한 1예 를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) in maxilla is a rare and benign lesion but shows extensive bony destruction, occasionally accompanied with secondary osseous lesions, i.e., central giant cell granuloma, ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, etc. As the pathogenesis of ABC has not been clearly defined, ABC is diagnostically challenged due to its variable histological features. A 17-year-old boy showed a huge radiolucent lesion at right anterior maxilla, which was accidentally found in routine dental-radiological examination for orthodontic treatment. He had no medical history of systemic disease, and did not remember any traumatic experience on his right anterior maxilla. The radiolucent lesion involved periapical area from right central incisor to right first premolar, and was clinically diagnosed as odontogenic keratocyst. During surgical operation a cyst-like sac was enucleated with severe hemorrhage. In the histological observation the thick fibrous sac showed no lining epithelium, and its luminal side disclosed multiple aneurysmal spaces which were shrunken and almost obliterated. The fibrous sac itself was hyperplastic with abundant vascular channels, and produced fibromatous thickening associated with ossifying trabecular bones. This fibro-osseous tissue was hamartomatous, which was not directly connected and organized with marrow bone of maxilla. Finally, the present case was diagnosed as secondary type ABC differentially from traumatic bone cyst (TBC), odontogenic cyst, and central reparative granuloma. And it was presumed that the hamartomatous proliferation of fibro-osseous tissue in the cystic sac of ABC could produce the swelling pressure effect in the bone marrow similar to the overgrowth of central giant cell granuloma, ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, etc., in the secondary type ABC.

Dermoid cysts represent approximately 34% of developmental cysts in the head and neck region, and they occur mostly at the midline of the floor of the mouth. However, dermoid cysts may also migrate laterally by expansion. The lesion is usually slow growing and painless, presenting as a doughy or rubbery mass that frequently retains pitting after application of pressure. The differential diagnosis for dermoid cysts includes infections, tumors, mucous extravasation phenomena and abnormalities arising during embryonic development. In this report, we present three cases of unusual oral dermoid cysts. The first case developed on the left floor of the mouth, the second case was in the left submandibular area, and the third case was in the sublingual and submental space. All lesions were removed by the intraoral approach. Histopathologic examination revealed a dermoid cyst. The cysts were lined by orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, with a prominent granular cell layer. The cyst walls were composed of fibrous connective tissue that contained sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

Calcipex II has been widely used for root canal irrigation in endodontic treatment. It is a product of calcium oxide-based water soluble paste containing fine granular resin materials1). It was known that these granular materials were hardly dissolved in tissue and subsequently elicited foreign body granuloma by recruiting macrophages. Sometimes serious complications involving regional osteomyelitis and maxillary sinusitis were followed in long time after the endodontic treatment using Calcipex II materials2,3). And then the removed surgical specimen should be carefully examined to detect whether there exists Calcipex II material-related foreign body reaction or not. As the fine granular materials are too small in size, about 1 μm in diameter, and slightly translucent, it is difficult to find out the fine granular materials scattered throughout the granulomatous lesion even in the high magnification view. Here, we firstly found that the fine granular materials of Calcipex II showed bright birefringence under the polarizing microscope, and that the Calcipex II granules dispersed in chronic granulomatous lesion could be easily detected by their bright birefringence. The present study demonstrated a case of peri-implantitis involved with Calcipex II granule-related periapical granuloma, exhibiting numerous bright birefringence spots in the polarizing microscope observation.

The aim of this study was to present the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of 20 new Korean GOC cases with a brief literature review. The mean age of 20 GOC patients was 43.5 years (range, 29-73 years) with a strong predilection for male (male-to-female ratio, 4:1). Nine cases were located in the maxilla and 11 cases in the mandible. Eight cases involved the anterior areas of the jaws and 12 cases were located in the posterior area. Most of the cases (16/20, 80.0%) showed a well-defined unilocular radiolucency and some showed cortical perforation (55.6%) and bony expansion (72.2%) in computed tomography. The most common histopathological feature was eosinophilic cuboidal cells (100%), followed by clear cells (95.0%), mucous cells (85.0%), variations in thickness (85.0%), and intraepithelial microcysts (80.0%). All cases were surgically treated by enucleation and no recurrences were found in routine follow-up.

The trauma of incisive canal associated dental implant placement in the anterior maxilla can cause the nasopalatine duct cyst. It is difficult to identify the nasopalatine duct cyst or the location of the incisive canal, only using periapical radiograph or panorama radiograph. So it is necessary to take computed tomography scan for an analysis on the relation between the implant and the incisive canal. This case report present the patient had the nasopalatine duct cyst following the placement of dental implant in the anterior maxilla, and was undergone implant removal and cyst enucleation with bone graft.

