Human natural killer (NK) cells are major players in innate immune response. The functions of these cells as a scavenger of cancer cells are enhanced by cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), which play an important role in immune response in both tumors and virally infected cells. Liver cancer has a high incidence rate and is a major cause of death in Korea. We provide evidence that human NK cells inhibit tumor growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SNU-354. NK cells were cultured with human IL-2 for 14 days, yielding an enriched NK cell population containing 35% CD8+ cells, 6% CD4+ cells, and 51% CD16+ /CD56+ cells. Intravenous injection of NK cells at doses from 2.5 to 10 million cells/mouse was administered once per week in a nude mouse model that retains human liver tumor induced by implantation of SNU-354 cells. The results showed that human NK cells were recruited within tumor tissue and inhibited SNU-354 tumor growth by 32%, 58%, and 65%. The current data suggest the potential for use of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treatment of human liver cancer.

It has been documented that SPA0355 exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the inhibition of nuclear factor¬kappaB activation. In present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SPA0355 on periodontitis in an animal model. Periodontitis was induced by ligation of the cervix of the 1st molar in the left mandible in rats. After ligature, the rats were randomly divided into four groups and topically applied with SPA0355 (0.5, 1, and 2%) or the vehicle alone once daily for 10 days. Body weight and food intake were measured daily throughout the experimental period. At day 10 post-ligature, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and distance of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) in the distal area of ligatured tooth were estimated histopathologically. No changes in body weight or food intake were found between the control and SPA0355 groups. The degree of inflammation was decreased in all three SPA0355 application groups. A decrease CEJ-ABC distance was observed in the 0.5% and 1% SPA0355 groups. These results indicate that SPA0355 inhibits the infiltration of inflammatory cells and alveolar bone resorption and suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for periodontitis.

들깨 종자를 10일 간 발아시키면서 얻어지는 싹에 대하여 일반성분 및 항산화력의 변화를 분석하였고, 들깨유 산화에 대한 싹 추출물의 억제효과를 조사하였다. 종자의 수분 함량(2.9%)은 발아 10일째 싹에서 9.2%로 증가하였으나 조회분 함량은 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 종자에서 46.8%와 20.7%이었던 조지방과 조단백질 함량은 발아 10일째 싹에서 각각 18.2%와 18.3%로 감소하였지만, 환원당과 조섬유 함량은 2.2% 및 14.8%에서 각각 12.8%와 22.4%로 증가하였다. 깻잎과 비교하면 10일째 싹은 조지방, 탄수화물, 환원당, 조섬유 함량이 더 높았고 수분, 조회분 및 조단백질 함량은 더 낮았다. 발아동안 항산화력은 증가하여 8일째에 최대치에 도달하였는데, DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능에 기반한 Trolox 당량 항산화력(TEAC)은 각각 133.1과 136.8 Trolox eq. mmol/kg이었으며, 3가 철이온 환원력(FRAP)는 399.3 Fe(II) eq. mmol/kg이었다. 폴리페놀 함량(19.2 g/kg)도 이 단계에서 가장 높았다. 한편, 깻잎은 발아 8일째의 싹과 유사한 TEAC를 보였으나 FRAP은 더 높았다. 발아 8일째 싹의 메탄올 추출물을 들깨유에 첨가 시 농도 의존적으로 산화가 억제되었는데, 대조 들깨유에서 1.67 hr이었던 산화유도기간이 2.5%(w/w) 추출물 첨가 들깨유에서는 4.62 hr로 나타나 들깨유의 산화 안정성이 약 2.8배 증가하였다. 이러한 산화유도기간은는 동일농도의 BHT 첨가구와 비교 시 약 38% 수준에 해당하였다.

Parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, extends a larval period of Plutella xylostella and inhibits a larva-to-pupa metamorphosis. To determine antimetamorphic parasitic factor(s) in this host-parasitoid interaction, an effect of its symbiotic polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), was investigated by injecting purified virus particles to nonparasitized larvae of P. xylostella. Larvae injected with CpBV exhibited antimetamophosis in a viral dose-dependent manner. Also, the susceptibility to the viral injection was increased at young larval stages. Parasitized or virus-injected larvae shwed significant decrease in cell size of prothoracic gland and reduction in expression of ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene. However, they increased and maintained expression of insulin receptor (InR) gene. Twenty four CpBVsegments were individually injected to nonparasitized larvae. Only two segments (S22 and S27) had significant antimetamorphic effect. Subsequent RNA interference using double stranded RNA (dsRNA) was performed in each of encoded genes in each segment. Protein tyrosine phosphatase, ELP, and three hypothetical genes were determined to be antimetamorphic factors.

