The fabric, 100% Silk, was dyed with Atractylodes japonica extract solution. The effects of concentration of extracts (colorant), temperature of dyeing, time of dyeing and pH of dye bath were studied. As the concentration of extracts increased, color strength (K/S value) increased progressively. The K/S values increased with raising temperature, time and proper conditions were 80℃ and 80 minutes. Maximum K/S value was obtained at pH 3. The K/S values of mordanted fabrics were increased with increasing mordant concentration up to specific values. Surface color of dyed and mordanted fabrics were yellowish. Light color fastness of fabric with mordanting was fairly good 3/4 rating. The mordanted silk fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity. The silk fabric dyed with Atractylodes japonica extract showed a superior UV protective property.

This study investigated the characteristics and changes of cotton and silk textile production in Honam district, especially in Gurye, Jella Province from the 1930s to the 1980s. To do this, research method in this study was both literature and fieldwork research and results were as follows. First, in terms of cotton fiber cultivation of Gurye, Chinese Cotton(在來綿) has been substituted for America Cotton(陸地綿) and additionally, Yellow Cotton (黃綿) has been cultivated in the 1930s. Also, in terms of silk fiber cultivation of Gurye, Joseon Silkworm has been substituted for Japanese Silkworm by inflowing the Japanese mulberry tree. Second, in terms of spinning method, cotton spinning has been conducted at every house by an individual tool from the 1930s to the 1950s and has been gradually changed to mechanization by market shop equipped with mechanized cotton gin and cotton whipping tool. However, there have been no changes in silk spinning method from the 1930s to the 1980s. Third, loom type has been changed from the traditional Korean back-strap loom to the treadle loom between the 1930s and the 1940s. Fourth, dyeing was conducted by chemical dyestuff after weaving. The circulation of textile was done through the joint market by Japan in the 1930s~1950s and has changed to the market sales by producers since the 1950s. Fifth, since the 1970s, the outputs of cotton and silk textile of Gurye have been reduced. This was connected with the westernization and the inflow of the synthetic fiber and cloth in cotton and was related to the changes of the nation policy and silk fiber inflow from the china to the Korean farm villages.

This paper is concerned with the development of the silk trade and in particular with silk-ikat production. Early origins are explained and issues relating to the development of long-distance trade are discussed. The principal trading participants are identified and the focus is turned to silk-ikat production in Central Asia. It is recognised that the vast bulk of trade, along what became known as the 'Silk Route' (or 'Silk Road'), did not involve straight-forward or direct exchange between powers to the far east of the route and powers to the far west, but rather was done in stages between adjacent or not too distant locations. Diffusion of ideas was not therefore immediate and operational at one eastern or western extreme of a trading network but, rather, was a gradual process influencing adjacent participants, at stages between the geographic extremes over a long period of time.

The natural dyeing of silk fabric with Thuja orientalis extract was investigated. The proper colorant concentration, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and pH for the dyeing of silk fabric with Thuja orientalis extract were 100% v/v, 80℃, 80 minutes and pH 3, respectively. In various mordanted methods, the K/S values of mordanted methods were higher than those of unmordanted methods with increasing mordant concentration. Light colorfastness and washing colorfastness of Cu or Fe mordanted silk fabric was improved by mordanting. The antibacterial properties of dyed and mordanted silk fabric showed a high reduction rate, and Thuja orientalis extract was showed effective bacterial reduction. The dyed and mordanted fabric with Thuja orientalis extract showed a superior ultraviolet protection property.

Silk fibroin has been widely tested as a candidate biomaterial applicable to various attempts of tissue engineering. In order to examine bone forming ability of silk 3-D scaffold, we have developed a tibial interlocking intramedullary nailing model. A tibial intramedullary nail in the weight bearing hind limb of a rat was interlocked with a pin through a pin hole at the proximal end of the intramedullary nail. Interlocking of the intramedullary nail prevented total collapse of proximal region of a bone defect and helped maintain the critical gap that was filled with silk 3-D scaffold, though minor shinkage about 1 mm at distal region was unavoidable. Bone forming ability of an implanted silk scaffold was monitored weekly for 8~10 wks by X-ray radiography of live animals and bone formation in the scaffold was examined by H & E staining and Masson’s trichrome staining of the bone tissue recovered from the animals. Although scattered islets of bone tissue was observed in the implanted silk scaffold, bone tissue was not widely developed and implanted scaffolds of silk nanofiber and salt-leached sponge were X-ray transparent, suggesting inefficient bone formation. By contrast, X-ray image of implanted silk nanofibrous scaffold coated with hydroxyapatite was getting darkened with time, which suggests bone tissue formation in the scaffold, while untreated silk 3-D scaffold remained undisturbed. Although existence of bone tissue in the scaffold should be confirmed by histological criteria, hydroxyapatite-coated silk scaffold appeared competent to support regeneration of the long bone defects In addition, the interlocking intramedullary nailing in tibia of rat hind limb could be applicable in assessing long bone regenerative capacity of various biocompatible materials.

