Field surveys for the Bemisia tabaci complex were conducted from 2009 to 2013 in Korea, and the results were compared with published data of the B. tabaci complex. Three species, MED, MEAM1, and JpL, were collected from several provinces. The MED was mainly collected in greenhouses, displacing the earlier invasive species, MEAM1, and the JpL species was collected in the field. JpL is newly confirmed as a unique species of B. tabaci species complex in Korea and Japan.

Scarabaeus typhon has the extensively wide distribution from Europe to the Far East Asia and the extremely similar morphological feature with closely related species. The Korean population of S. typhon had often been confused in its specific status including several misidentifications and synonymous name. By these circumstances, we presumed that there is a possibility to exist potential cryptic species or subspecies, which might be separated between local populations across their distribution range. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to reassess that the geographical populations of S. typhon can be divided into each other and to establish a sketchy knowledge of its unknown phylogenetic relationships between the relatives using COI gene and comparative morphology. As the result, S. typhon was detected as a single species despite to have the wide distribution and the various intraspecific distances ranging from 0.67% to 3.50%. Two species, S. pius and S. babori were revealed to have two distinct lineages respectively. Among them, two Korean female specimens were detected belonging to group B of S. pius, it is suggested as a cryptic species or subspecies.

The phylogenetic relationships of species and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae from Myanmar were inferred using mtDNA sequence data from 608 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 20 species in 10 genera were sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The base composition of COI sequences was 38.1% T, 15.6% C, 31.6% A, 14.7% G, revealing strong AT bias (69.7%). The sequence distance of 20 species of Nymphalinae ranged from 1.5% to 15.5%. The transition of nucleotide substitution was more common than transversion. The transition between T and C were higher than transition between A and G, and the transversion between A and T was the highest amongst other types of transversion. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and showed almost identical topologies. The results indicated that the tribes Junoniini and Nymphalini (sensu Wahlberg et al., 2005) formed monophyletic groups but Kallimini was not monophyletic group. Rhinoplapa polynice formed sister group to Junoniini clade with moderate support in both trees. The relationship of species in Junoniini was ((Junonia + Yoma) + Hypolimnas) and the relationship in Nymphalini was (Symbrenthia + (Vanessa + (Kaniska + Polygonia))). The clustering results were almost identical to current morphological classification.

Field surveys for the genus Reticulitermes were conducted from 2013 to 2014 in Korea, and the results were compared with published data of the genus Reticulitermes. Totally, two species, R. speratus kyushuensis and R. kanmonensis were collected from several provinces, and R.kanmonensis is newly confirmed as an unrecorded species in Korea. The R. speratus kyushuensis was mainly collected in various trees, showing 0-2% genetic divergences; whereas, the R. kanmonensis was collected in pine woods of western regions, Gunsan, Wanju, Iksan (Jeollabuk-do), and Seocheon (Chungcheonnam-do). In the morphological comparison, R. kanmonensis is distinguished from R. speratus kyushuensis by more than 15 setae on pronotum and reveals 7.0% genetic difference (in a mitochondrial COII gene) from R. speratus kyushuensis in the molecular comparison.

Oyster mushrooms including of P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. pulmonarius and P. cornucopiae are one of the famous mushrooms for foods in Korea. RAPD were carried out using 14 of oligoprimers to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among 57 strains of 32 Pleurotus species. Most of species formed the minimum clade with strains within species and was divided respectively species. Therefore clade was separated well in accordance species. Pleurotus species formed again clade to be added in close related to other species, and were discriminated by sixteen clades with each representative species including high similarity groups. Sixteen clades were composed representative species according to each clade. There were clade I of P. pulmonarius(P. sajor-caju, P. opuntiae, P. sapidus), clade II of P. eryngii(P. fuscus var. ferulae, P. fossulatus), clade III of P. ostreatus(P. ostreatus var. columbinus, P. spodoleucus, P. floridanus), clade IV of P. florida, clade V of P. djamor(P. flabellatus, P. incarnates, P. salmoneo-stramineus), clade VII of P. populinus(P. subareolatus), clade VIII of P. cystidiosus(P. cystidiosus var. formosensis), clade X of P. dryinus(P. dryinus var. pometi), clade XIV of P. cornucopiae(P. citrinopilieatus, P. euosmus), and clade XV of P. australis. These species were representative species each clades. Five species, P. ulmarius(clade VI), P. griseus(clade IX), P. calyptratus(clade XI), P. lampas(clade XII), P. smithii(clade XIII)and P. serotinus (clade XVI) were used each one strain in analysis, so they were clustered other groups.

