최근 새롭게 등장하고 있는 구성주의 학습이론들은 기존의 전통적인 학습이론이 제공하지 못하는, 차별화된 학습자 중심 학습을 위한 교수설계적 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 따라서 이러한 구성주의 학습이론들은 현재 정보화 사회의 테크놀로지를 기반으로 하는 학습자 중심 학습에 적절하고 효과적인 실천적 방안을 제시할 수 있다. 특히, 학습자 주도적인 테크놀로지의 활용과 학습자의 자발적 참여를 위한 오락적 요소가 충분히 반영된 환경으로서 교육용 게임은 게임세대라 할 수 있는 지금의 학습 세대에게 적합한 학습자 중심 학습 환경이다. 따라서 교육용 게임의 설계를 위한 관점으로 구성주의적 학습 이론의 특성을 고찰하면서 설계 원리에 대한 시사점을 도출하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 구성주의 학습이론으로서 최근 부각되고 있는 활동이론, 분산인지, 생태심리학의 관점에서 이론적 배경이자 실천적 방안으로 교육용 게임의 설계 원리에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 이것은 향후 학습자 중심 학습을 위한 상황별, 유형별 교육용 게임의 설계 원리를 구체적으로 탐색하는 데에 이론적 기반 및 논의점이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

목적 : 발달지연 아동을 위한 감각통합 가정프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과성을 검증하기 위한 것이다.연구방법 : 본 연구는 환자-대조군 연구 설계에 따라 연구 대상자는 서울시내 일개 3차병원 재활의학과에서 작업치료를 받는 7개월에서 36개월의 발달지연아동 80명으로 선정하여 가정프로그램을 제공받는 실험군에 32명, 가정프로그램을 제공받지 않는 통제군에 30명을 임의로 배정하였다. 감각통합 가정프로그램을 개발하여 보호자와 아동이 8주 동안 매일 1회 30분 동안 가정에서 실시하였다. 치료전후 집단 내 평균차이는 대응표본 T-검정, 집단 간 평균차이는 독립표본 T-검정을 실시하였다. 가정프로그램의 효과성을 검정하고 변수의 통제효과를 확인하기 위해서 위계적 다중회귀분석과 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다.결과 : 가정프로그램을 제공받은 실험군과 통제군을 감각처리능력에 대한 평균값을 비교분석한 결과 감각등록에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 났다. 이는 가정프로그램에 의해 중요하게 결정되는 변수라는 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 확인되었다.결론 : 작업치료사에 의해서 개발된 감각통합 가정프로그램은 발달지연 아동의 발달을 촉진시킬 수 있으며, 부모들이 가정에서 아동을 치료할 때 이용되어야 한다.

목적 : 연구의 목적은 우리나라 노인들의 문화와 정서에 적합한 활동척도를 개발하여 남녀 노인의 활동 수준과 의미 있는 활동을 비교하고, 노인의 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 관련성을 규명하였다. 연구방법 : 연구의 대상은 60세 이상 남자 노인 199명, 여자 노인 258명으로 총 457명이 참여하였으며, 노인생활만족척도를 사용하여 노인의 삶의 질을 평가하였다. 또한 노인의 활동수준은 평가를 위해 한국판 활동척도를 개발하여 연구에 이용하였다. 결과 : 노인의 수행 활동을 성별로 비교하여 볼 때 여자 노인은 수단적 일상생활을 남자 노인은 고강도 신체활동을 더 많이 하였으며, 노인의 활동과 삶의 질과의 상관관계를 통하여 남, 여, 전체 노인에서 수단적 일상생활, 저강도 신체활동, 고강도 신체활동, 사회활동에 많이 참여할수록 삶의 질은 높았다. 최종적으로 위계적 다중선형회귀분석을 통하여 노인의 삶의 질에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 전체 노인의 경우 연령, 건강상태, 생활수준, 노후설계 준비기간, 사회활동이, 남자 노인의 경우 건강상태, 배우자 유무, 생활수준, 노후설계 준비기간이 삶의 질을 예측할 수 있는 요인으로 작용하였으며, 여자 노인의 경우 연령, 건강상태, 생활수준, 노후 설계 준비기간, 사회활동이 삶의 질을 예측할 수 있는 요인으로 작용하였다. 결론 : 연구 결과를 토대로 남녀 노인에 적합한 성별에 따른 차별화된 활동을 개발하고 1차, 2차, 3차 예방 사업에 사회활동 요소를 포함하여야 할 것이다. 향후 전국 조사를 통하여 우리나라 노인들을 대상으로 활동 수준과 삶의 질과의 관련성을 규명할 수 있는 다양한 연구들이 수행되어야 할 것이며, 작업치료적 관점에서 장애 노인을 대상으로한 활동의 변화와 삶의 질에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것을 제언한다.