아세틸콜린 분해효소(acetylcholine esterase, AChE) 억제제는 아세틸콜린 함량을 높여 콜린성 neuron 을 활성화함으로써 기억 능력의 개선 및 치매 개선을 가져와 현재 다양한 AChE 억제제들이 개발되어 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 AChE에 대한 억제 활성을 갖는 천연물을 다양한 식물추출물 및 에센스오일로부터 탐색하였으며, 탐색한 추출물의 scopolamine으로 기억손상을 유발한 쥐의 기억력 개선 활성을 치매 치료제로 사용하고 있는 donepizil과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 자몽(Citrus paradisi) 유래의 에센스 오일이 AChE 억제 활성이 가장 높아 20 ug/ml의 농도로 처리하였을 때 90% 이상의 효소 억제 활성을 나타내었다. 수동회피 실험 결과, 자몽 유래의 에센스오일(100 mg/kg, p.o.)을 투여한 쥐는 치매 치료제로 사용하고 있는 donepizile (0.5 mg/kg)을 투여한 쥐와 유사한 latency time을 나타내어 인지기능이 개선되었다. 또한, 수중미로 시험 결과, 자몽 유래 에센스오일(100 mg/Kg, p.o.)을 투여한 쥐는 donepizile(0.5 mg/kg)을 투여한 쥐와 유사한 latency time을 나타내어 인지기능이 개선되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 자몽 유래 에센스오일은 매우 효과적으로 기억력을 개선하여 인지기능을 개선해 줄 수 있는 안전하고 효과적인 후보물질이라고 사료된다.

 ,  , Cordyceps (vegetable wasp and plant worm), an entomopathogenic fungi, has been used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries since ancient times. Cordyceps nutans is common but there is little research on this species. This study investigated the optimal culture conditions of C. nutans and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell treated culture broth. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth were 25℃ and pH 7.0-8.0. Mycelial growth was highest on mushroom complete medium (MCM), V8 juice agar (V8A), and yeast malt dextrose (YMD) medium. Mycelial growth on mushroom minimal medium (MMM) did not occur, so nutrient source was essential. Dextrose and sucrose as carbon sources, and ammonium citrate as a nitrogen source were satisfactory for mycelial growth. Cytotoxicity of C. nutans culture broth was not found in RAW 264.7 cells. C. nutans culture broth suppressed NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our results provided the optimal conditions for cultivation of C. nutans and showed that C. nutans may have excellent physiological activities.

Plasminogen activators(PA) such as urokinase(uPA) and tissue type plasminogen activators(tPA), physiologically catalyze the conversion of the plasminogen to the wide spectrum proteinase plasmin. Because uPA and tPA are involved in cell growth, differentiation and migration of oral cancer, oral epithelial carcinogenesis including transformation of precancerous lesion into oral squamous cell carcinoma with PA is very interesting. It is important to prevent precancerous condition from transfoming into oral squamous cell carcinoma by the inhibitory effect of various drug. It is well known that cyclosporine A(CsA) as immunosuppressive properties exerts anti-cancer effects. Recently it is widely accepted that cultured immortalized oral keratinocyte (IHOK) is considered as an intermediate stage of oral carcinogenesis and used as precancerous condition in vitro. Thus it was thought that it might be interesting to investigate CsA effect on PA expression of IHOK. IHOK was cultured under KBM bullet kit at 37℃ under 95% CO2 incubator. Subconfluent IHOK cells was treated at different CsA concentration. uPA and tPA protein expression from cultured IHOK cell line has been detected by ELISA analysis in the CsA-treated samples. uPA expression of IHOK was higher than that of NHOK, while tPA was similar to that of NHOK. After CsA treatment, CsA might not effect the expression of uPA of IHOK, while showed a little effect on tPA of IHOK. It suggested that CsA had no effect in uPA expression of IHOK although uPA could be used as a marker for precancerous lesion.

본 연구에서는 생마늘 추출 숙성물의 용매 분획물에 대한 항산화 효과와 acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 저해 효과에 대해서 조사하였다. 생마늘 추출 숙성물의 헥산, 클로포름, 에틸아세테이트 및 물 분획물을 통한 총 페놀성 화합물의 함량은 각각 3.70, 23.63, 31.27, 2.35 mg/g으로 나타났다. 또한, 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power 및 linoleic acid를 활용한 지질의 자동산화 저해 효과에서 가장 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 추가적으로, PC12 신경 세포에서의 에틸아세테이트 분획물의 처리가 H2O2가 유발시키는 산화적 스트레스의 수준을 감소시켰다. 결국 생마늘 추출 숙성물의 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 농도 의존적으로 AChE를 저해한다는 것을 확인하였다. 그러므로 본 연구는 생마늘 추출 숙성물의 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 PC12 신경세포에 있어서 산화적 스트레스 수준을 감소시키고, 또한 AChE 저해제로서 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

A number of bacterial species coexist in oral cavities as a biofilm rather than a planktonic arrangement. By forming an oral biofilm with quorum sensing properties, microorganisms can develop a higher pathogenic potential and stronger resistance to the host immune system and antibiotics. Hence, the inhibition of biofilm formation has become a major research issue for the future prevention and treatment of oral diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of pentose on biofilm formation and phenotypic changes using wild type oral bacteria obtained from healthy human saliva. D-ribose and D-arabinose were found to inhibit biofilm formation, but have no effects on the growth of each oral bacterium tested. Pentoses may thus be good candidate biofilm inhibitors without growth-inhibition activity and be employed for the future prevention or treatment of oral diseases.