The objective of this study was to compare peri-implant bone formation among uncoated (UC), hydroxyapatite (HA), collagen plus hydroxyapatite (CH), and silk plus hydroxyapatite (SH) implant groups. Surface coating was applied using the aerosol deposition method. The morphology of MG63 cells on the implant surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 8 h cultures on the each of implant groups. After 48 h cultures, MTT assay was performed to compare cell viabilities of each group. Subsequently, a total of 20 implants from each group were installed in the tibia of the rabbits. The animals were sacrificed at 6 weeks after the implant installation. The peri-implant bone formation was evaluated from the histological sections. In the SEM images, SH coating implant showed better attachment of MG63 cells to the implant surface than the other groups. It also showed adequate cell viabilities and peri-implant bone formations compared with other implant groups. From these in vitro and vivo experiments, SH coating can be a possible candidate for the surface treatment of dental implant. This study was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen21 Program (Center for Nutraceutical & Pharmaceutical Materials no. PJ009013)

Silk fibroin can be damaged or degraded during degumming process. Therefore, it is expected that different structure and properties of silk fibroin can be obtained by different degumming method. However, effect of degumming method on the structure and properties of regenerated silk has not been considered, yet. In this study, Effect of degumming method on the structure and properties of solution, film, and electrospun fiber of regenerated silk was examined. Order of viscosity of regenerated silk solution as follows : Urea method > Acid method, HTHP method > Soap/soda method, Soda method. This viscosity difference among the degumming method strongly influenced the electro-spinning performance of regenerated silk perpared from different degumming method. Also, solution turbidity, crystallinity index (from FTIR), mechanical properties of silk were remarkably affected by degumming method.

Silk fibroin (SF) and silk sericin (SS) have been studied as a biomaterial due their useful properties including good blood compatibility and good cell activities. However, previous studies, silkworm variety has not been considered although it can affect structure and properties of silk fibroin and sericin. Therefore, in the present study, structure and properties of silk fibroins and sericins obtained from different silkworm variety were examined. Most of regenerated SF solutions from different silkworm varieties displayed Newtonian fluid behaviors and their viscosities were different depending on the silkworm variety. N74 showed the highest viscosity among the SF samples. Molecular weight (MW) distribution and mechanical properties of regenerated SF showed similar result to viscosity result. SS did not show significant difference in MW distribution and viscosity result depending on the silkworm variety.

We define hydrogel as a polymer network containing a large amount of water or biological fluid in a 3-D structure. Because of the physical or chemical chains present in a hydrogel, it is stable in aqueous environment. Therefore, it has been used in diverse medical fields. In addition, by controlling the gelation degree of polymer solution (the state prior to hydrogel) hydrogels can be easily applied to damaged tissue area. This unique structure and properties of hydrogel shares a similarity with ECM (Extracellular matrix) in that it has a potential to be applied in tissue engineering field. Especially, the injectable property and ECM like structure can be applied to bone regeneration. Out of several polymers can be form hydrogels, silk fibroin (SF) has an excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and it can be used to create bone regeneration scaffold in the form of hydrogel. In this study, we fabricated a SF hydrogel containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (HAp). To improve the dispersibility of HAp in the SF aqueous solution, we chemically modified the surface of HAp particles using hyaluronic acid (HA) – dopamine (DA) conjugate. Since SF aqueous solution has a long term gelation time, we utilized ultra-sonication method to induce a rapid gelation. Stability of HAp in SF aqueous solution was measured by ELS and TGA. Finally, FT-IR and WAXD were used to evaluate the changes of secondary structure of silk hydrogel according to concentrations of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle concentration.

