Nanoporous carbon structures were synthesized by pyrolysis of grass as carbon precursor. The synthesized carbon has high surface area and pore volume. The carbon products were acid functionalized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, transmission electron microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Acid functionalized nanoporous carbon was explored for use in removal of toxic Cr(VI) ions from aqueous media. An adsorption study was done as a function of initial concentration, pH, contact time, temperature, and interfering ions. The experimental equilibrium data fits well to Langmuir isotherm model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 35.335 mg/g. The results indicated that removal obeys a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and that equilibrium was reached in 10 min. A desorption study was done using NaOH. The results of the present study imply that acid functionalized nanoporous carbon synthesized from grass is an efficient, renewable, cost-effective adsorbent material for removal of hexavalent chromium due to its faster removal rate and reusability.

논에서 이앙시기에 따른 화본과와 사초과 잡초의 발생 양상을 확인하고 벼에 대한 피해 정도를 알아 보기 위해서 벼 이앙기를 4월 30일부터 6월 19일까지 10일 간격으로 달리하여 이앙 한 후 5월 20일부 터 잡초발생과 벼의 생육을 확인하였다. 잡초들의 발생본수는 화본과와 사초과 잡초 모두 1차와 2차 이 앙시기에 이앙한 시험구에서 발생본수가 많았으며, 크게 1, 2차 이앙구와 3, 4, 5, 6차 이앙시기 두 개 의 그룹으로 나누어지는 결과를 보였다. 개체 당 건물중이 비교적 큰 피는 7월까지는 조기 이앙한 경우 건물중이 큰 값을 보였으나 8월 이후에는 만기 이앙한 시험구에서 건물중이 더 큰 값을 보였다. 반면 사초과 잡초는 지속적으로 빨리 이앙한 경우가 늦게 이앙한 경우보다 건물중이 높은 값을 보였다. 논의 써레질 시기가 빨라짐에 따라 조기에 잡초가 발생하고 높은 잡초생장률을 보이며 잡초의 경합력이 커져 벼의 생육과 수량이 줄어들었다. 잡초생장율을 기준으로 볼 때 화본과는 사초과 잡초에 비해 출수기 이 후에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 확인되었다.

Odor in pig manure affects the distribution of the manure over grass and crop fields as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of microbes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and Rodobacter capsulata) and incubation temperatures (20℃ and 35℃) on the levels of odorous compounds in pig manure. Pig manure was incubated with 0.03% microbes (v/v) at temperatures of 20℃ or 35℃. At incubation temperature of 20℃, the addition of Rodobacter capsulata significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of indoles and volatile fatty acid (VFA). At incubation temperature of 35℃, the addition of any microbes of the three used in this study did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the levels of odorous compounds. When incubation temperature was increased from 20℃ to 35℃, levels of odorous compounds were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Taken together, these results suggest that Rodobacter capsulata could be utilized to reduce odor from pig manure in the spring and fall when the average temperature is around 20℃. However, alternative odor-reducing technology is needed to be developed to apply onto pig manure during the hot summer season (35℃).

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grass and flaxseed oil on weight gain, fecal pH, microflora and acid resistance of fecal E. coli. in Friesian-Holsteins. Fifteen Holsteins were fed either conventional diet (C, n=5), grass (40%) and concentrate supplemented with flaxseed oil (60%) (T1, n=5) or grass only (T2, n=5) for 141 days, and T1 and T2 groups were grazed on pasture except feeding time. Grabbing fecal samples and measuring body weight were carried out at test day 1, 60, 120, 141. To evaluate acid sensitivity of fecal E. coli, feces were incubated in pH 2.0 anaerobic solution during 1 h at room temperature and measured survival rate. In terms of diets, C group had the highest n-6:n-3 ratio with 21.93, followed by T1 group (0.92) and T2 group (0.51). C and T1 group had higher final weight, total gain weight and average daily gain than T2 animals (p<0.05). The fecal pH of C group was maintained much lower than T1 and T2 group since day 120 (p<0.05). Total anaerobe in feces of C group were higher than the other groups since day 120 (p<0.05), but coliform bacteria were not significantly different among groups. Yeast and mold in feces of C group were significantly higher than the other groups from day 60 to day 141 (p<0.05), which is considered to be relevant to yeast in the diets. After feces were incubated at strong acid, more fecal E. coli of C group (34.09%) survived than those of T1 group (3.79%) and T2 group (1.02%) (p<0.05). From those results, it was considered that feeding grass and flaxseed oil to Holsteins enables to change fecal microflora, increase acid sensitivity of fecal E. coli and contribute to stay healthy for animals. It would be necessary to develop various grass feed diets and their applications for producing healthy and high quality meat products.

