도시지역(대구, 구미, 영천, 창원)에 거주하는 직장남성 420명을 대상으로 식생활에 영향을 주는 요인들과 식습관에 대하여 조사하였다. 인구통계학적 변인들과 식습관의 관계에서 직업(p<0.001)과 연령(p<0.01)이 높은 유의성을 나타내었다. 전문직, 관리직, 판매직 등의 직업은 식습관이 "좋다"라는 반응이 많이 나타났으나 사무직에서 "나쁘다"라는 반응이 많이 나타났다. 연령에 있어서 청년층보다 장년층이 식습관에 대한 관심도가 높았으며 주거형태, 배우자의 직업 유무, 월수입도 상당한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 식생활 태도 및 건강상태를 나타내는 변인들과 식습관과의 연관성은 하루 평균 식사횟수, 평소 운동상태, 수면상태, 피로감과 생활리듬, 식사 후 소화상태, 건강상태 등에서 상호 높은 유의성(p<0.001)을 나타내어 식생활 태도와 건강상태가 식습관에 깊은 영향을 준다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

These studies were conducted to: a) investigate work patterns and productivity indices, b) rate performance levels of employees and c) determine the suggested levels of personnel and labor hours for the effective labor control in school foodservice. Eighteen elementary school foodservices in Seoul were selected in order to analyze work patterns by the work sampling methodology. Allowance time and performance rating by VTR observation was done to determine the standardized labor hours. The results were as follows. The average percentage of each work function of the total work functions such as direct work function, indirect work function and delay were 65.57%, 8.12%, 26.31% respectively. The productivity index is 0.92 min/meal. The average working and delay hours per week of the foodservice director, foodservice employees and supply person were 33.64 hours, 23.25 hours, 38.52 hours respectively. The percentage of delay hours of total labor hours for foodservice employees and supply person were 42.27% and 24.0%. The standardized work hours and the appropriate levels of foodservice employees of 17 elementary school foodservices were examined: The average rating of the foodservice employees work was 1.19 and British Insulated Calendarer Cables (BICC) allowance rate was 19.40% on the average. The total work hours of foodservice employees were 172.64 hours per week and levels of personnel were 4.53 persons. BICC allowance rate was applied: The standardized work hours per week was 180.95 hours and appropriate levels of personnel were 4.11 persons based on legal 44 working hours.

We surveyed the vegetation of an ecological landscape preservation area (legally protected conservation areas or national parks) and the surrounding areas of Mt. Cheonggye, Republic of Korea, to explore the conservation implications for preservation areas and surrounding transition areas. We calculated diversity indices to identify the properties of the preservation and surrounding areas that are relevant to conservation efforts. We then compared the plant community composition between the areas using field and quadrat surveys in the preservation and surrounding areas. The cover of the dominant species in all tree and herb layers was markedly higher in the preservation area than in the peripheral zones. The species richness indices were significantly higher in the preservation area than in the peripheral zones. Ordination using detrended canonical correspondence analyses showed that the cover of the dominant tree species and rocks could explain the distribution of plant species in the Cartesian space of the ordination. Our results demonstrate that physiognomically designated protected areas match well with ecological data based on diversity indices and ordination analyses and that disturbances in the areas surrounding the ecological landscape of preservation areas can have considerable impacts on plant diversity indices. Hence, the preservation and management of surrounding areas are essential conservation elements for protecting the entire ecological landscape of preservation areas.

This study investigated the effect of May 31, 2022 Miryang wildfire on fine particle concentrations in Busan and Gimhae, which are neighboring urban areas. In addition, fine particle characteristics and air pollution concentrations were investigated in Miryang, where haze occurred. The Miryang city wildfire that occurred on May 31, 2022, at 0925 LST, was driven by strong north winds and increased fine particle concentrations in Dongsangdong and Jangyoodong, Gimhae City, which are approximately 35 km to the southeast and south, respectively, of the wildfire occurrence site. Furthermore, the fine particle concentration in Myeongjidong, which is approximately 50 km south-southeast of the wildfire site, exhibited a temporary increase at 1400 LST owing to the effects of wildfire smoke. On the morning of June 1, the day after the fire, the Miryang area had very bad visibility because of the smoke from the fire. Therefore the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Naeildong, 3 km south of the wildfire site, were 276 μg/㎥ and 222 μg/㎥, respectively, at 1200 LST. In addition, the gases O3, CO, and SO2 showed high concentrations at the time of haze generation. This study provides insights into policy making in response to the rapid increase in fine dust when wildfire occurs near cities.

