Sea transportation has long been a vital component of the transport systems of the world. The great majority of imports and exports to and enlarge their national merchant marines. This effort is meant partly to arrest earlier trends of having their trade carried by ships from outside the region and partly to promote regional integration and improve the national balance of payments. However, sea transportation has been exposed to various types of threats on the high seas, in coastal waters and in port areas. Piracy is any robbery or other violent action, for private ends and without authorization by public authority, committed on the seas. Because piracy has been regarded as an offense against the law of nations, the public vessels of any state have been permitted to seize a pirate ship, to bring it into port, to try the crew(regardless of their nationality or domicile), and, if found guilty, to punish them and to confiscate the ship. Piracy has occurred in all stages of maritime history. The increased size of merchant vessels, the improved naval patrolling of most ocean highways, the regular administration of most islands and land areas of the world, and the general recognition by governments of piracy as an international offense resulted in a great decline in piracy in the 19th and 20th centuries. Piracy has, however, occurred in the 20th century, and the practice of hijacking ships has developed into a new form of piracy. The number of incidents of sea piracy against ships reported was 229 in 1997. Since 1991, 1,051 such acts have been reported. The purpose of this research is to examine the origin and development of the piracy to understand the current situation of such violence on the seas. In addition, what should be done by international community will be presented to prevent the piracy in the future.

고정발생원으로 부터 배출되고 있는 이산화탄소를 분리하여 회수 및 재이용하는 기술개발이 에너지 보전 측면에서 뿐만 아니라 환경오염 문제 등을 해결할 수 있는 중요한 과제이다. 특히 내열성, 내식성 및 기계적 강도가 뛰어난 세라믹의 특성을 이용한 기체분리막을 응용한다면 고온으로부터 저온까지의 폭넓은 온도, 압력, 가스조성의 배기가스로부터 이산화탄소를 분리하는 것이 가능해 진다. 따라서 본 총설에서는 현재 일본에서 국책과제로 진행되고 있는 이산화탄소의 고온분리에 대한 연구개발(이하, 'CO2 프로젝트'로 약칭) 현황을 소개하고자 한다.

The contents of articles on food safety and policy in the Donga and Chosun Ilbo from January 1960 to June 1996 were analyzed for the evaluation of subjects and trends in mass media. Among the total of 490 articles, those on cereals were most frequently appeared (20.0%), followed by the articles on sea foods (10.6%) and meats (10.0%). Articles on fats and oils were the least (2.0%) in frequencies. The proportions of articles classified based on the 10-year interval were 28.0% in the 60's, 28.0% in the 70's, 20.6% in the 80's, and 23.4% in the 90's. Major contents of articles were the safety of imported foods, food contaminations by agricultural chemicals, heavy metals and harmful additives.

The purpose of this study was to get an information on hotel cook. So the food and beverage (F and B) enterprise is one of the most promising industry on post-industry society, and the cook is real agent to lead the F and B enterprise, we need to have a data, information and knowledge on cook to improve a culinary art training program and working environment. This study was surveyed by 216 cook to work for deluxe hotels at Pusan. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The almost cook worked with restaurant for 8~9 hours/day, and a half of cook earned a million won in a month. A higher grade cook worked longer hours and earned more money than a lower grade one. 2. The most popular workplace of the cook was Western restaurant, the male cook working at a Western restaurant were more than female, the more female cook and novices worked at a Korean restaurant. 3. The most popular qualification that the cook take were a western culinary art one, and next were Korean one and Japanese one. The 77.8% cook worked at the place that fitted in with their culinary art qulification. 4. A half of cook insisted that they were a expert of western culinary art, and the next was the Korean, Japanese one in order. 5. The cook were unsatisfied with pay, work environment, human relation and promotion, and if they change their workplace, a lot of cook wished to manage their own restaurant. 6. The 63.4% of cook changed their workplace more than a time. The male cook got a more chance to change workplace than female one. The higher grade cook got a more chance to charge workplace. Almost cook got a no chance to study a culinary art at overseas. The most favorite place that the cook want to visit for studying was Europe, and next were Japan, America, Southeast Asia in order.