This paper purports to investigate the statistical basic principles through "TRIZ-used 6-sigma integrated activity design" and further, to raise "the importance of measuring technical innovative activities based on 6-sigma integrated design methodology by organization". This paper intends to investigate how the activities of the best conditions, which are necessary for the stage of 6-sigma design, are chosen in the TPM-based 6-sigma integration activities. And it will examine the options, when used together with other technique, in the probability statistical methodology. Through the combination of the situations which are chosen when activity techniques, which are mostly used for production and technology, and 6-sigma integration activities are used together, it intends to practically use as the basic data for company standards.

본 연구에서는 ABC(Activity-Based Costing),활동기준원가를 설명하고, 한 업체를 대상으로 Cost structure를 파악하여, (ABC=based objective function value)를 최대화 하는 값을 찾아 이익을 최대화 시켜 기업가치를 향상시키고자 모형을 설계한다. 이를 위해 변수를 결정하고, 제약을 설정하게 된다. 이를 통해 수학적 모형을 완성 시뮬레이션을 통한 이익을 최대화 시키는 활동원가의 활동들을 규명한다.

The present study investigates the effects of teaching activity-based integrative reading and writing on the amelioration of written language in the elementary school classroom. This study was conducted during the first semester in 2003. The subjects were 160, 6th year elementary school students. They were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Both the control group and the experimental group were composed of 80 students each. Each group was divided into three levels: high, intermediate, and low, on the basis of a diagnostic evaluation. All the subjects of the experimental group were integratively taught reading and writing of the English alphabet, words, phrases, sentences, and context, according to their level. All the subjects of the control group were discretely taught reading and writing according to their curriculum and level. They were also given a questionnaire of affective and psychomotor domains. Statistical analyses were performed to determine: (a) the difference of the control and experimental groups, (b) the difference between the control and experimental groups, (c) the difference of their level (high, intermediate, and low) of the control and experimental groups on reading and writing in the pre- and post- achievement tests, and (d) the difference of the level of the control and experimental groups on the affective and psychomotor domains such as interest, self-confidence, understanding, participation, and motivation of reading and writing in the pre- and post- achievement tests. The results of this study reveal that significantly higher scores on the written language were obtained in the experimental group. The difference between the control group and the experimental group was not significant at the beginning of the term. However, the difference was significant at the end of the term. It was also found that in the experimental group, interest was improved at the intermediate level. Self-confidence and understanding were improved at the intermediate and low levels, and participation was improved at the low level. It is recommended that researchers and teachers develop integrative materials of reading and writing more widely according to the level.

In order to study the antitumoral effect of Selaginella tamariscina extracts, the cytotoxicities to human histiocytic leukemia cells (U937) and lymphocyte were measured by MTT method. The water extract of Selaginella tamariscina was partitioned into chloroform (CHCl₃), ethylacetate (EtAc), n-butanol (BuOH) and water (H₂O), successively. CHCl₃, EtAc and BuOH fractions of Selaginella tamariscina showed the cytotoxicity to the U937 cells but they had no effect on the cytotoxicity of lymphocyte under the same conditions. The tumor-specific cytotoxicity of Selaginella tamariscina fractions might have been attributed to their genotoxic effect on actively proliferating cells. The expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene was then evaluated by northern blotting. The increased expression of p53 was induced by Selaginella ramariscina fraction V but no expression of p53 was induced by CHCl₃, EtAc, and BuOH fractions of Selaginella tamariscina. These results suggested that the increased expression of p53 induced by Selaginella tamariscina water extract (fraction V) should be required for the cytotoxicity on U937 and the other fractions of Selaginella tamariscina mediated the U937 disruption.

Making use of our extended version of ¨ O p i k ′ s convection theory, we have calculated magnetic cycle periods of the sun and late type stars by using Parker's dynamo theory, where we have included the non-linear effect. We presented a relationship between the computed cycle period and spectral type to analyze observed magnetic activities of the late type stars and long-term luminosity variations. It is found that (1) the stellar magentic-cycle period increases towards the later spectral type, (2) the rapid rotation facilitates the activity-related luminosity variation of stars later than about K5, (3) differential rotation plays a critical role in determining the magnetic activity-cycle period, and (4) the non-local effect should be taken into account in order to understand the observed long-term luminosity variations.