The study examines the impact of international integration on Vietnam's rural and urban income inequalities using the regression model. The data used for this study is based on the results of the Vietnam Household Living Standards survey from 2008 to 2016 of the General Statistics Office. These surveys conducted nationwide with a sample size of 46,995 households in 3,133 communes/wards which were representative at national, regional, urban, rural and provincial levels. The level of international economic integration used in the study is the proportion of import and export turnover of GDP, the proportion of FDI and GDP by province. Due to the heterogeneity and unobservableness of the single observant in the data set, we selected the models of random and fixed effects. The research results show that during the economic integration process, the Export/GDP factor is negatively related to income inequality. The remaining factors (GDP per capita, FDI/GDP, Educational level of households, Percentage of internet users, Aggregation of foreign cash inflow and GDP of the province) are all positively related to income inequality. The findings help assess the impact of international integration on rural-urban income inequality, but also provides a concrete basis to help policymakers address income inequality in the integration process.

In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of summertime thermal environments in the two subtropical cities (Jeju and Seogwipo) of Jeju Island, Korea are examined. Long-term average data from Jeju and Seogwipo show that higher human sensible temperature (HST) than air temperature (T) due to the high humidity effects associated with warm sea surface temperature around Jeju Island is most distinct during mid-summer period (late July-early August). Comparatively, their trend analyses reveal that summertime intra-seasonal changes with more increasing HST than T are most obviously observed in late summer (late September-early October) and regionally in Seogwipo. According to the hourly temperature-humidity data measured at approximately 30 HOBO temperature-humidity sensors deployed in the two subtropical cities during 2019 summer, the greater HST than T during mid-summer period maximizes up to 6.2°C and 7.0°C across the urban areas of Jeju and Seogwipo, respectively in early afternoon, leading to consecutive inter-daily heat wave events. The examination of their spatial patterns demonstrates that bioclimatic heat waves in these two subtropical cities are affected primarily by the urban heat island phenomenon. However, it should not be overlooked that local moisture advection from the warm ocean adjacent to the subtropical cities can modify the stronger heat wave pattern toward urban cores. It is also notable that according to comparisons of local HST and T distributions between impervious urban cores and neighboring urban parks, not only the size of green space but also other ecological properties including species of vegetation may be crucial factors to the mitigation of hot thermal environments in subtropical cities during summers.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (≤ 4%). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. PM10 concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to 250 μg/m3 for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major precursor gases (NO2 and SO2) were higher (up to 69 μg/m3, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of O3 and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

In this study, a feed-back system for vulnerable urban area by debris flow is suggested in order to carry out effective maintenance. The feed-back system consists of deriving vulnerable elements, providing structural alternatives, analyzing investigation·inspection and investigating damages.

The interest and participation of the rural experience is increasing as an alternative for the problems such as the decrease of the agricultural income facing the agriculture and the rural area, the decrease of the population, and the regional stagnation. The rural experience has recently been transformed into a software dimension such as programs and participation activities in the past. In addition, public awareness also positively evaluates agriculture and rural communities as the basis for supporting society and recognition of multiple functions. Furthermore, the intention of the citizen to the earnest village is increasing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of rural experience and customer satisfaction of urban residents on the recognition of return to farm and rural areas. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the characteristics of rural experience had a positive effect on the farming villages by the program, the experience field and the host, and the customer satisfaction had a positive effect on the farming villages. Therefore, it is considered that a systematic approach to the rural experience is needed in the future because the experience of the rural people in the city has a positive effect on the earliest villages.

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) were coupled to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The performance of the WRF-VPRM to simulate regional scale CO2 concentration was estimated over coastal basin areas. Either Hestia 2011(HST) or Vulcan 2002(VUL) anthropogenic CO2 emission data were used in two numerical experiments for the study regions. Simulated meteorological variables were validated with ground and background CO2 measurement data, and the results show that the model captured temporal variations of CO2 concentration on a daily basis. CO2 directional analysis revealed that the dominant CO2 emission sources are located S and SW. The simulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) agreed relatively well with measured CO2 fluxes at each vegetation class site, showing approximately 40% at max improvement at shrub areas.