Pleurotus has increased rapidly production and consumption because of highly nutritional value, natural healthy food and so on. The basic studies for Pleurotus need for development of mushroom industry. This study was to investigate the cultural characteristics among 15 strains of 6 species and to analyze their phylogenetic relationships. The cultural characteristics were investigated by mycelial growth activity at different media, temperature and pH. The optimum media for mycelial growth were YM and MCM in most species. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth were 25˚C and 30˚C. The optimum pH for mycelial growth were widly range from pH 5.1 to 7.4. Through the RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of IGS (intergenic spacer) I region in ribosomal DNA, it was analyzed phylogeny of interspecies and intraspecies. Each species was discriminated well as isolates within each species formed clade to be distinguished other species. P. florida was highly similar to P. floridanus, and P. flabellatus was P. cornucopiae. P. fuscus var. ferulae was highly similar to P. eryngii but discriminated different species in analysis of RFLP of IGS I region and showed different characteristics in mycelial culture. RFLP of IGS I region was useful of studying phylogenetic relationships of species and population.

A rust on Asiatic dayflower plant (Commelina communis L.) was found in Geoje, Korea, in August 2010. Uredia are mostly produced on abaxial leaf surface or elongated on stem, early naked, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, cinnamon-brown. Uredospores are globose, ellipsoid or ovate, echinulate, yellowish brown or brown, 20-30 × 20-25 ㎛. On the basis of mycological characteristics and molecular data, the fungus was identified as Uromyces commelinae Cooke. The phylogenetic position of U. commelinae is separate from the other rusts where the economically important rusts of the Poaceae are situated. Although host ranges of the rust caused by U. commelinae were previously recorded, full descriptions and illustrations, including symptoms and signs have not been described. This is the first description of rust disease on C. communis plant with molecular identification, symptoms, and signs.

We newly sequenced mitogenomes of five skippers belonging to Lepidoptera to obtain further insight into characteristics of butterfly mitogenomes and performed phylogenetic reconstruction using all available gene sequences (PCGs, rRNAs, and tRNAs) from 85 species in 19 families in eight superfamilies. The general genomic features found in the butterflies also were found in the five skippers: a high A/T composition (79.3% - 80.9%), dominant usage of TAA stop codon, similar skewness pattern in various levels, consistently long intergenic spacer sequence between tRNAGln - ND2 (64-87 bp), the ATACTAA motif betweent RNASer(UCN) and ND1, and characteristic features of the A+T-rich region (the motif ATAGA, varying length of poly-T stretch, and poly-A stretch). The start codon for COI was CGA in four skippers as typical, but Lobocla bifasciatus evidently possessed canonical ATG as start codon. Phylogenetic analyses mainly yielded the consensus superfamilial relationships ((((((Bombycoidea + Noctuoidea + Geometroidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea) + Yponomeutoidea) + Hepialoidea) with a high support for most nodes, confirming the validity of Macroheterocera and its sister relationship to Pyraloidea. Within Rhopalocera the familial relationships (Papilionidae + (Hesperiidae + (Pieridae + ((Lycaenidae + Riodinidae) + Nymphalidae))) were strongly supported, confirming invalidity of the superfamily Hesperioidea. On the other hand, superfamilial relationships among Noctuoidea, Geometroidea, and Bombycoidea and the familial relationships among Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and Bombycidae were dubious, requiring further representative taxon sampling.

The previous studies for phylogenetic relationships within Elateridae were carried out, but not constructed a reliable evolutionary hypothesis. This study attempted to establish a robust evolutionary hypothesis, focusing on major subfamilies of the family Elateridae sensu stricto, using extensively selected 12 genetic markers, COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and 8 nuclear genes. As the results, phylogenetic analyses for 12 multiple genes constructed robust phylogeny with almost very strongly supported nodal values (>90%) and represented that the previously questioned systematic positions of nine subfamilies are fully resolved, excepting the basal lineage split. Especially, three subfamilies, which were recently reduced into tribal rank, Hypnoidinae, Oxynopterinae, and Denticollinae are monophyletic, respectively, and it is supported the traditional taxonomic schemes that had been treated these three taxa in subfamily rank. Whereas, Elaterinae, Hiopinae, and Melanotinae are clustered to a monophyletic group. Two tribes, Denticollini and Ctenicerini in Denticollinae are paraphyletic, respectively and it needs to reclassify their systematic positions. This study recovering of relationships between subfamilies using 12 gene loci resulted that their phylogenetic relationships are sufficiently and successfully resolved with strong supported nodes and provided more possible interpretations from subfamily to tribal levels than the previous studies.