The main aim of the present study is to investigate the factors that are considered affecting the adoption of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in the autonomous public universities in Vietnam. A quantitative research was carried out. The data was collected through an online questionnaire survey between June 2020 and September 2020 addressed to the target respondents comprising 168 managers and accountants from 23 autonomous public universities in Vietnam, which participated in the resolution project No. 77/NQ-CP of the Vietnamese government on the pilot renovation of operational mechanisms of public tertiary education institutions during the period of four years, from 2014 to 2017. The findings resulted from hypothesis testing by a binary regression analysis based on the SPSS 20.0 software show that training, competition, support of top manager, and university size are the four main factors that positively affect the adoption of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in studied universities. On the other hand, no statistically significant impact was found on two other variables, namely the variety of services provided and the usefulness of cost information factors. From the research results, discussions and policy recommendations have been presented to promote the adoption of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Vietnamese autonomous public universities in the coming time.

오미약성 이론은 다섯가지 맛 중에서 적어도 하나 이상을 맛을 포함하는 다양한 허브로 구성되어 있으며, 이러한 이론은 인간의 질병을 예방하고 면역 체계를 강화하는데 사용되어왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 오미약성 이론에 근거한 단일 추출물 및 혼합 추출물의 효능 차이와 성분 변화를 확인하는 것이다. 황련, 승마 및 백복령 세가지 약초를 선택하였고 단일 추출물 및 혼합 추출물의 약리학적 효능을 평가하였다. 결과적으로 혼합추출물은 단일추출물과 비교하여 400 ug/mL 농도에서 우수한 세포 이동 효과를 보였다. 또한 혼합 추출물은 수지상세포의 활성을 증가시켜 면역을 강화시켰으며 DPPH assay 및 HPLC-ABTS assay를 통해 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 보였다. 이번 연구에서 우리는 한의학적 이론을 접목하여 화장품 및 의약품 분야에 응용 가능한 새로운 소재를 개발하였다.

The safety of the future mankind becomes a world issue due to the climate change driven by global warming. It is inevitable to observe everywhere in daily life the impact of climate change. The level of emergency differs between long-term, mid-term, and short-term, which depends on situation. The impact of climate change in daily life is fairly diverse, and therefore multiple research units of different backgrounds often work together on the measuring and forecasting of the impacts. This paper aims to study the potentially useful methods to analyze and forecast the impact on the changes in transport activities of Canadian Inuit. This is part of the research on the climate change’s impact on the Northern Sea Route area. Either natural or man-made change of external environment forces human to adjust their daily life in order to maintain their utility level of life. Individual or individuals’ group react to the external impact, the way of which differ from others. This fact calls a simulation research on the whole set of input-intermediate process-output. Agents representing individuals or certain subpopulation are given a set of rules to react to stimulus and interact with other agents behave in the realm of simulation. This paper provides methodological discussions on how analyzing and forecasting future change in transport activities in response to climate change. The discussion goes around activity-based approaches that are recently popular in urban planning and transportation planning among available simulation approaches. This paper then discusses the implication and future research agenda.