The purpose of this study is to develope items for regular and emergent inspections in order to prevent a debris flow in urban areas. Preliminary evaluation items which are matched with urban characteristic were derived by Literature review and first survey of the Delphi technique. It is expected that final items for regular and emergent inspections are developed by additional surveys of the Delphi technique.

Stability of labor market in rural areas was analyzed in this paper with categories of industrial group, employment scale, surviving period, and founder group. The stability of each classified labor market was compared with each other to figure out the stable business class and the unstable class in rural areas. The results of rural areas were compared with those of urban areas. The stability was analyzed with average and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of annual total employees’ change rates. It was revealed that labor market of ‘primary industry’, including agriculture, is unstable. Especially, labor market of ‘mid-size’ and ‘primary industry’ businesses founded as ‘incorporated company’ in rural areas is vulnerable. While labor market of ‘large-size’ is proved to be unstable, it is confirmed that ‘small-size’ or ‘mid-size’, and ‘over-ten-year survived’ businesses have positive contribution to the stable labor market in rural and urban areas. The results show that the stability of labor market is different in each category of business and in each region of rural or urban area. It is expected that the results can be utilized for the regional development policies, of labor and industry part.

On the purpose to analyze the survival rate of startup companies since their establishment, the companies’ survival rate was investigated by surviving period. The average and coefficient of variation(C.V.) of the startup companies’ survival rate were examined with the comparison of urban and rural areas, and primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. In this study, the variation of total numbers of new-established companies, from 1998 to 2012, were analyzed with micro-data of the Statistics Korea, ‘The Census on Establishments’. The results show that the survival rate of primary industry companies largely fluctuate and don’t be stabled during the whole surviving periods, whereas secondary and tertiary industry companies show stabilized survival rate after fifth year from their establishment. Especially, the startup companies of primary industry located at urban areas show the largest fluctuation and the most vulnerable stability of survival rate. It is concluded that the surviving period of primary industry companies don’t guarantee their survival, while survival rate of secondary and tertiary industry company became stable after five years from their establishment.

To analyze the cooling effect of urban green areas, we conducted micrometeorological measurements in these areas and their surroundings in Seoul, Korea. From the average hourly temperature measurements through each month for the last two years (March 2013 to February 2015), we found that the maximum temperature difference between urban and green areas was about 2.9℃ at 16:00 LST in summer, and the minimum was about 1.7℃ at 22:00 LST in winter. In summer, the temperature difference was the largest during the day, rather than at night, due mainly to shading by the tree canopy. The specific humidity difference between the two areas was about 1.5 g kg-1 in summer, and this decreased in the winter. The specific humidity difference between urban and green areas in summer is relatively large during the day, due to the higher evapotranspiration level of biologically active plants.

