본 연구는 현재 북촌에 남아 있는 서울 觀象監觀天臺로 알려진 小簡儀臺 를 통해 觀象監에 대한 기록 및 현장 조사를 실시하여, 풍수적 입지의 특성 을 고찰하고 해석하여 시사점을 찾는 것에 있다. 관상감은 고려 시대부터 조선 초기까지 天文⋅地理⋅曆數⋅測候⋅刻漏등의 업무를 맡아, 고려 말부 터 한양 천도에 큰 영향을 끼쳤던 관청이다. 한양은 풍수적 입지에 의해서 선택된 곳으로서 관상감은 지리를 보던 相地官들의 업무를 위한 장소였다. 그러므로 풍수지리에 밝았던 상지관들의 평생의 업무지였던 관상감 입지는 어떤 특성과 풍수적 요소를 가지고 있는지에 관하여 연구를 시작하게 되었 다. 관상감은 총 네 곳으로 조선전기의 광화방 관상감은 龍脈과 穴이 있는 곳으로 추정되었으며, 경복궁 내의 관상감은 용맥이나 혈과는 무관하나, 궐 내에 자리해 궁궐이 가진 이점을 가졌다. 조선 후기 경희궁 개양문 밖 관상 감은 불완전한 용맥과 혈자리로 판단되었다. 마지막으로 영추문 밖 관상감 은 내관상감과 매우 가까운 곳이므로 일부의 풍수적 입지를 만족하고 있다. 이는 네 곳 모두 풍수적으로는 명당의 일부 조건만을 만족하는 것으로 풍수적 요건을 최우선시 한것은 아님을 알 수 있다. 오히려 모든 관상감이 만족 하는 공통점은 궁궐과 종각과의 일정 거리였다. 이는 관상감에서 업무보고 가 편리한 위치를 가장 중요시하였음을 알 수 있는 점이다. 이것은 관청터 의 입지 선택에 있어 풍수요소보다 업무의 효율을 높일 수 있는 위치의 중 요성을 시사하고 있다. 주제어: 관상감, 서운관, 간의대, 관천대, 풍수, 북촌, 입지.

본 연구는 후기 중년 여성의 자아존중감, 폐경 증상, 배우자지지, 노화불안의 정도를 파악하고 노화불안에 미치는 영향 요인을 알아보고자 하는 서술적 조사연구로 2020년 5월 23일부터 6월 13일까지 3주 동안 대한민국에 거주하는 기혼자 중 후기 중년 여성을 대상으로 온라인 설문지를 이용하여 총 110명의 자료를 수집하였다. 자료 분석 결과, 후기 중년 여성의 노화불안에 미치는 영향 요인은 폐경 증상(β =.515, p<.001), 자아존중감(β=-.268, p=.001) 순으로 회귀모형의 설명력은 41.4%로 나타났다. 따라서 노화불안을 낮추기 위해서는 후기 중년 여성의 폐경 증상에 대한 적극적인 중재가 필요하며 자아존중감을 높이기 위한 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

현대 사회에 들어와 우리는 기술의 발전에 따른 다양한 혜택을 누리며 풍요롭고 안락한 삶을 영위할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 이 과정에서 지나친 개발로 인해 생명경시 태도와 인격체에 대한 경시 사상 또한 함께 퍼지게 되었고, 이는 정서지능이나 인성에 대한 가치관이 확립되는 아동기에 좋지 않은 영향을 준다. 이에 본 연구에서는 동물매개교육 프로 그램이 초등학교 3학년 아동의 생명존중 의식과 인성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 J도 I시 소재 초등학교 3학년 아동 24명을 대상으로 사전‧사후 점수 비교법을 통해 결과를 얻었다. 동물매개교육 프로그램은 2019년 3월 29일 부터 2019년 5월 31일까지 주 1회씩 총 10회기를 실시하였다. 연구 결과로 동물매개교 육이 대상 아동의 생명존중 의식과 인성에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 실시한 생명존 중 의식 척도와 인성 척도 사전‧사후 검사를 통해서도 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 동물매개교육이 초등학교 3학년 아동의 생명존중 의식과 인성 향상에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다.