This study was designed to investigate clinical features, allergy-inducing substances as well as foods, and nutritional behavior of allergic patients. Sixty-eight adult male and 78 adult female patients were surveyed by using the self-developed questionnairs. The results were as follows: 1. The common target organs of allergic symptoms included bronchus, skin and nose. 2. 37.7% of the subjects did not recognize their allergy inducing substances. Among the known substances, house-dust mite, food, temperature and weather change, pollens, smoke, air pollution materials, drugs and even stress provoked symptoms. 3. As for the food allergy, a number of foods were found to be implicated in allergic reactions. These foods included pork, chicken, seafoods such as mackerel, crab & shrimp, milk, egg, peanut, apple and pupa. Symptoms and signs of food reactions included urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis. 4. The nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of energy was below 0.75 for male patients and about 0.80 for female patients. And 24.0% of the subjects were regarded as excellent, 31.5% as fair, and 44.5% as poor in food related behavior evaluation.

An improving example for traditional rapid mix system was studied in the base of mechanisms of alum coagulation. Local status of the major water treatment plants was also investigated and evaluated for upgrading these plants. A new design and operating criterium for rapid mix system was proposed to velocity gradient, G of $1,000-1,500sec^{-1}$ and detention time, t of 1 sec from the results of experiments and literature reviews. Comparing the present rapid mix system to this criterium, apparent difference existed between them. In this study, for improving Seongnam water treatment plant, a design criterium of velocity gradient, and detention time was set to $1,100sec^{-1}$, 1 sec, respectively. A new rapid mix system adopted the nozzle injection countcurrently cross the inlet pipe to the whole area. The injection velocity was 17m/s, nozzle diameter was 1.0mm, and number of nozzle was 70. The new modified system without running present four 75 HP agitators was able to improve water quality(based on sedimentation effluent) by 15-35% and to reduce electrical energy by 98%.

본 연구에서는 북한에서 발행된 출판물을 통해서 북한의 천문학 교육과 연구 현황을 조사 분석하고 이를 남한의 실상과 비교하였다. 북한에는 국가 천문대로서 과학원 소속의 평양천문대가 있다. 이 천문대의 시설은 연구보라는 주로 실용성의 천문 관측을 위한 것들이다. 북한에는 교육용천문대로서 김일성종합대학 천문대, 평양학생소년궁전 천문대, 만경대소년궁전 천문대가 있다. 북한에서는 천문학 교육이 초등학교에서 대학까지 광범위하게 이루어지고 있지만 천체현상의 원리를 이해시키기보다는 현상의 설명에 치우치고 있다. 김일성 종합대학에서 천문학자가 양성되고 있으나 독립된 학과는 없고 물리학과에서 천문학 교육을 담당하고 있다. 남북한의 용어에는 상당한 차이가 나타나고 있다. 북한 용어의 특징은 우리말로 풀어서 만든 용어가 맡은 것이다. 북한에는 천문학의 단독학술지는 없고 단행본의 수도 극히 적다. 북한에서 발표되는 연구논문의 수는 매년 수편에 불과하다. 북한의 역서는 천문력과 항해력을 합친 것으로 방대한 분량을 수록하고 있다. 출판물에 나타난 북한의 천문학자수는 42명이고 그들 중 21명이 국채전문연맹 회원으로 등록되어 있다. 북한학자들은 천문학의 기초 분야보다는 태양 관련 분야나 위치천문, 인공위성 등 실생활과 관련 있는 연구를 주로 하고 있다. 앞으로 남북 교류가 이루어진다면 남한의 기초와 북한의 응용 분야가 결합해서 상호 보완적으로 천문학 수준 향상을 이룩할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was surveyed the Preference for the Korean Traditional Food. 500 wives residing in Seoul, Kyngkee, Kangwon region, and 150 cookers of Korean Restaurants in Kyugin region were sampled randomly. The results were as follows; 1. The concept of the traditional food was 53.5% in more 「excellent than that of overseas」, 59.8% in 「excellent and delicious」, 78% in 「the need for the partial development of fastfood」. 2. The present viewpoint of traditional food was 78.7% in preference for korean food, 81.3% in preference for boiled rice and podrridge at breakfast, Soy-Sauce and Kimchi of home-making was highly marked in 65.9, 96.1% respectively. The kinds of traditional food descended to home were rice cake (dduk), shikke, kimchi, stuffed bun (mandu), fruit punch in the order named. Korean kookies and beverage were preferred, but they were very difficult in making at home. Therefore 50.8% of the answered bought them at market. The preferred korean kookies and beverage were shikke, yakgwa, sujunggwa, gangjung, fruit Punch in the order named. 3. When dined out, 65.6% of the people made much of 「preference」. In the case of few side dishes, 34.1% answered using fast food. 4. 「Preferrence」 for boild rice and podrridge was generally high, but 「frequency」 was low. Both 「preference」 and 「frequency」 of sauce and stew were high. 「Preference」 for traditional beverage was low on the whole. Therefore we must activate the unknown kinds of traditional beverage earnestly. 5. The need of education about the traditional food at home & school was very high. 6. The answers of the cookers in Korean Restaurants could be summarized as; 1) The Korean traditional food was relatively excellent (54.3%). 2) The taste of food ought to be shown food stuffs property (65.8%). 3) In order to cultivate the professionals, the systematic education should be enforced.

