The spatial and temporal variations of CO2 concentrations and radiative forcing (RF) due to CO2 were examined at urban center (Yeon-dong) during 2010-2015 and background sites (Gosan) during 2010-2014 on Jeju Island. The RF at the two sites was estimated based on a simplified expression for calculating RF for the study period. Overall, annual mean CO2 concentrations at the Yeon-dong and Gosan sites have gradually increased, and the concentrations were higher at Yeon-dong (401-422 ppm) than at Gosan (398-404 ppm). The maximum CO2 concentrations at the two sites were observed in winter or spring, followed by fall and summer, with higher concentrations at Yeon-dong. The RF at Yeon-dong (annual mean of up to 0.70 W/m2 in 2015) was higher than that at Gosan (up to 0.46 W/m2 in 2014), possibly because of higher CO2 concentrations at Yeon-dong resulting from population growth and human activities (e.g., fossil fuel combustion). The highest monthly mean RFs at Yeon-dong (approximately 0.92 W/m2) and Gosan (0.52 W/m2) were observed in spring 2015 (Yeon-dong) and spring 2013 (Gosan), whereas the lowest RFs (0.17 and 0.31 W/m2, respectively) in fall 2011 (Yeon-dong) and summer in 2012 (Gosan).

이 연구에서는 SC 전단벽의 전단 연결재인 스터드의 배치와 형상이 SC 전단벽의 거동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 전단벽체가 강제진동을 받을 때의 거동을 해석적으로 검토하였다. 이를 위해 서로 다른 배치간격과 형상의 스터드가 배열된 SC 전단벽을 대상으로 유한요 소해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 시간이력해석으로부터 구한 감쇠비가 파워반감대역폭법이 전반적으로 높게 그리고 적합지수함수법이 가장 낮은 수준으로 산정했으며 설계강도 절반정도에서의 감쇠비는 3.0~4.2%로, 설계강도에서는 4.1~5.2%로 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 개선된 스터드를 사용할 때, 감쇠비가 약간 감소하였고 DS1과 DS2 간에는 일관된 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 스터드의 간격이 필요이상 증가할 경우, 고유진동수가 감소하고 감쇠비가 증가함을 확인하였다.

This study analytically reviewed the behavior of steel plate concrete (SC) walls subjected to forced vibration to investigate the effects of shape and arrangement spacing of studs on the behavior spacing of studs for SC wall were carried out. When the distance between the studs increases more than necessary, it was also confirmed that the natural frequency was reduced.

In our criminal law system, rape and forcible sexual abuse are distinguished, and forcible sexual abuse and public obscenity are also different. Forcible sexual abuse is forcing undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another with force or threat. Nowadays, among some cases the meaning of force is interpreted willfully, so that even though one cannot see forcible sexual abuse, it seems to be the case. So it is advisable that the meaning of force is interpreted narrowly. There is no the offence of sexual abuse in public in our criminal law, but in special law(the Special Act of Sexual Assault) there is an offence of sexual abuse in public. But it is not good way to treat this problem, so it is advisable that the offence of sexual abuse without force should be introduced into the Criminal Act. In the Criminal Act even though sexual abuse and public obscenity is distinguished, the meaning of abuse similar to that of obscenity. To this a case said that the meaning of abuse is harm to one’s sexual determination, and obscenity is harm to public sexual morale.

비닐하우스 내 강제환기가 시금치 노균병 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 비닐하우스에 수직환기팬 및 수평공기순환팬을 각각 설치한 후 밤 동안 환기를 시킨 하우스와 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스에서 시금치를 재배하면서 온도 및 습도의 변화, 시금치 생장 정도 및 노균병 발생 정도를 조사하였다. 하우스 내의 온도변화는 각 하우스 별로 큰 차이가 없었으나, 밤 동안 상대습도는 수직강제환기팬을 설치한 하우스가 팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스보다 9.2% 낮게 유지되었다. 파종 60일 후에 조사한 시금치의 개체 당 생체중은 수직강제환기팬을 설치한 하우스에서는 17.8g으로 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스의 10.1g과 비교하여 7.7g 높았다. 노균병은 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스에서는 파종 후 20일부터 발생하기 시작하여 60일 후에는 34.7%의 이병엽률을 보였으나, 수직강제환기처리한 하우스에서는 파종 40일 후부터 발생하기 시작하였으며 60일 후 이병엽률은 4.0%로 매우 낮았다. 야간에 비닐하우스 내 공기를 수직강제환기팬을 이용하여 환기시킨 결과 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스와 비교하여 시금치 수확량은 76.2% 증가되었으며, 노균병 발생은 20일 정도 늦었으며, 88.5% 노균병 발생 억제효과가 있었다.

The shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) was analyzed using the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data in the East Asian region from 2001 to 2010. In the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula, located in the leeward side of China, significantly negative high SWARF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) occurs due to the long-range transport of anthropogenic (e.g. sulphate) and natural aerosols (e.g. mineral dust) from the East Asian continent. Conversely, eastern China has much higher levels of SWARF at the surface (SFC) due to anthropogenically emitted aerosol than in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. Since the radiative forcing of aerosols in the atmosphere are different in type, aerosol types were classified into sea salt+sulphate, smoke, sulphate and dust by using satellite data. The analysis on the SWARF by the classified aerosol types indicated that sulphate occupies a predominant portion of the atmosphere in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula in the summer. In particular, the annual averages of the summer TOA SWARF increased in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2010.

The question of what type of warrant is required in order to administer compulsory blood extraction without the intoxicated driver’s consent is closely related to the legal characteristics of the compulsory blood extraction which is a kind of a compulsory measure. Prior Supreme Court precedents had not clarified the legal characteristics of compulsory blood extractions, and so it was unclear which type of warrant allows compulsory blood extractions. This Supreme Court decision merits attention since it explicitly holds that a compulsory blood extraction is permitted by issuing a ‘warrant of permission of expert examination’ or a ‘confiscation warrant.’Regarding the legality of warrantless compulsory blood extractions, although there was the need to recognize an exception to the warrant requirement principle in order to permit compulsory blood extraction, prior Supreme Court opinions provided no clarification of the provisional grounds in the Criminal Procedure Act upon which such warrantless compulsory blood extractions can be sustained. This Supreme Court decision is important because the Court, while maintaining the previous posture that it will strictly adhere to the warrant requirement principle, recognized Article 216 (3) of Criminal Procedure Act as the grounds upon which warrantless compulsory blood extractions are allowed, thereby conspicuously enumerating the specific requirements for permissible warrantless compulsory blood extractions.

Many recent studies have concentrated upon the radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols. Though their scattering and absorption of radiation, aerosols can also induce some other important environment effects. In this study, new radiation code and aerosol data within Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AGCM) is used to assess the aerosol radiative forcing and to analyze relative climate effects. The new Kangnung National University AGCM Stratospheric-15 (KNU AGCM ST15) was integrated by using two sets of radiative effect of aerosols : CTRL as not a radiative effect of aerosols and AERO as a radiative effect of aerosols. Two cases show the difference of net shortwave radiation budget at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) is found to be about -3.4 Wm-2, at the surface (SFC) is about -5.6 Wm-2. Consequently the mean atmospheric absorption due to aerosol layer in global is about 2.2 Wm-2. This result confirms the existence of a negative forcing due to the direct effect of aerosols at the surface and TOA in global annual mean. In addition, it is found that cooling over at the surface air temperature due to radiative effect of aerosols is about 0.17 ℃. It is estimated that radiative forcing of the net upward longwave radiation taken as the indirect effect of aerosol is much smaller than that of the direct effect as there is about 0.2 Wm-2 of positive forcing both at TOA and at SFC. From this study, It made an accurate estimation of considering effect of aerosols that is negative effect. This may slow the rate of projected global warming during the 21st century.

본 연구에서는 유한 요소법과 고도화된 손상 탐지 기법을 결합하여 구조적 손상을 규명하는 방법을 다룬다. 본 연구의 특징은 충격하중을 받는 구조물의 동적 거동 특성을 분석하여 이를 임의의 손상 형태를 갖는 판에 적용한다는 것이다. 이러한 방법은 손상된 부위의 강성 분포를 추정할 뿐만 아니라 손상의 정도도 파악할 수 있는 장점을 갖으며 분할 요소수의 제한을 두지 않는다. 제안된 방법을 검증하기 위하여 본 알고리즘은 임의의 손상을 갖는 박판에 대하여 적용하기 한다. 수치해석 결과로부터 제안된 알고리즘은 수치적 효율성과 함께 임의의 손상 분포를 규명할 수 있음을 보여준다.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing earthworm meal (EWM) on the performance of spent laying hens after induced molting, and fatty acid composition in egg yolks. A total of 90 laying hens at 73 weeks of age were fed the experimental diets containing 0.0% (Control) and 0.2% of EWM for 4 weeks. Eggs were collected and weighted every day and egg production and feed conversion were recorded every week during the experimental period. However fatty acid composition of egg yolk were measured at last week of experimental period. An amount of feed intake increased by supplemental with EMW except for first week experimental period (P＜0.05). When 76 and 77 week of age, egg production and daily egg mass were improved by the supplemented with EWM (P＜0.01), but average egg weight was not different when fed a EWM, therefore feed/egg mass was significantly decreased when fed a EWM. The ratio of egg yolk n-6/n-3 fatty acids contents was significantly improved fed a EMW (P＜0.05). It is concluded that supplementing 0.2% of earthworm meal in the spent laying hens after induced molting was fast in recover of physical strength, therefore improves laying performance.