Porous metallic glass compact (PMGC) are developed by electro-discharge sintering (EDS) process of gas atomized Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 metallic glass powder under of 0.2 kJ generated by a 450 μF capacitor being charged to 0.94 kV. Functional iron-oxides are formed and growth on the surface of PMGCs via hydrothermal synthesis. It is carried out at 150oC for 48hr with distilled water of 100 mL containing Fe ions of 0.18 g/L. Consequently, two types of iron oxides with different morphology which are disc-shaped Fe2O3 and needle-shaped Fe3O4 are successfully formed on the surface of the PMGCs. This finding suggests that PMGC witih hydrothermal technique can be attractive for the practical technology as a new area of structural and functional materials. And they provide a promising road map for using the metallic glasses as a potential functional application.

This study examines the Singapore public housing supplied by Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) in the 1950s. Focused on the Princess Elizabeth estate and Princess estate of Queenstown, this study surveys their construction backgrounds, site plans, unit plans, architectural designs and meanings. The Princess Elizabeth estate was the model estate for workmen’s flats. This estate showed mixed blocks of flats arranged around a large quadrangled open space for children. The Princess estate was a neighborhood of Queenstown, Singapore’s the first new town. At this Estate, there were some new architectural occurrences departing from the Tiong Bahru Estate. Those are the appearance of high-rise typology, and the increased specificity in the functions of open spaces. Thus the open space became to get hierarchy, and divided an estate to small neighborhood units. For the SIT, open space is synonymous with the improvement of urban environment. Through the purposeful creation of open space, the SIT intended to solve the problem of sanitation and to make a neighborhood unit which can be pleasant place for regional community.

Mesophase pitch is an important starting material for making a wide spectrum of industrial and advanced carbon products. It is produced by pyrolysis of petroleum residues. In this work, mesophase formation behavior in petroleum residues was studied to prepare environmentally-benign mesophase pitches, and the composition of petroleum residues and its influence on the mesophase formation was investigated. Two petroleum residues, i.e., clarified oils (CLO-1, CLO-2) obtained from fluid catalytic cracking units of different Indian petroleum refineries, were taken as feed stocks. A third petroleum residue, aromatic extract (AE), was produced by extraction of one of the CLO-1 by using N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent. These petroleum residues were thermally treated at 380°C to examine their mesophase formation behavior. Mesophase pitches produced as a result of thermal treatment were characterized physico-chemically, as well as by instrumental techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry. Thermal treatment of these petroleum residues led to formation of a liquid-crystalline phase (mesophase). The mesophase formation behavior in the petroleum residues was analyzed by optical microscopy. Mesophase pitch prepared from CLO-2 exhibited the highest mesophase content (53 vol%) as compared to other mesophase pitches prepared from CLO-1 and AE.

SPAE (Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone), SPAES) copolymers exhibit a lot of advantages such as a relatively low production cost, and easy control of ionic conductivity and gas barrier properties, when they are used as membrane materials for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and electrolysis. SPAES copolymer membranes are fabricated by evaporating polar aprotic solvents from their concentrated solutions. This conventional process, however, is needed to be excluded, owing to additional production cost associated with the organic solvent separation and hazardous issues. In this study, a benign membrane fabrication method is developed based on SPAES nanodispersions in water-alcohol mixtures. Their fundamental characteristics are systematically investigated in comparison with those made from the conventional method.

일반적으로 선박용 디젤엔진의 아산화질소(N₂O)배출률은 이산화황(SO₂)배출률과 밀접한 상관성을 갖고 있고, 선박에서 사용되는 연료의 다양성은 N₂O배출특성에 영향을 미친다고 받아들여져 왔다. 최근의 연구보고에 의하면 연료 연소에서 발생한 충분한 일산화질소(NO)가 존재할 경우, 배기의 SO₂배출률이 N₂O생성에 미치는 영향은 NO의 영향보다 막대하게 크다. 그러므로 SO₂성분으로부터 기인하는 N₂O생성은 NOx저감을 위한 배기가스 재순환(EGR) 시스템에서 중요한 인자로 작용한다. 본 실험적인 연구의 목적은 SO₂유량 증가를 갖는 디젤엔진의 흡기가 배기의 N₂O배출률에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하는 것이다. 실험에 사용된 테스트 엔진은 2600rpm에서 12kW의 출력을 갖는 4행정 직접분사식 디젤엔진이고, 운전조건은 75% 부하에서 실시되었다. 0.499%(m3/m3)의 SO₂표준가스는 흡기의 SO₂농도를 변화시키기 위해 사용되었다. 결과적으로 황 성분을 포함하지 않는 연료는 SO₂를 배출시키지 않았고, 흡기 중에 SO₂표준가스의 증가에 따른 배기의 SO₂배출률은 SO₂흡입률과 비교하여 거의 같은 비율이었다. 또한, 흡기의 SO₂유량 상승은 N₂O배출률을 상승시켜 배기 중의 N₂O는 흡기의 SO₂혼합기에 의해 생성되었다. 결국 황 성분을 함유한 연료는 연소 중에 SO₂를 형성하고 배기 중의 N₂O는 연소실에 존재하는 NO와 SO₂의 반응에 의해 발생된다고 할 수 있다.