Cordyceps bassiana (asexual stage Beauveriabassiana) is a widely distributed entomopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of various insects. It produces a number of secondary metabolites, including insect toxins beauvericin and bassianolide and pigment tenellin. In the present study, members of NRPS and PKS-NRPS hybrid genes were predicted from whole genome sequences of eighteen different fungal species belonging to five families of Hypocreales (Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae) using antiSMASH ver. 1.2.2. Phylogeny using all predicted adenylation (A) domains was drawn in order to identify potential orthologous genes of beauvericin synthetase (BbBEAS) and bassianolide synthetase (BbBSLS) in Hypocreales. The orthologs were examined to understand the evolution of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetase genes. Phylogenetic tree shows grouping of A1 and A2 domains of BbBEAS, BbBSLS and enniatin synthetases in two separate clades indicating the origin of genes from fusion of two distantly related modules. Species phylogeny of C. bassiana and its allies is congruent with gene trees of BbBEAS and BbBSLS, suggesting that the gene fusion event predates the species divergence. In the inferred phylogeny, A1 domain of BbBEAS showed highest similarity with that of BbBSLS, followed by those of Fusarium equiseti enniatin synthetase and Xylariasp. bassianolide synthetase. Syntenic analysis of beauvericin gene clusters of C. bassiana and closely related species represents that C. militaris lost the BbBEAS gene in evolution. Synteny of bassianolide gene clusters shows the loss of NRPS genes encoding BbBSLS in B. pseudobassiana, Isaria tenuipes, I. farinosa and C. pruinosa. BbBEAS and 2-ketoisovalerate reductase (kivr) genes are found conserved in beauvericin and enniatin synthesizing gene clusters.

The genetic relationships among five genera, seven species of Theaceae were examined through a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). In RAPD analysis, five of 15 arbitrary primers showed polymorphic bands, which were able to classify different genera and species of Theaceae. The genetic variations of Theaceae were from 0.031 to 0.484. In ITS analysis, the ITS sequences were analyzed using BLAST and showed high identities with sequences of Theaceae, seven species published in NCBI GenBank database, which ranged from 98 to 100%. Sequence alignment of seven species showed 34.9% identities for ITS 1 region and 43.7% for ITS 2 region. Pairwise sequence divergences among seven species ranged from 0 to 0.330%. In phylogenetic tree, they were divided into three groups. In conclusion, the molecular data generated in the present investigation will help to understand the genetic relationships of Theaceae and also might be useful for further studies in intra-species, inter-species, and molecular evolution researches.

Field surveys for the B. tabaci species complex were conducted from 2009 to 2013 in Korea, and the results were compared with published data of the B. tabaci complex. Three species, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Minor 1, and JpL, were determined from several regions based on mitochondrial COI sequences. The Mediterranean was mainly collected in greenhouses, displacing the earlier invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor, and the JpL was collected in the field. The JpL is newly confirmed as a unique species of B. tabaci complex in Korea and Japan.

Cimicomorpha is one of the most diverse groups in true bugs comprising more than 20,000 species, which attract a great attention for a variety of life-history strategies as well as for agricultural and medical aspects as followed: traumatic insemination in the bed bugs and their relatives (Cimicoidea), diverse feedinghabits in the plant bugs (Miridae), parasitism and blood-feeding in the bed bugs and their relatives (Cimicidae and Polyctenidae), agricultural pests in the lace bugs and the plant bugs (Tingidae and Miridae), biological control agents in the minute pirate bugs and the plant bugs (e.g., the genus Orius), disease transmission in the Triatominae (Reduviidae), and micro-habitat transitions in the assassin bugs and the flower bugs (Reduviidae and Anthocoridae). In this talk, I conducted the phylogenetic analyses of the Cimicomorpha based on the molecular data. Additionally, through the phylogenetic comparative analyses, I also present the evolutionary history of the specialized biological traits of the Cimicomorpha.