1가정 1반려견이라는 말이 있을 만큼 요즘은 반려동물과 함께 삶을 살아가는 이들이 많이 늘어났다. 그만큼 반려동물은 하나의 가족 구성원임이 당연시 되었고 자신의 가족의 마지막 순간까지 소중히 여기게 되었다. 이에 맞춰 동물 장묘시설의 중요성도 대두되고 있고 그 수도 증가하고 있는 추세지만 현재 동물 장묘시설이 입지하는 것에 지역 주민들과 많은 갈등이 발생하고 있다. 따라서 입지 시 발생하는 문제를 해결하는데 도움이 되고자 설문조사를 진행하였다. 설문조사는 일반인 778명을 대상으로 온라인, 오프라인 설문 으로 진행하였으며 반려인 및 비반려인의 의견을 따로 들어보았다. 설문결과 자신의 지역에 동물 장묘시설이 입지하는 것에 찬성하는 응답은 85.1%, 반대하는 응답은 14.9%로 나타났다. 또한 찬성, 반대와 상관없이 모두 동물 장묘시설 입지 시 처리시설이 완비되어야 한다는 의견을 알 수 있었다. 현재 동물 장묘시설 입지 시 지역 주민들과 발생하는 갈등의 원인과 주민들이 반대하는 이유를 파악하고 분석하여 실제적인 협의에 대해 모색하여야 한다.

The objective of this study was to determine sensory profiles of rice confections. The samples used in this study obtained from Korea (traditional Korea rice snack and local specialty rice snack) and three countries (USA, Japan, and China) were evaluated and compared. The sensory characteristics of five kinds of rice confections were evaluated using a sensory test and were analyzed via quantitative description analysis (QDA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In the descriptive analysis, 10 trained panelists evaluated sensory characteristics consisting of 19 attributes, and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the 16 characteristics. For the descriptive data, multivariate analysis of variance was carried out and identified differences among the samples. The PCA of rice confections for the first two principal components could explain 85.66% of the variations. The Korean, Japanese, and Chinese rice confections were savory, gritty, and particle-sized, the other Korean local specialty rice confections were fruity, sweet, honey-flavored, compact, and crispy, and those from the USA were glossy, grainy, bright, adhesive, cohesive, crispy, and sweet.

Silk fibroin (SF) and silk sericin (SS) have been studied as a biomaterial due their useful properties including good blood compatibility and good cell activities. However, previous studies, silkworm variety has not been considered although it can affect structure and properties of silk fibroin and sericin. Therefore, in the present study, structure and properties of silk fibroins and sericins obtained from different silkworm variety were examined. Most of regenerated SF solutions from different silkworm varieties displayed Newtonian fluid behaviors and their viscosities were different depending on the silkworm variety. N74 showed the highest viscosity among the SF samples. Molecular weight (MW) distribution and mechanical properties of regenerated SF showed similar result to viscosity result. SS did not show significant difference in MW distribution and viscosity result depending on the silkworm variety.

Background: Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. is a plant belonging to Saxifragaceae family and contains various active ingredients including astilbin and bergenin. It has been used as a traditional Korean medicine to improve fever, pain, and cough. Recently, a number of Korean medical resources have been studied for cancer and inflammation treatment, but A. chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. has not yet been investigated. Consequently, this study investigated the inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts from A. chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. (ARE) on oxidative stress and colorectal cancer using RAW264.7 and the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116. Methods and Results: In total, 500 ㎍/㎖ ARE reduced cell viability by 38.96 ± 1.32%, and increased caspase-3 activity by 133.08 ± 3.41% in HCT-116 cells. Moreover, TUNEL signaling and the early apoptosis ratio (34.56 ± 1.67%) increased by 500 ㎍/㎖ ARE treatment. H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cell death were diminished by 500 ㎍/㎖ ARE treatment through decreasing ROS (reactive oxygen species). Conclusions: The inhibitory effects of ARE against human colorectal cancer cells is mediated by apoptosis and caspase-3 activation, and H2O2-induced ROS generation and cell death are decreased by ARE treatment in RAW264.7 cells. However, further study is required to explore how ARE treatment is involved in the signaling pathway to decrease ROS.