본 연구는 전국의 686개 농가에 대한 설문조사를 통해 농가의 GM 기술과 GM 작물 및 이를 활용한 사료에 대한 인식, 농가의 생산 현황과 속성을 바탕으로 농가의 GM 벼 (쌀)와 GM 사료작물에 대한 기술 수용성을 분석하였다. 개 별적인 농가 속성에 따라 수용 의사가 다르지만, 2개의 GM 기술 수용성 추정에서 공통적으로 GM 기술 수용 의 사를 높이는 변수는 GM 농작물의 필요성에 대한 인식과 잡곡이나 조사료 재배여부로 나타났다. 평균적인 경종 농 가의 경우 7.8% 유의수준에서 농가소득이 47% 증가할 경 우 벼 (쌀)에 대한 GM 기술을 수용하고, 벼 (쌀)를 제외한 사료작물의 경우에는 14.1% 유의수준에서 농가소득이 43% 증가할 때 GM 기술을 수용하는 것으로 분석되었다. 벼 (쌀)와 비교해서 사료 작물은 상대적으로 적은 소득 증가 에도 불구하고 수용 가능성이 나타났다. 그러나 두 가지 경우 모두 통계적 유의성이 5%를 넘어가 신뢰도에 문제가 있다. 앞으로 GM 기술에 대한 신뢰성이 높아짐에 따라 CVM에서 발생하는 가상적 편의가 줄어든다면 통계적 유 의성이 높아질 것으로 기대되므로 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect on quality characteristics of grass-fed cow’s milk (GM) and conventional feed-fed cow’s milk (CM) with various conditions of non-thermal high-pressure processing (HPP) sterilization process. The sterilized GM and CM stored at 5℃ and 10℃ for 14 days and their quality characteristics during storage was evaluated. The pH and titratable acidity changes of HPP sterilized milk were maintained acceptable level 6.7-6.8, 0.14-0.16%, respectively. HPP sterilization was efficient in the reduction of total bacterial population to decrease the level of 4-7 Log CFU/ml compare to those of unsterilized control milk, and coliform bacteria was not detected in the HPP sterilized milk. Non-thermal HPP sterilization processing was not affected milk fatty acid composition compare to those of low temperature long time process (LTLT) sterilized milk. GM has lower ratio of n-3:n-6 unsaturated fatty acid level than those of CM. In the sensory evaluation of GM and commercial milk products, overall consumer acceptance of HPP sterilized GM was higher than CM and LTLT commercial product. In conclusion, the effects of HPP was comparable with conventional LTLT sterilization process to control undesirable microorganism in the milk products with minumal nutritional and chemical changes.

The Ceratovacuna aphids are one of the major gall-forming aphids. Four Ceratovacuna aphids have been reported from East Asia including Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. In Korea, only one species, Ceratovacuna nekoashi (Sasaki), has been confirmed amongst the four species, and yet their colonies have been found only from the banana bundle or cats-paw shaped galls on the primary hosts, Styrax trees (Styraceae). Colonies on the secondary hosts (Gramineae) have not been seen from Korea nor confirmed from Taiwan, although they are usually seen from Japan limitedly on stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum. Recently in Korea, a colony consisting of an emigrant and first instar soldiers were found from a grass species, Seteria sp. that have not been reported as a secondary host of C. nekoashi. Identity of C. nekoashi is definite based on morphology of the first instar soldier. Genetic identity is being explored for confirmation.

Wastewater from textile industries is a major cause of water pollution in most developing countries. In order to address the issues of water pollution and high cost for treatment processes, the use of an inexpensive and environmentally benign adsorbents has been studied. The objective was to find a better alternative to the conventional methods. Lemon grass waste (ash) collected from a lemon grass stream distillation subunit in Bhutan was tested for dye removal from aqueous solutions. The study investigated the removal of methylene blue using the following operational parameters: initial concentration (100-600 mg/L), contact time, adsorbent dose (0.1-0.55 gm/100 mL), and pH (3-10). It was found that the percentage removal of dye increased with a decrease of the initial concentration and increased contact time and dose of adsorbent. The basic pH solution of dye showed better adsorption capacity as compared to the acidic dye solution. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were fitted to the data well. Data fitted better to Lagergren pseudo 2nd order kinetics than a 1st order kinetic model. Surface morphology was also examined via scanning electron microscopy. An elemental analysis was also carried out and the chemical composition and functional groups were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The obtained results indicate that lemon grass ash could be employed as a low cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of dyes.