우리나라와 전 세계의 여러 지역에서 수집한 비늘버섯속 18 균주와 개암비늘버섯 2 균주를 대상으로rDNA의 ITS region 염기서열과 genomic DNA의RAPD-PCR을 수행하였다. ITS1과 ITS2영역의 염기의수는 각각 233~271, 158~233 그리고 174~219 염기쌍으로 종에 따라 변이가 있었는데 ITS2영역의 염기서열이 ITS1의 영역보다 변이가 높았고 5.8S지역의 염기의 수는 비교적 변이가 적었다. 각각의 균주 간 유연관계를 알아보기 위해 ITS영역의 염기서열을 이용하여계통도를 작성한 결과 실험에 사용한 균주는 8개의 클러스터로 나누어지는 것으로 나타났으며 동일한 종의버섯은 동일한 클러스터에 속하는 것으로 나타났다.또한 20종류의 primer를 이용하여 비늘버섯속 버섯을대상으로 RAPD-PCR을 수행한 결과 15개의 primer가효과적으로 염색체 DNA를 증폭하는 것으로 나타났다.증폭의 양상은 primer의 종류와 종에 따라 변이가 있었다. 이 결과를 토대로 계통수를 작성한 결과 계통수는 ITS 영역의 PCR 결과와 매우 유사하였다. 본 실험결과, 실험에 사용한 비늘버섯속 버섯의 종과 계통 간의 유연관계는 높았으며, rDNA ITS 영역의 염기서열분석 결과를 이용해 공시된 각각의 비늘버섯 종을 분류하는데 유용하게 사용이 가능하였다.

Lepidoptera is one of the largest insect orders, but the phylogenetic relationships within this order, have yet to be completely described. One of the unresolved relationships includes the monophyly of Papilionoidea in relationship with the monotypic superfamily Hesperioidea. We newly sequenced five hesperid mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), representing four subfamilies: Pyrginae (Daimio tethys and Lobocla bifasciatus), Coeliadinae (Choaspes benjaminii), and Hesperiinae (Potanthus flavus), and Heteropterinae (Carterocephalus silvicola). Along with these newly sequenced hesperid genomes phylogenetic analysis was conducted with all available lepidopteran mitogenomes including three reported species of Hesperiidae that consisted of ~70 species in ten lepidopteran superfamilies. The test for the effect of optimization schemes, such as exclusion and inclusion of third codon position of 13 PCGs, other genes (22 tRNAs and two rRNAs), and with and without partitions also was performed. Majority of datasets consistently placed the monophyletic Hesperiidae the sister to ((Pieridae + Lycaenidae) + Nymphalidae), placing another true butterfly family Papilionidae as the basal lineage of this group, presenting the relationships (Papilionidae + (Hesperiidae + ((Pieridae + Lycaenidae) + Nymphalidae))). Consistent to previous result, Pyraloidea was placed as the sister to ((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea), placing the Macrolepidoptera as non-monophyletic group.

In Korea, twelve species in genus Myrmica have been described. Some of them are morphologically similar and this makes their identification difficult. For this reason, we collected several Myrmica species in question and inferred their phylogenetic relationship using the 418bp partial COI (cytochrome C oxidase 1) region from a total of 33 individuals. We found that the CO1 haplotypes are effectively grouped into three clusters that match well to their external morphological characters. Although this three species could be distinguished by the only small part of the COI region, the two individual sample of the M. kotokuii and one sample of the M. carinata are included in the M. kurokii group. The results indicate that the morphological identification could be obscure in the three species and it requires a close examination for this phenomenon.

Part of a field survey to assess the extent of damage by termite (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto), termite samples were collected from various locations of Korea from 2009 to 2011. During the study period, we firstly discovered Reticulitermes species on Jeju island, and partial sequences of mitochondrial COII gene, which is proved useful to study phylogenetic relationships of termites were investigated. Also, morphological characteristics of the collected samples were compared with previous reports. According to the result of taxonomic study and comparative sequence analysis, it was identified as Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, and this is first report of R. s. kyushuensis from Jeju island in Korea which can be used as estimation of population structure and tool of control strategy.

Cimicomorpha is one of the most diverse groups in true bugs, and attract a great attention for a variety of reasons, among them, extraordinary insemination methods in the bed bugs and their relatives (Cimicoidea), feeding-habits alternations in the plant bugs (Miridae), parasitism in the bed bugs and their relatives (Cimicidae and Polyctenidae), agricultural pests in the lace bugs and the plant bugs (Tingidae and Miridae), biological control agents in the minute pirate bugs and the plant bugs (e.g., the genus Orius), disease transmission in the Triatominae (Reduviidae), and micro-habitat transition in the assassin bugs and the flower bugs (Reduviidae and Anthocoridae). In this talk, we propose the phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha especially including some critical taxa in terms of the biological traits such as haemocoelic insemination and parasitism (e.g., the species belonging to Lasiochilidae, Lyctocoridae, Prostemminae and Corydromius). Based on the phylogenetic results, we also present the evolutionary history of the specialized biological traits of the Cimicomorpha using phylogenetic comparative analyses.