Rubiae radix is root of Runia akane Nakai, it has been used to hemostasis and blood stasis in Korean and China. This study investigated that anti-oxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effect of ERA (ethanol extract of Rubiae radix) and WRA (water extract of Rubiae radix) using RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage from blood) and HCT-116 cells (human colorectal cancer cell line). ERA contained polyphenol (45.77 ± 2.03 ㎎/g) and flavonoid (22.82 ± 1.33 ㎎/g). 500 μM H2O2-induced ROS generation was diminished by 500 ㎍/㎖ ERA treatment in RAW 264.7 cells, but not WRA (125, 250, and 500 ㎍/㎖). Moreover, caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation increased by 500 ㎍/㎖ ERA treatment during apoptotic cell death in HCT-116. Results demonstrated that anti-cancer effect of ERA against human colorectal cancer cells is mediated apoptotic cell death and DNA fragmentation through caspase-3 activation. However, further study is required to what active ingredient of ERA are important for anti-oxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effect in vivo.

Doxorubicin is a anti-cancer drugs that interferes with the growth and spread of cancer cells in human body. Doxorubicin is used to treat different types of cancers that affect the ovary, thyoid and lungs, but induced side effect such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Thus, we investigated that the effect of iridin on doxorubicin-induced necrosis in HK-2 cells, a human proximal tubule cell. To confirm effect of iridin on doxorubicin-induced necrosis, HK-2 cells are treated with 10 μM doxorubicin and 80 μM iridin. 80 μM iridin reduced 10 μM doxorubicin-induced necrosis, the mitochondrial over activation and caspase-3 activation. However, iridin reduces anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin such as PARP1 and caspase-3 activation, checkpoint proteins (CDK4 and CDK6) in NCI-H1129 cells (Human non-small cell lung cancer cell). In HCT-116 cells (Human colorectan cancer cell), iridin do not increased protein expression of CDK4 and CDK6 decreased by doxorubicin. Results indicate that treatment of iridin was diminished doxorubicin-induced necrosis in HK-2 cells. However, iridin was decreased anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin on NCI-H1229, but not HCT-116. Thus, further experiment are required to iridin treatment on various cancer cells and animal models because effect of iridin different cell type.

Background: Inula japonica Thunb. is a plant belonging to the family compositae. Inulae flos (flower of I. britannica var. chinensis Regal.) is the dried flower of I. japonica Thunb. and contains various flavonoids (patulitrin, nepitrin and kaempferol), which have been utilized in traditional oriental medicine to treat nausea, phlegm, and coughs. However, ethanol extract of I. britannica (IJE) has not been previously studied for its use in cancer treatment, and its effects on oxidative stress, or inflammation. Thus, the present study investigated the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-colorectal cancer effects of IJE using RAW264.7 and HCT- 116 cells, which are human colorectal cancer cell line. Methods and Results: IJE contained flavonoids (80.95 ± 5.3 ㎎/g) and polyphenols (310.53 ± 10.6 ㎎/g). Moreover, it reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and H2O2-induced oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, the 500 ㎍/㎖ IJE treatment increased caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell death in HCT-116 cells. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the anti-cancer effect of IJE against human colorectal cancer cells involves caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death. IJE also inhibited LPS-induced NO production, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. However, further studies are required to explore how IJE treatment regulates signal transduction in NO and ROS production.