In our present study, we investigated the effects of continentalic acid on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. Methanol extract of Aralia continentalis (A. continentalis) was suspended in water and sequentially partitioned with CHCl3, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (n-BuOH). The CHCl3 fraction showed the highest activity and an antibacterial compound against S. mutans was isolated from this preparation through various chromatography methods by bioassay guided fractionation. MS, 1H - NMR and 13C-NMR analysis showed that the active principle was continentalic acid which was confirmed to show significant inhibitory effects against S. mutans biofilm. These results may provide some scientific rationale for the traditional use these extracts for the treatment of dental diseases.

The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous chelating abilities. In addition to this, phenolic acid and flavonoids contents were also analyzed. Methanolic extract of P. ostreatus showed the strongest β-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compare to others exracts. At 8 mg/ml, acetonic extract showed a high reducing power of 1.54. The scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, acetonic extract was effective than other extracts. The strongest chelating effect (85.66%) was obtained from the acetonic extract at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus were increased with the increasing concentration. After application of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode array detector and electrospray ionisation mass spectra, six phenolic compounds namely, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin were identified from acetonic extract. Tyrosinase inhibition of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of P. ostreatus were increased with the increasing of concentration. Results revealed that methanolic extract showed good, while acetonic and hot water extracts showed moderate activities of the tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration tested. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the storage characteristics of the Korean traditional raw rice wine (RRW) treated with Korean sun-dried salts and gamma rays. Nowadays, RRWs have received attention because they are a nutritious foo

Methanol and hot water extracts of Daedalea bien-nis were investigated for its antioxidant activity, poly- phenol content and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The antioxidant activities of hot water and 80% methanol extracts of Daedalea biennis fruiting body were 52.06%. and 92.62% at 1.5mg/ml concentration. Total polyphenol content of hot water and 80% methanol extracts were 12.26㎍ GAEs/mg and 13.69㎍ GAEs/mg. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of water extract was 19.70% while 80% methanol extract was 15.75% at 1mg/ml concentration.

Methanol and hot water extracts of Suillus granulatus were investigated for its antioxidant activity, polyphenol content and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1, 1- dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The antioxidant activities of hot water and 80% methanol extracts of Suillus granulatus fruiting body were 51.49%. and 90.58% at 1.5mg/ml concentration. Total polyphenol content of hot water and 80% methanol extracts were 33.21㎍ GAEs/mg and 27.97㎍ GAEs/mg. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of water extract was 7.8% while 80% methanol extract was 20.88% at 1mg/ml concentration.

본 연구에서는 참외 추출물의 항암활성에 대해 알아보기 위해 참외를 부위별로 나누어 quinone reductase 유도활성과 다양한 간암세포에서의 증식 억제활성을 조사하였다. 참외 꼭지와 참외 줄기 잎 부위에서 농도의존적으로 QR 유도활성이 증가하였고, 200μg/mL 농도에서는 각각 3.9, 1.5배의 유도활성을 나타내었다. 암세포 사멸 활성 측정법을 통한 항암활성 평가 실험에서 마우스 유래의 간암세포인 Hepa1c1c7 세포에 대해서 조사한 결과 꼭지와 줄기 잎 부위에서 높은 암세포 독성을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 기초로 인체유래의 암세포에 대한 항암활성을 평가하기 위해 인체유래 간암 세포주인 HepG2에 대한 세포 증식 억제활성을 농도별로 조사하였다. 꼭지와 줄기 잎 부위 모두 인체유래 간암 세포에 대해 증식 억제효과를 보여주었지만, 특히 꼭지 부위는 최고농도에서 60.3%의 높은 증식 억제효과를 보였다. 그러나 마우스 유래의 간암세포에 대한 활성보다 인체유래 간암세포에 대한 활성이 낮게 나타났다. 참외의 꼭지 추출물에서 QR 유도활성과 항암활성을 확인함으로써 향후 참외 비가식 부위의 기능성 소재로의 이용화에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Naringenin은 flavonoid구조의 감귤류 과피에 다량 함유되어 있으며 항암 및 항산화 등의 다양한 생리활성을 가지는 것으로 보고되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 HT-1080 섬유육종세포의 전이에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 먼저 Naringenin이 암세포의 이동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 migrationassay를 한 결과, Naringenin이 암세포의 이동을 농도 의존적으로 억제시켰다. 암의 전이에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 단백질분