Amur silver grass, Miscanthus sacchariflorus is one of the promising biofuel crops. A damage of noctuid pest, Leucapamea askoldis was firstly observed from Amur silver grass in Hwasun silver grass plantation during the survey of insect pests of Amur silver grass in Iksan, Hwasun, and Sancheong plantation areas in Korea. The host of L. askoldis was not known yet in Korea. Thus, M. sacchariflorus was the first known host in Korea. The L. askoldis damage was observed as larval feeding on newly grown shoots of M. sacchariflorus close to soil surface from early April to early May in 2013. Investigated larval density was 1.6 ± 1.1 per m2 on April 4 and damage rate of shoots was 0.8% ± 0.4 per hundred plants on May 4, 2013. The larvae bore into shoots of M. sacchariflorus and then feed inside of plant. The damaged shoots are easily pulled out and distinguished by the boring hole on the shoots.

본 연구는 우리나라에 난지형 목초의 도입 가능성을 검토하고 난지형 목초의 재배 한계지를 구명하기 위하여 전남 장흥, 광주광역시, 전북 김제 및 충남 천안에서 2009년 5월부터 2012년 12월까지 수행하였다. 난지형 화본과 목초인 버뮤다그라스 “Common”, “자생형(Ecotype)” 품종, 바히아그라스 “Argentine”, “Tifton 9” 품종과 클라인그라스 “Selection 75” 품종을 2009년 5월 하순에 파종하였다. 버뮤다그라스의 출현 소요일은 파종 후 12일정도 소요되었으며 바히아그라스는 파종 후 24~28일 정도 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 월동이 가능한 광주지역에서 버뮤다그라스의 출수기는 5월 28일경, 바이하그라스는 7월 26일경, 클라인그라스는 5월 30일경에 출수기에 도달하였다. 월동성은 전남 장흥 및 광주지역에서는 바히아그라스를 제외하고는 모두 월동이 가능하였으며 전북 김제와 충남 천안지역은 월동이 불가능한 것으로 나타났다. 난지형 목초의 건물생산성은 모든 시험지역에서 클라인그라스가 6,106~15,331kg/ha으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 바히아그라스가 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 단백질 함량은 버뮤다그라스의 Ecotype이 12.78%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 ADF 함량은 버뮤다그라스 common이 30.42%로 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 총 가소화영양소(TDN) 함량은 버뮤다그라스가 68.23%로 바히아그라스 보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며 in vitro 건물소화율은 초종간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며 버뮤다그라스가 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 우리나라에서 난지형 목초 활용을 위한 재배한계 지역은 시험기간 동안 지속적으로 월동이 가능한 전남지역까지로 판단되며 연간 사초생산성과 사료가치는 한지형 목초와 비슷한 생산성과 사료가치를 보였다. 하지만 기후 온난화 대응 측면과 한지형 목초의 여름철 수량감소로 인한 지속성 저하를 보완 대체할 수 있는 조사료 자원으로서 난지형 목초의 새로운 접근이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

이 글은 『풀잎』에 나타난 소리의 종교적 특징을 고찰하는데 의의를 두고 있다. 휫먼은 자신의 목소리뿐만 아니라 만물과 모든 인간의 소리를 『풀잎』에 담아 썼다. 그리고 세상의 소리를 경청하고 분석하여 시를 쓰는 자신만의 방식을 보인다. 그는 시인을 자연과 우주의 모든 소리를 번역하는 소리의 번역가로 소개한다. 그는 소리들을 통하여 세상 속에 존재하는 선악의 모든 면들을 차별없이 수용하고, 흡수하고, 그것을 새로운 의미로 조명하였다. 그의 『풀잎』에 나타난 다양한 소리들은 자연과 인간의 아름다운 소리의 요소와 근원들을 제시하기도 하지만, 절망과 고통 속에 신음하는 형제의 소리, 휫먼의 영혼이 외치는 야성의 소리, 그리고 만물을 사랑하는 신의 목소리를 상징하기도 한다. 따라서 『풀잎』은 휫먼의 신의 무한한 사랑 속에 있는 모든 만인과 존재들을 축복하는 노래이고 찬미시집인 것이다.

Glyphodes quadrimaculalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) feed on a root tuber of Cynanchum wilfordii (Asclepiadaceae) that is one of the most famous traditional medicines in Korea. The genus Glyphodes includes ~130 species distributed worldwide, so the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) would be helpful for bio-identification, biogeographic studies, and multigene-based phylogeny. The 15,255-bp long G. quadrimaculalis genome comprises 37 typical genes and one large non-coding region, with the typical arrangement found in Lepidoptera. Of the 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 12 begin with typical start codons found in insect mitochondrial PCGs, but the COI gene starts with atypical CGA. One of the noteworthy features of the genome includes the presence of a 51-bp long non-coding space sequence located between tRNAGln and ND2 that reveals high sequence homology (71.4%) to the neighboring ND2 gene, indicating the origin of the region by partial duplication of the ND2 gene.