충청남도 서부에 분포하는 아미산층에서 많은 패갑류 화석이 채집되었다. 이들 화석은 아미산층의 여러 층준에서 밀집된 상태로 산출되며, 아열대 기후의 담수 환경에서 번성한 것으로 추정된다. 아미산층산 패갑류 화석은 다음과 같이 3속 4종으로 분류되었다: Euestheria kawasakii, E. shimamurai, Sphaerestheria koreanica, 그리고 Cyclestherioides rampoensis. 그중에서 후자는 이전에 아미산층에서 기록된 종이고, 나머지 3종은 새로이 발견된 종이다. 패갑류 화석에 의한 아미산층의 지질 시대는 후기 트라이아스기로 추정된다.

한반도의 선사문화는 遼河-黑龍江-烏蘇里河·綏芬河 등으로 경계 지워진 長白·千山山地을 중심 으로 하는 極東亞細亞農獵區에 해당된다. 이 지구는 신석기시대 이래 오랫동안 수렵·어로·채집 위 주의 비농경 생계 경제를 기반으로 하고 있었다. 극동아세아 농렵구 최초의 농경문화인 偏堡文化는 기원전 3,000~2,500년 사이 遼東半島 남단에서 성립되었다. 細條堆紋과 같은 토기 장식은 山東 膠東半島의 大汶口文化에서 유래되었을 가능성이 높 으나, 附加堆紋 통형관 등의 炊事器와 본격적인 농경 개시의 증거가 되는 桂葉形 有孔石刀 및 遼東半島 특유의 石墓 傳統 등으로 보면 紅山文化와의 관련성이 높다. 偏堡文化는 이후 천산산지 西北麓을 거쳐 沈陽등 遼中지역으로 북상하는 한편, 천산산지 南麓 서해 연안을 따라 한반도 鴨綠江·淸川江 하구 연안 일대를 거쳐 한반도 중남부지역으로 파급된다. 한반 도 중남부지역의 신석기 후기~말기의 二重口緣土器 등장의 배경이 되었으며 이어서 청동기시대 渼沙里類型 突帶紋土器로 정착되었다. 附加堆紋이 二重口緣土器로 대체된 羊頭窪文化 역시 천산산지 남록을 거쳐 압록강·청천강 하구 서해연안에 파급되어 新岩里II기 문화(新岩里 3지점 2문화층)로 나타나며, 이어서 원산만을 거쳐 한 반도 중남부지역으로 확산되어 可樂洞類型으로 정착된다. 그 이후 기원전 1,100년 전후 성립된 雙房文化는 북상하는 흐름에 비해 東傳의 기류는 상대적으로 약하여 직접적인 영향은 한반도 淸川江·大同江 유역 이북 지역에 국한되었다.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of staurosporine on the formation of cellular processes in human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes. Staurosporine caused a rapid induction of process formation in human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes in a concentration dependent manner. The process formation of human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes was prevented by the pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that staurosporine-induced ROS production was responsible for the process formation. Colchicine, a microtubule depolymerizing agent, inhibited the staurosporine-induced process formation, whereas cytochalasin D, an actin filament breakdown agent, failed to suppress the formation of cellular processes. This result indicated that polymerization of microtubule, and not actin filament, was responsible for the formation of cellular processes induced by staurosporine. In support of this hypothesis, Western blot analysis was conducted using anti-tubulin antibody, and the results showed that the amount of polymerized microtubule was increased by the treatment with staurosporine while that of depolymerized beta-tubulin in soluble fraction was decreased. These results indicate that staurosporine induces ROSmediated, microtubule-dependent formation of cellular processes in human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes.