화강암 및 대리석 같은 천연 건축용 석재의 채석 및 활용이 개발도상국에서 급부상하고 있다. 이러한 석재를 사용하기 위해 가공, 절단 및 치수화 과정에서 많은 양의 폐기물이 발생한다. 석재폐기물은 개방된 환 경에서 처리되며, 부산물로 발생하는 폐기물의 독성이 환경과 인간의 건강에 악영향을 줄 수 있다. 2019년 세계 석재 산업 성장은 채석장 폐기물을 제외하고 1% 이상 증가한 약 155,000천톤의 새로운 기록을 달성하 였다. 인구 천명당 석재 사용량(m2/1,000 inh)은 2001년 177, 2018년 266에서 2019년 268로 증가했다. 2019년 세계 총채석량은 316,000천톤(100%)이고, 생산량의 53%는 채석장 폐기물로 발생되었다. 석재가공 단계에서는 완 제품 생산량이 91,150천톤(29%)에 도달했으며 결과적으로 63,350천톤이 석재폐기물이 생산되었다. 그러므로 세계적으로 채석장에서 생산된 석재가 100%이라면 전체 폐기물 발생량은 71%이다. 석재폐기물은 환경적, 경 제적 및 사회적 관점에서 상당한 문제를 발생시킨다. 석재폐기물 처리는 기본적으로 3가지 방법이 있는데 재사용, 재활용 및 매립처리가 있다. 그 중에 재사용 및 재활용은 환경 친화적으로 할 수 있는 양호한 석재폐기물 관리 방법이다. 석재폐기물은 많은 사용 방법이 있지만 건축 자재, 세라믹 재료 및 환경 적용으로 요약된다. 석재 폐기물을 이용한 재료 생산은 매우 유망하며 채석장과 산업 현장에서 재생되어 사용할 수 있다. 새로운 생산 품(인공토양)은 토목 공사, 철도 제방 및 원형교차로 주변 표토로 사용하며, 석분토는 산성토양의 중화를 위해 사 용도 가능하다. 또한 석재폐기물은 광물 잔유물 회수, 광물 성분 추출, 건설 자재, 전력 생산, 빌딩 재료와 가스 및 수질 처리에 이용할 수 있다.