서울과 대구 및 울산, 구미, 여수 산업단지 내 지하수의 휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs) 오염 특성을 살펴보았다. 모든 지역에서 염소계 유기용매와 트리할로메탄이 가장 빈번하게 검출되는 휘발성 유기화합물이였다. MTBE는 도시 지역에서만 빈번하게 검출되었으며, 사염화탄소와 클로로포름은 산업단지에서 빈번하게 높은 농도로 검출되었다. 서울 지하수를 대상으로 휘발성 유기화합물로 인한 지하수 오염 실태를 좀 더 정밀하게 조사하였다. 그 결과, 염소계 유기용매 및 염소계 유기용매의 탈염소화 과정에서 생성되는 중간물질로 인한 오염이 심각한 것을 알 수 있었다. 검출빈도, 농도규모, 상관관계 분석을 통해 cis-1,2-DCE는 TCE의 분해 과정에서 생성되었으며, 1,1-DCE는 1,1,1-TCA의 분해 과정에서 생성된 것임을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 일부 VOCs는 자주 함께 검출되었으며, 기준치를 초과하는 VOCs의 농도도 일부 시료에서만 관찰되었는데, 이는 여러 가지 VOCs를 다량으로 사용하는 특정 오염원이 지하수 오염을 야기하였다는 것을 의미한다. 이들 오염원의 영향을 확인하기 위해 지하수 시료를 채수 지점의 토지 이용 특성과 채수 지점 주변의 토지 이용 특성을 기준으로 각각 구분하여 통계분석을 실시하였다. 통계 분석 결과, 운수업체, 스포츠센터와 같은 시설이 지하수 수질 오염과 밀접하게 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. MTBE의 검출 빈도는 자동차 이용과 상관관계가 높았고, 톨루엔과 클로로포름의 경우, 제조활동 및 하수처리시설과 상관관계가 높았다. PCE의 경우, 지정폐기물의 배출량과 상관관계가 높았다. 지하수 내 VOCs의 농도는 시간에 따라 변화하는 양상도 보였는데, 우기 시 발생하는 희석효과, 오염원의 유입과 자연적인 분해 과정이 복합적으로 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 도심지 지역에서 위험지역 선정 - 사회경제적 취약성 평가 - 고위험구역 정밀평가로 이어지는 토사재해 통합 취약성 평가 가이드라인을 작성하는 것을 목적으로 하며, 그 첫 단계로 국내·외 취약성 평가 관련 제도 및 법률을 분석하였다. 국내 토사재해 관련 법률은 관리 주체와 관리 대상에 따라 다양하게 구분되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 토사재해는 국토해양부, 안전행정부, 소방방재청, 산림청 등 4개 행정부처가 관할하며 관련 법률도 14개가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 국토의 개발과 관리 및 그에 따른 개발제한, 주택건설과 관련해서는 국토교통부가 관할하고 있으며, 재난, 재해 및 안전관리, 재해 피해저감을 위한 이주 등은 안전행정부와 소방방재청, 산림의 보호, 관리 및 사방사업은 산림청이 관할하고 있다. 2012년부터는‘국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률’을 비롯하여 도시 개발을 위한 장기계획인 ‘광역 도시계획 수립지침’, ‘도시군 기본계획 수립지침’과 ‘도시군 관리계획 수립지침’에 매 5년마다 재해 취약성 분석을 수행하고, 계획 수립시 반영토록 하여, 피해를 사전에 방지하는 예방형 토지이용체계로의 변화가 있었다. 미국, 캐나다, 스위스, 아일랜드, 스웨덴 등에서도 토사재해를 저감하기 위한 토지이용의 제한 및 대책수립을 법으로 강제하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 토사재해 통합 취약성 평가 가이드라인의 원활한 활용을 위해서는 관련 법에 취약성 분석 수행여부를 명시하고 관련 고시(또는 예규)에 토사재해 통합 취약성 평가 가이드라인을 포함하는 방안이 고려되고 있다. 그러나 토사재해 관리체계가 국토해양부, 산림청, 소방방재청 등 3개 부서로 나누어진 상황에서 전 부처에서 통합적으로 사용하기 위해서는 각 부처와의 사전 의견 조율 및 협의가 매우 중요할 것으로 판단된다.

최근 이상기온 및 지구온난화에 따른 집중호우에 의해 발생하는 다양한 자연재해 중 산지가 많은 우리나라는 산사태 및 토석류와 같은 토사재해 발생 빈도가 점점 높아지고 있고, 지속적인 도시화·산업화로 인하여 주거지 및 산업단지가 급경사지에 인접하게 되어 토사재해에 의한 도심지 피해는 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 하지만 현재 국내에는 급경사지 및 인공사면의 붕괴 위험을 사전에 파악하기 위한 조사점검 기준은 각 해당 부처별로 활용되고 있지만, 도심지 토사재해 위험구역에서 토사재해 발생을 사전에 예측하기 위한 조사점검 활용 기준은 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도심지에서 활용되는 토사재해 위험구역 조사점검 기준 가이드(안) 제안을 위해 최근 국내의 토사재해 피해 사례를 조사 분석하여 주요 발생원인 및 중점조사 항목을 파악하고, 국내외 사면조사 평가항목 중 적용빈도가 높은 항목과 서울시 및 국내 각 해당부처별 조사점검 항목들을 분석하여 관리 주체 담당자가 도심지 토사재해 위험구역에서 육안조사 수준의 일상조사점검을 수행할 수 있는 조사점검 항목들을 도출하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 추후 전문가들에 의해 수행되는 보다 상세한 상위 수준의 정밀조사점검 기준 작성을 위해 활용되고 도심지에서 토사재해 위험구역의 조사점검 기준 가이드(안) 제안을 위한 기초자료로 활용코자 한다.