Background: Cynaroside is a flavone, a flavonoid-like compound, known by different names (luteoloside and cinaroside). It is commonly found in Lonicera japonica Thunb., Chrysanthemum moriflium, and Angelica keiskei. The process of cell death has been classified as necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis refers to unregulated cell death induced by a chemotherapeutic agent. Doxorubicin is an anthracycline anti-cancer drug used to treat acute leukemia, cancer, and lymphoma. However, it induces nephrotoxicity including tubular damage. Therefore, we investigated the protective effect of cynaroside against doxorubicin-induced necrosis in HK-2 cells. Methods and Results: To confirm the beneficial effect of cynaroside on doxorubicin-induced necrosis, HK-2 cells, a human proximal tubule epithelial cell line were treated with 10 μM doxorubicin and 80 μM cynaroside. Doxorubicin treatment resulted in increased DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity and mitochondria hyperactivation during cell necrosis. However, pretreatment with 80 μM cynaroside attenuated DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity and mitochondria hyperactivation induced by 10 μM doxorubicin in HK-2 cells. Conclusions: These results indicated that pretreatment with cynaroside ameliorated doxorubicin-induced necrosis in HK-2 cells. Therefore, cynaroside be used as a therapeutic agent for improving doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity. However, further studies are required to evaluated the toxicity of cynaroside treatment in animals and to determine its protective effect against doxorubicininduced nephrotoxicity in an animal model.

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai (SSN) has been used for the anti-inflammation in traditional folk medicine. To compare water and methanol extracts of SSN, we analyzed major components using LC IT TOF MS. The major components of hot water extract were identified as caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, but methanol extract was not well established. However, methanol extract was detected with less polarity compounds compared to hot water extract. Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SSN water extract on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response or H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. SSN strongly suppressed the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced inflammatory response without cytotoxcity. The SSN possessed free radical scavenging activities such as DPPH (IC50=320.2 ㎍/㎖), ABTS (IC50=124.0 ㎍/㎖), and superoxide anion radical (IC50=122.6 ㎍/㎖). The total phenol and flavonoid content of SSN was 56.7 ㎎/g, and 15.1 ㎎/g, respectively. Furthermore, SSN decreased the H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by enhancing the cell viability, and SSN significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Therefore, SSN may be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat various inflammation and ROS-induced diseases.

Background: Cisplatin is one of the most extensively used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, including bladder, and ovarian cancers. However, it has been shown to induce nephrotoxicity, despite being an outstanding anti-cancer drug. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of dopaol β-D-glucoside (dopaol) on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods and Results: To confirm the protective effect of dopaol on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, HK-2 cells were treated with 20 μM cisplatin and 80 μM dopaol. Cisplatin increased apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial dysfunction; however pretreatment with 80 μM dopaol successfully attenuated apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial dysfunction. To evaluate the protective effect dopaol on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo, we used an animal model (balb/c mice, 20 ㎎/㎏, i.p. once/day for 3 day). The results were similar to those obtained using HK-2 cells; renal tubular damage and neutrophilia induced by cisplatin reduced following dopaol injection (10 ㎎/㎏, i.p. once/day for 3 day). Conclusions: These results indicate that dopaol treatment reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and can be used to treat cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. However, further studies are required to determine the toxicity high dose dopaol and the signal pathways involved in its mechanism of action in animal models.

This paper analyzes economic efficiency of strawberries and tomatoes farms using the data envelopment analysis (DEA). We examine how production characteristics and farm size affect overall efficiency (OE), allocative efficiency (AE), and technological efficiency (TE). We also survey sample farm households from the Farm Income Investigation database of Rural Development Administration to investigate management and cultivation techniques and to analyze economic efficiency by technique. Implications for improving efficiency are suggested in the conclusion.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a RCS strengthening method for medium & low-rise R/C buildings using the nonlinear analyses of member-level. In this study, a three-story R/C buildings that represents a typical Korean school constructed in the 1980s was selected. Seismic capacities of the building before and after CFCC strengthening method are evaluated using the nonlinear static & dynamic analyses of member-level.

This paper proposes a new seismic retrofit methodology combined with glass fiber sheet (GFS) and non-compression X-brace system using carbon fiber (CFXB) for reinforced concrete buildings damaged in earthquakes. The result reveals that the retrofitting methodology(CR-1, CR-2) proposed in this study is more strengthen than non-retrofit methodology(CS-0) about maximum resisting force and maximum displacement.