Calcium exerts antiproliferative effects on cellular targets through the promotion of differentiation and apoptosis. We investigated the influence of calcium on the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACFs), which were induced by exposure to azoxymethane (AOM) followed by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), in ICR mice. Six-week-old ICR mice received 3 (weeks 0–2) intraperitoneal injections of AOM (10 mg/kg BW), followed by treatment with 2% DSS via drinking water for a week to induce preneoplastic lesions. The mice were then divided into 3 groups: the control (AOM/DSS), AOM/DSS + 1.0% Ca, and AOM/DSS + 2.0% Ca groups. Calcium (1.0 or 2.0%) was administered via drinking water for 12 weeks. After sacrificing the mice, the total numbers of aberrant crypts (ACs) and ACFs were measured in the colonic mucosa after methylene blue staining. The control group displayed 11.58 ± 2.43 ACFs/colon, which were composed of a total of 30.42 ± 5.18 ACs/colon. The number of ACFs with more than 3 ACs, which are likely to progress to colon cancer, was 2.37 ± 0.68. Compared to the control, 1.0% or 2.0% calcium treatment significantly decreased the number of total ACFs and ACs in a concentration-dependent manner. The decrease in ACFs or ACs after calcium treatment was associated with decreases in cell proliferation and β-catenin expression and an increase in apoptosis in colonic mucosal cells. These results suggest that calcium may exert a protective effect against colon cancer by inhibiting the development of ACFs/ACs in ICR mice.

An investigation was conducted on the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus etunicatum on the formation of soil aggregate and mycorhizal development in the roots of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings in coal mine tailings and forest soil. G. etunicatum formed mycorrhizas by 35.1 % in coal mine tailings and by 48.9 % in forest soil. Its infection was the typical Arum-type forming inter-cellular hyphae and intra-cellular arbuscules. Ergosterol contents were 3.20 ppm in forest soil and 1.92 ppm in coal mine tailings. The formation of soil aggregate per 50 g pot soil was 19.6 g and 9.5 g in inoculated and noninoculated forest soil and 16.5 g and 11.0 g in inoculated and non-inoculated coal min tailings, respectively. In conclusion, G. etunicatum inoculation increased the formation of soil aggregate both in forest soil and coal mine tailings, but was less effective in the latter.

본 논문은 간호전문인 선교사로 한국에 입국한 서서평(徐舒平, Elisabeth J. Shepping, 1880-1934, R.N.)이 평신도 그리스도인으 로서 수행한 선교적 삶을 분석하여 서서평을 통해 구현된 선교적 그리스 도인이 한국교회의 선교적 교회 형성에 주는 함의를 논하려 한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 선교적 교회의 신학적 근거를 간략히 서술하여 서서평 의 선교적 삶을 분석하는 틀로 삼는다. 선교적 교회는 신학적으로 교회의 본질을 선교로 이해하고 전신자선교사화를 추구하고 성령이 주는 은사에 따라 각 신자들이 지역사회에서 다양한 선교 즉 통전적 선교를 수행하는 교회이다. 본 논문은 독일계 미국인인 서서평에 대한 생애사적 접근을 통해 간호사로서의 소명과 개신교 복음의 만남과 신앙성장을 논하고, 간호사 평신도로서 미국의 다문화 상황에서 뉴욕의 이주민들을 위한 사회봉사 적 선교를 분석한다. 또한 서서평이 남장로교 선교부의 파송을 받아 타문화권인 한국 광주에서 평신도로서 금정교회(현재 광주제일교회) 를 봉사하고 지역사회에서 간호선교, 교육선교, 복음전도, 사회구제 및 사회선교를 실시하였다. 또한 본 논문은 서서평 선교사가 평신도로 서 그리고 교회지도자로서 어떻게 지역사회에서 선교를 추진했는가를 분석한다. 선교적 그리스도인인 서서평이 선교적 교회 형성에 주는 함의는 다음과 같다. 1) 서서평은 평신도 그리스도인으로서 미국 내 다문화 상황에서 지역사회의 이민자들을 상대로 사회봉사적 선교를 수행했고, 기회가 주어져 타문화권인 조선까지 와서 평신도 전문인 선교를 실시하 였다. 2) 서서평은 타문화권인 조선의 광주금정교회에서 평신도로 등록하여 예배와 신앙생활을 하면서 지역사회에서 성령이 주시는 다양 한 은사를 활용하여 다양한 봉사를 실시하였다. 3) 서서평은 전문인 선교사(교회의 지도자)로서 이일학교를 세워 평신도를 양성하고 훈련 하여 전략적으로 지역사회 선교를 수행하였다. 4) 이러한 지역사회 봉사적 선교는 지역사회가 요구한바 다양한 통전적 선교로 드러났다. 이는 개인에 대한 복음 전도와 교회개척, 교육과 치유, 구제와 헌신을 넘어 사회적 실천과 봉사로 나타났고 또한 사회적 약자들에 대한 제도적 접근 선교로서 학교교육(이일학교), 부인조력회, 사회구제와 금주 운 동, 나병환자치료 운동, 공창제도 폐지 운동 등으로 나타났다. 끝으로 본 논문은 한국교회가 선교적 교회가 되기 위해 필요한 몇 가지 사항을 제안한다. 한국교회는 서서평의 지역사회 선교 개념과 활동을 하나의 준거점으로 삼아 지역사회에서 진정성 있는 선교를 수행함으로서 잃어버린 신뢰를 사회로부터 회복할 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, in order to improve the efficiency of n-type monocrystalline solar cells with an Alu cell structure, we investigate the effect of the amount of Al paste in thin n-type monocrystalline wafers with thicknesses of 120 μm, 130 μm, 140 μm. Formation of the Al doped p+ layer and wafer bowing occurred from the formation process of the Al back electrode was analyzed. Changing the amount of Al paste increased the thickness of the Al doped p+ layer, and sheet resistivity decreased; however, wafer bowing increased due to the thermal expansion coefficient between the Al paste and the c-Si wafer. With the application of 5.34 mg/cm2 of Al paste, wafer bowing in a thickness of 140 μm reached a maximum of 2.9 mm and wafer bowing in a thickness of 120 μm reached a maximum of 4 mm. The study’s results suggest that when considering uniformity and thickness of an Al doped p+ layer, sheet resistivity, and wafer bowing, the appropriate amount of Al paste for formation of the Al back electrode is 4.72 mg/cm2 in a wafer with a thickness of 120 μm.