본 연구에서는 하천 범람에 따른 도시지역 내 홍수흐름의 특성을 수치적으로 모의하고 이에 대한 결과를 분석하였다. 적용된 수치모형은 well-balanced HLLC 기법에 근간을 둔 2차원 유한체적모형이다. 대상영역은 경상남도 거제시에 위치한 고현천 주변의 도시지역으로 2003년 9월에 발생한 태풍 “매미” 기간 동안 집중호우로 인해 하천이 범람되어 피해가 발생되었다. 본 연구에서는 도시지역 내 범람에 대한 홍수흔적 자료를 이용하여 수치모형을 검증하였으며, 향후 발생 가능한 집중호우의 강도의 증가 또는 감소에 의한 유입량의 변화에 따른 도시지역 내에서의 홍수흐름의 특성에 대한 모의 및 분석을 수행하였다.

본 연구에서는 2차원 수치모형을 이용하여 폭풍해일고에 따른 해안도시지역 내에서의 범람모의 및 분석을 수행하였으며, 적용된 대상지역은 2003년 태풍 "매미" 내습 시 가장 피해가 컸던 지역인 경남 창원시 마산 합포구 신도시 지역 일부이다. 적용된 수치모형의 검증차원에서 태풍 "매미" 발생기간 동안 관측된 폭풍해일고 자료와 대상지역 내의 주요 지점에 대한 침수흔적 자료를 이용하여 비교 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 향후 발생 가능한 수퍼 태풍에 의한 영향을 분

극한기상재해가 빈번히 발생함에 따라 종래 시설물중심의 구조적 대책에 더하여 비구조적 대책을 병행한 종합적인 도시방재대책이 강조되고 있다. 이 연구는 도시계획을 통한 도시침수방재대책의 적용 가능성에 대한 기초연구로서 토지이용과 침수피해지역 간의 관계를 횡단면 통계 분석하였다. 서울시의 2010년 9월 및 2011년 7월 당시 침수피해를 사례로 하였고, 분석단위는 239개 배수분구이며, 배수분구별 침수면적을 당해 배수분구의 강우량(시간당 최대강우량, 1일 최대강우량), 토지이용특성, 배수시설용량(하수관거밀도, 통수능 부족관거비율)을 나타내는 변수들을 동원하여 관계성을 분석하였다. 특히 우수유출에 영향을 미치는 토지이용의 차원을 입지(하천홍수위 및 하상고 대비 저지대 비율, 저경사 지역비율, 지형습윤지수), 밀도(건폐면적률), 용도구성(토지용도별 구성비, 토지이용 혼합도), 토지피복(불투수율, CN값) 등으로 구분하여 그에 상응한 변수들을 동원하였다. 관계분석을 위한 통계모형으로 회귀분석모형을 적용하였는데, 침수피해가 없다고 기록된 배수분구가 상당 부분 차지하는 문제를 고려하기 위하여 OLS 회귀모형뿐만 아니라 Censored(Tobit) 모형, Ordinal Logistic 모형 등 다양한 회귀분석모형을 적용·비교하였다. 분석 결과, 서울시 배수분구별 침수지역 분포에 영향을 미치는 요인은 2010년 9월 침수피해에 대해서는 시간당 최대 강우량, 하천 하상고 이하 지역 비율, 경사 2% 미만 지역 비율, 주거·상업혼재지역 비율 등이 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 2011년 7월 침수피해에 대해서는 시간당 최대강우량, 하천 하상고 이하 지역 비율, 경사 2% 미만 지역 비율, 상업·업무지역 비율, 불투수 토지피복 비율 등으로 나타났다. 배수시설용량과 관련된 변수들은 변수선별과정에서 제척되었고, 통계적 유의성이 약하였다. 따라서 도시지역 침수피해 예방을 위해서는 과도한 저지대 개발을 제어할 필요가 있고, 상업·업무지역 내지 주거·상업혼재지역을 중심으로 불투수층을 줄여 유출을 최소화하는 계획적 방안이 필요함을 시사하였다. 한편, 통계모형에서 강우량(시간당 최대) 변수는 침수지역 분포를 설명하는데 가장 영향력이 큰 변수인 것으로 나타나, 기후변화에 따른 극한기상에 대해 보다 적극적으로 대처할 필요가 있음을 시사하였다.