In this study, silk sericin solutions and films were prepared with different solvents: formic acid and water. Also, silk sericin film from aqueous solution was prepared at different casting temperature. Regardless of solvent type, silk sericin solutions showed a shear thinning implying highly molecular entangled state of silk sericin. Silk sericin aqueous solution showed a higher turbidity than that of formic acid solution. Silk sericin aqueous solution showed shorter gelation time than formic acid. FTIR results showed β-sheet crystallization of silk sericin was affected by casting solvent and temperature. Silk sericin film from aqueous solution showed more β-sheet conformation as the casting temperature was decreased. Silk sericin film from formic acid showed higher crystallinity index than silk sericin films cast from aqueous solution. XRD diffraction measurement showed similar results to those of FTIR. In case of mechanical properties, tensile strength of sericin film from formic acid was higher than sericin films from aqueous solution.

The caddisfly is an aquatic insects that resembles small moth. Silk is produced by the larvae through a pair of labial silk glands. The larvae, caddisworms, use silk not only to produce ‘capture nets’ to collect food particles from the water environment but also to construct ‘silken cases’ for their shelters in running water. Physically, two different processes of silk-producing systems are reported among the different species of arthropod animals: terrestrial and aquatic silk productions. Although both types of silks can be produced along its sophisticated process through a sequential pathway from silk gland, most of our recent knowledges of silk producing system are dependent on those revealed from the terrestrial animals including silkworms or spiders. Therefore, this experiment was initiated to reveal the fine structural aspects of the silk producing system of larval stage of the caddisfly Hydatophylax nigrovittatusu with light and electron microscopes

In this study, we observed anti-diabetic effects of acid hydrolyzed silk peptides, where the amount of peptides in the total amino acid mixture was strictly regulated. Using in vitro diabetes models, silk peptide-containing amino acid mixtures of 5.60% (G5), 11.30% (G10), 14.50% (G15), and 20.50% (G20) were examined separately in order to determine whether they have biological activities. According to our results, a cytoprotective effect was observed following treatment of interleukin-1β in RINm5f pancreas β-cells. As a consequence, Bax, a pro-apoptotic gene, was down-regulated, while Bcl-2, a pro-survival gene, was retained at normal level. Results of the 4’,6-diamidino-2-phentylindole (DAPI) staining assay confirmed that G20 has a better cytoprotective effect. Insulin release from RINm5f cells showed a significant increase following treatment with G5-G20, suggesting that silk peptide effectively regulated and induced insulin production. Single treatment with G5-G20 resulted in enhanced glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells. In addition, a higher amount of each group inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase. In summary, these data suggest that silk peptide may have an anti-diabetic effect through protection of pancreas β-cells and enhancement of insulin release, which showed a close association with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and can improve glucose uptake, which was the major target for therapy of Type 2 diabetes. Taken together, we concluded that acid hydrolyzed silk peptides can be used effectively for control of blood sugar metabolism via improvement of the problematic indices of Type 1 and Type 2 DM.

Spider silks hold great potential as biomaterials with extraordinary properties. Here we report cloning and characterization of the major ampullate silk protein gene from the spider Araneus ventricosus. A cDNA coding for the partial major ampullate silk protein (AvMaSp) was cloned from A. ventricosus. Analysis of the cDNA sequence shows that AvMaSp consists of 240 amino acids of a repetitive region and 99 amino acids of a C-terminal non-repetitive domain. The peptide motifs found in spider major ampullate silk proteins, (A)n, (GA)n, and (GGX)n, were conserved in the repetitive region of AvMaSp. Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed that AvMaSp belongs to the spider major ampullate spidroin proteins. The AvMaSp-R cDNA, which contains sequences encoding for 240 amino acids of a repetitive domain, was expressed as a 22 kDa polypeptide of soluble form in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Recombinant AvMaSp-R was degraded abruptly by trypsin. However, AvMaSp-R was stable at 100 °C for at least 30 min. Additionally, the AvMaSp-R was stable at various pH values from 2 to 12 for at least 1 h. Taken together, our findings provide the molecular structure and biochemical property for A. ventricosus major ampullate silk protein as a biomaterial.