본 논문은 L.B. 알베르티의 회화론을 중심으로 고전 그리스 광학의 전통과 초기 르네상스 선 원근법 이론 사이의 관계를 고찰한다. 선 원근법의 기술적 측면에 초점을 맞추었던 동시대 이론서들과 달리 알베르티의 논문은 수학적 논리가 지닌 형이상학적 가치를 중요하게 다루었는데, 이러한 성격은 유클리드의 광학으로부터 직접적으로 계승되었다고 할 수 있다. 유클리드가 수학적 정의와 명제들로써 증명했던 시각적 세계는 대상과 이미지 사이의 비례적 관계로 이루어진 추상적 공간이었다. 그리고 이러한 추상적 합리성이야말로 알베르티가 자신의 ‘거리점 작도법’의 궁극적인 가치로 주장했던 바로서, 보는 주체와 보여지는 대상 사이의 기하학적 근거에 따라서 실제 세계의 시각 피라미드와 회화 세계의 시각 피라미드를 합치시키고자 했던 것이다

Optimization of the protocorm-like body (PLB) formation of Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium hybrids was performed by determining the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and different parts and division sizes of the PLB. For both genera, the base part was the best for the proliferation of PLBs, yielding the highest number of PLBs on a PGR-free medium for Phalaenopsis and medium containing 0.1μM NAA and 10.0μM BAP for Dendrobium. As regards the division size, four-division sections resulted in a higher PLB formation efficiency for Phalaenopsis, while two-division sections produced a higher PLB formation efficiency for Dendrobium. It is expected that these findings will be applicable to efficient PLB formation of other Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium orchids.

This paper is based on the records of Jeju’s migration in the former half of the 20th Century which can be said to be a tumultuous time in Korea’s history both internally and externally. It aims to go over the background and significance of the migration. With the effort, it intends to find some evidences that may lead into reevaluating our awareness and attitude towards the Jeju Japanese as to why the Jeju people migrated to Japan during those times. What made the JeJu people go to Japan and what made it possible for them to cross over? Three main reasons were deducted from this investigation. First of all, the Jeju people’s migration to Japan was a direct result of the ‘land investigation project’ which was one of the most representative Japanese colonization policy. Secondly, we could take the direct transportation factor which made it possible for the population leak of Jeju into account. The regular passenger liner between Osaka and Japan called the Kimikayomaru(君代丸) was set up. Such launching of passenger liners is also intimately connected with the change in the labor market followed by industrialization within Japan. Finally, we could take the unique characteristics of the Jeju people’s cultural community into consideration. While other Korean Japanese from other regions form relationships by forming organizations from a province, city or county, the people from Jeju formed relationships according to villages and identified themselves with their own region.

To synthesize Sn nanoparticles (NPs) less than 30 nm in diameter, a modified polyol process was conducted at room temperature using a reducing agent, and the effects of different pH values of the initial solutions on the morphology and size of the synthesized Sn NPs were analyzed. tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, diethylene glycol, sodium borohydride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium hydroxide were used as a precursor, reaction medium, reducing agent, capping agent, and pH adjusting agent, respectively. It was found by transmission electron microscopy that the morphology of the synthesized Sn NPs varied according to the pH of the initial solution. Moreover, while the size decreased to 11.32 nm with an increase up to 11.66 of the pH value, the size increased rapidly to 39.25 nm with an increase to 12.69. The pH increase up to 11.66 dominantly promoted generation of electrons and increased the amount of initial nucleation in the solution, finally inducing the reduced-size of the Sn particles. However, the additional increase of pH dominantly induced a decrease of PVP by neutralization, which resulted in acceleration of the agglomeration by collisions between particles.