본 연구는 독거노인(elderly people living alone)의 고독감 감소(reduction of loneliness)와 자기방임의 예방(prevention of self-neglect)을 위해 활동이론(activity theory)을 적용한 원예복지 프로그램(horticultural well-being program)을 실시하여 그 효과성을 알아보았다. 연구 대상은 경기도 성남시에 위치한 00노인복지관의 독거노인 지원센터에 소속되어 있는 65세 이상의 독거노인을 대상으로 하였으며, 실험 참여에 동의한 30명을 무작위로 실험군 15명, 대조군 15명으로 나누어 실시하였다. 연구기간은 2016년 6월부터 8월까지 주 1회, 회기 당 50분씩, 총 12회기로 실시하였다. 활동이론을 적용한 원예복지 프로그램의 작성은 그룹 활동을 위주로 각 그룹 내에서 상호작용이 극대화 되고 사회적인 활동이 자발적인 역할 활동으로 변화하는데 주안점을 두었다. 원예활동 선정은 고독감, 자기방임과 사회적인 활동(social activities)에 관련된 선행연구와 독거노인의 심리, 정서적, 사회적인 특성을 고려하여 선정하였으며, 지도교수(Professor)와 사회복지사 2 명, 원예치료학(horticultural therapist) 박사 1명에게 자문을 받은 후 수정과 보완단계를 거쳐서 완성시켰다. 또한 프로그램 진행은 집단 내 의 개인과 개인의 역할 수행에 중점을 두고 매 회기 별로 그룹으로 시행하였다. 프로그램 동안 실시된 원예활동은 꽃꽂이(arranging flower), 다육식물(Succulents) 심기(planting), 식물 모아심기(gather planting), 꽃바구니(flower basket), 테라리움(Terrarium), 토피어리, 꽃 케이크(make a flower cakes), 접시정원(dish gardens), 천연비누, 압화(pressed flower) 액자, 채소심기였다. 사용된 평가도구는 고독감 척도(The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale), 자기방임척도, 노인생활만족도(life satisfaction)척도이며, 고독감, 자기방임, 생활만족도는 Mann-Whitney test로 그룹의 동질성과 효과성을 비교하였고, 그룹 내의 사전 사후 비교 변화를 위해서는 Wilcoxon signed-rank test를 사 용하였다. 실험결과에 따르면, 프로그램 실시 후 실험군의 고독감 검사의 하위영역인 사회적 주변인 부족(lack of social others), 소속감 부족 영역 (lack of belong and affiliation)은 대조군에 비해 유의한 향상이 나타났으며, 자기방임에서 유의한 감소가 있었다. 또한 노인생활만족도 검 사에서는 실험군이 현재(current)와 미래의 생활만족도(future satisfaction with life) 항목에서 대조군에 비해 프로그램 실시 후 유의한 향 상이 있었다. 반면 과거 생활만족도(past satisfaction with life)에는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 따라서 활동이론을 적용한 원예복지 프로그램은 차후 다양한 노인 공동체 활동이나 전문 복지 서비스 지원의 일환으로 충분히 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of a horticultural activity program applying REBT group counseling on female marriage immigrants’ self-expression and the degree of depression. The subjects that applied for the program are 14 persons. With them, 10 sessions in total were carried out for two hours per time on every Wednesday at the J. gun (County) Social Welfare Center from December 17, 2013 through February 25, 2014. To look into a result of a pre-test on homogeneity between the control group and the experimental group. For self-expression as a result of a t-test in the control group, there was no significant difference in the average (p=.825), t=0.42 (p>.05). For depression, in the control group, as a result of a t-test, there was no significant difference in the average (p=.142), t=-1.145 (p>.05). To look into the change of self-expression according to the process the program. As a result of a T-test in the control group, there was a very significant decrease, t=-7.675 (p<.001), it turned out that self-expression decreased during the program . As a result of a T-test in the experimental group there was a very significant increase, t=9.899 (p<.001), it turned out that self-expression increased during the program. To look into the change of self-expression according to the process the program. To look into the change of depression. As a result of Wilcoxon signed-rank test in the control, there was a significant increase (p=.016), z=-2.410 (p<.05), it turned out that their depression increased during the progress of the program. As a result of a T-test in the experimental group there was a very significant decrease, t=-7.175 (p<.001), it turned out that their depression decreased during the process of the program. As a result of a Pearson Correlation analysis on the factors of self-expression and factors of depression, their score of self-expression after the program had a significantly negative (-) correlation with their depression score (r=-0.705) after the program. Like the above results of the study, the horticultural activity applying REBT group counseling is effective for improving female marriage immigrants’ self-expression and reducing their depression.

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is one of most important diseases in Cucurbitaceae due to infection of Acidovorax citrulli, causing huge economic losses damage worldwide. This seedborn disease spread rapidly at period of high temperature and humidity. The eco-friendly farming is getting popular. So far there was no effective agent to control BFB in eco-friendly farming. Therefore, effect of the material based on chinese nut-gall extract with antibacterial activity against BFB to was tested against A. citrulli. Different hosts showed various symptoms of BFB. Liquid formulation among exhibited most effective anti-bacterial activity on A. citrulli. Pot experiment in greenhouse showed the potential as an control agent of BFB in cucurbits. The treatment of material based on chinese nut-gall extract showed the positive effect on survival of the watermelon seedling and on the length of the cucumber seedling treated with A. citrulli. We cautiously conclude that the material based on chinese nut-gall extract used in this study may be good agents against major diseases of cucurbits in the future even though it is require to be tested with more study on field test.

The purposes of this study were to examine the factors of psychological maladjustment experienced by adolescents for educational welfare, and to analyze the effects of a self-growth group counseling program applied to horticultural activities, which have been considered effective social alternatives, on adolescents’ self-esteem, ego-resilience, and stress change. For these purposes, the program was executed for 8 th -grade students at Y Middle School through 10 sessions, once a week, and 100 minutes per session during the period from 5 September to 14 November in 2014. As to difference between before and after the program, when the horticultural activity program based on self-growth group counseling was applied, the control group included many negative ranks in self-esteem before and after, and thus there wasn’t significant change, but all the subjects in the experimental group showed highly significant improvement (P=0.005). As to changes in ego-resilience, both the control group and the experimental group included many positive ranks and the changes were significant, but the significance was somewhat higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P=0.007). A decrease in stress is indicated by a large number of negative ranks. The control group had many positive ranks, and thus the change was not significant. In the experimental group, all the subjects had a negative rank and therefore the change was highly significant (P=0.005). If such a horticultural activity program is applied to adolescents through a longer period, it is believed to bring a positive change in them.