본 연구는 누에의 식엽성 곤충을 대체할 실험곤충으로서의 유용성과 자외선이 한국산 곤충병원성선충 (Heterorhabditis sp. 202 strain, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, Steinernema sp. 223 strain, S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain, S. glaseri Dongrae strain, S. longicaudum Nonsan strain) 의 병원성과 생존에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 누에에 대한 곤충병원성선충의 병원성을 조사한 결과 누에의 령기나 곤충병원성선충의 계통이나 종에 따라 상이한 병원성을 나타내었는데 5령충에 대해서는 Steinernematidae선충의 병원성이 높았고, 1령충에 대해서는 Heterorhabditidae선충의 병원성이 높았다. UV-C는 곤충병원성선충에 유해하여 노출 60분후에는 모든 선충이 치사되었다. UV-C 조사는 곤충병원성선충의 병원성에도 영향을 미쳐 노출 10분 후에도 누에나방 3령충에 대하여 6.7% 이하의 보정사충율을 나타내었다. 야외 뽕나무밭(UV량: 2.3mW/㎠)에서 곤충병원성선충, S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain을 엽면 살포 4시간 후 채취한 뽕나무 잎을 급상한 누에는 치사되지 않았다. 뽕잎에서 4.0mW/㎠의 UV 1시간 노출은 곤충병원성선충, S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain의 누에에 대한 병원성에 차이를 보이지 않았다.

본 연구에서는 견직물의 색채 특성이 촉감각/감성 이미지에 미치는 영향을 고찰하고 견직물의 역학적 성질과 색채 특성을 이용한 촉감각/감성 이미지 예측모델을 제안하고자 하였다. 연구결과로서 무채색과 유채색 견직물 모두 견직물의 역학적 성질이 기본적으로 촉감각/감성 이미지에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 '매끄럽다', '하늘하늘하다', '독특하다', '두껍다', '뻣뻣하다', '전원적이다', '캐주얼하다', '내추럴하다', '모던하다'는 무채색과 유채색에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 특히 '두껍다'와 '뻣뻣하다'는 견직물이 Red 또는 Green 색상일 때, 그리고 pale 또는 vivid 색조일 때 무채색일 때보다 더 강하게 인지되었고, '전원적이다'와 '캐주얼하다'는 Green 색상의 견직물과 pale 또는 vivid 색조의 견직물에서 무채색 견직물에서보다 더 강하게 느껴지는 경향이어서, 견직물의 색채가 주관적 촉감각/감성에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사하였다. 마지막으로 역학적 성질과 색채 특성을 함께 설명변수로 이용한 예측모델을 수립하여 제안하였다.

본 연구는 천연염색 견직물의 색상과 톤, 염료 및 매염에 따른 색채감성 이미지 요인의 차이를 고찰하여 천연염색 견직물의 색채감성 이미지 스케일을 구축하고자 하였다. 다양한 국내 외 시판 천연염료로 단일 및 복합염색을 실시하여 얻은 대표적인 66개 색채의 동일한 견직물을 대상으로 주관적 평가를 실시하였다. 연구 결과로서 추출된 색채감성 요인 중에서 '유쾌성'은 Blue와 Green, vivid와 bright의 색채이거나, 치자황과 치자청, 황토, 홍화씨로 염색, 또는 알루미늄으로 매염하였을 때 강하게 인지되었으며, '자연성'은 Purple Blue, light, light grayish, pale의 색채, 또는 빈랑자, 오배자로 염색하였을 때 높게 평가받았다. '현대성'은 Green, Blue Green, Blue의 색채에서, 염료로는 생쪽과 치자청, 철 매염시에 높은 평가를 받았으며, '매력성'은 Red, Red Purple, Purple과 dark, 염료로는 오배자, 랙, 꼭두서니, 매염제로는 알루미늄 또는 구리를 사용하였을 때 더 강하게 느껴지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 나아가 천연염색 견직물의 색채 특성과 감성 이미지 형용사 간의 관계에 의한 시각적 이미지 스케일을 구축하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 색채감성 지향 천연염색 직물 및 의류 제품의 기획 및 설계를 기초데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study was the efficient use of the black rice bran for dyeing textiles. For this purpose, we investigated proper extracting conditions of black rice bran, dyeability and dyeing fastness of dyed silk fabrics. To find proper extracting condition of black rice bran, we extracted black rice bran with water at different temperatures(, , ), different extracting pH(pH3, pH4, pH5, pH6) and extracting time(20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180min.). Also we investigated the effect of dyeing time(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6hr.), dyeing temperature(, , ) and mordanting method(non, pre, sim, post) to examine dyeability and dyeing fastness of dyed silk fabrics. As a result, when the extracting temperature and time were , 3hr., respectively, extracting was best. And the higher the extracting concentration, the more the extracting amount. As the dyeing temperature and time were higher and longer, the dyeability of silk fabrics was better. With mordant, the dyeability was improved and when using premordant method better, the K/S value was maximized. The laundering fastness of the silk fabrics dyed with black rice bran was estimated to have a good grade of 3~4, however, the light fastness was poor to have a grade of 1~2.