We report a rare case of intraosseous epidermoid cyst in mandibular body. A non symptomatic patient without trauma history had a cystic lesion on mandible close to the third molar. The lesion was enucleated while extracting of left lower third molar. The microscopic findings were consistent with an epidermoid cyst. Key words：Epidermoid Cyst, Intraosseous, Mandible

We present a case of intraparotid plexiform neurofibroma in a 7-year-old man. The lesion was determined as plexiform neuroma in histopathological findings, but final diagnosis was plexiform neurofibroma considering his familiy history of neurofibromatosis and café au lait spots on his body. Currently we are executing follow-up after removing the tumor with surgery. Plexiform neurofibroma can develope at any point along a nerve and spread out either just under the skin or deeper in the body. According to the literature, the most common site of plexiform neurofibroma is mouth and face in the head and neck region. Also, plexiform neurofibroma occurs at 8.8-year-old in neurofibromatosis typeⅠ patient with familial history. Because of interlacing with adjacent normal tissue and the invasive nature we have difficult resecting the mass completely. So when the tumor turns symptomatic or disfiguring leading to an aesthetic problem, surgery had better be undertaken.

Epidermoid cyst of the oral and maxillofacial region is a soft tissue cyst lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and most commonly arises in the superficial area of the mouth floor. Uncommonly, the epidermoid cyst may arise deeply in the submandibular region and should be differentially diagnosed with cystic salivary gland tumors, developmental cysts and other cystic lesions. We report a rare case of an epidermoid cyst near the submandibular gland, clinically and radiographically mistaken as a salivary gland tumor.

Cows may suffer impaired ovarian function, often accompanied by reduced conception rates and increased embryonic loss. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecological findings in dairy cattle. It causes temporary infertility and is likely to affect reproduction as well as production parameters in cattle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the expression patterns of apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax), implantation (E-cadherin) and immune related proteins (TNF-α, IL-10) in uterine endometrium of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) with ovarian cyst and normal ovarian follicles. In the Western blot analysis, the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was significantly higher in endometrium with normal ovarian follicles, whereas expression of pro-apoptotic Bax protein was significantly lower. Also, the expressions of E-cadherin and TNF-α proteins were significantly higher in uterine endometrium with normal ovarian follicles. On the other hand, the expression of IL-10 protein was significantly lower in uterine endometrium with normal ovarian follicles. Taken together, our results provided that the expressions of apoptosis, adhesion and immune related proteins in uterine endometrium with ovarian cyst were showed the aberrant patterns, and we suggest that different expression changes of these proteins may be affect to pregnancy ability of cattle.

An 18 years old female patient suffered from cerebrovascular occlusive disease, moyamoya disease, showed a huge cyst in her left mandibular body in the radiological observation. The lesion was asymptomatic and found during routine dental check. She had no experience of traumatic injury on her jaw. The cystic lesion was ovoid with irregular scalloping margin and multilobular image, and occupied the whole marrow space of mandibular body with slight expansion of buccal cortical bone. During operation the lesion showed an empty space covered with grayish white fibrous tissue. The luminal fibrous tissue and underlying bony tissue were curettaged and examined pathologically. In the histological observation the lesion was a pseudocyst lined by thick fibrous tissue. Some large vessels underwent atherosclerotic change, exhibiting thickened vessel walls which were partly distorted with hemorrhage and thrombi, and some small capillaries were extremely dilated with hemorrhage and subsequently resulted in perivascular ischemic change with chronic vasculitis. This mandibular cystic lesion was finally diagnosed as simple bone cyst (SBC) associated with moyamoya disease differentially from aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), traumatic bone cyst (TBC), periapical odontogenic keratocyst, and central giant cell granuloma. Therefore, it was presumed that the thromboembolic and atherosclerotic vessels of moyamoya disease might increase the hemodynamic pressure of mandibular bone marrow tissue and subsequently was able to induce SBC.

Nasolabial cyst is a rare benign lesion which is located in nasolabial fold and alar nose. In spite of the low occurrence of nasolabial cyst, it is important to recognize the differential diagnosis of odontogenic or non-odontogenic lesions that can occur in anterior maxilla or alar region. The diagnosis of the lesion can be made by clinical, radiographic and histopathological findings. In this paper we report a rare case of nasolabial cyst in a 56-year-old woman and discuss the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment in the light of the literature.

췌장내 부비장에서 발생하는 유표피 낭종은 매우 드문 양성 질환으로 대부분 건강 검진에서 우연히 발견되는 경우가 많고, CEA 또는 CA 19-9 등의 혈청 종양 표지자의 상승을 동반하는 췌장의 낭성 종양과 감별이 어려운 질환이다. 저자들은 건강 검진에서 CA19-9의 상승으로 복부 전산화 단층촬영을 시행하고, 췌장 미부의 낭성 종양을 진단받은 환자에서 내시경 초음파 유도 세침흡인검사 및 낭종액 분석을 시행하고 점액성 낭성 종양 의심하에 수술을 시행하였으나, 최종적 으로 췌장내 부비장의 유표피 낭종으로 진단된 증례를 경험 하여 보고하는 바이다. 췌장내 부비장 유표피낭종은 다른 악성화가 가능한 췌장 낭성 종양과 감별이 어려운 질환이지만, 내시경 초음파 검사, 자기공명 영상 등의 추가 검사를 통해 췌장 미부의 부비장을 수술 전에 진단하면, 추후 불필요한 수술을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Dermoid and epidermoid cysts in the oral cavity are uncommon and account for less than 0.01% of all oral cysts. The large majority of cases arise in the floor of the mouth and there are rare in other sites. We would like to report an unusual case of epidermoid cyst at the buccal mucosa in a 66-year-old male with a review of literature.