도시의 입지와 공간적 특성은 산지 지형과 밀접한 관련성을 가지며, 도시와 산지 지형은 지속적으로 상호작용 하면서 변화하고 있다. 특히, 산지 지형이 도시에 주는 다양한 영향을 통해 도시의 입지와 도시 내부 구조가 형성, 변화하고 있다. 그러나 도시와 산지 지형 간 공간적 관계의 중요성에도 불구하고, 이에 대한 실증적 분석 연구가 제대로 이루어지지 않는 실정이다. 본 연구는 도시와 산지 지형 간 공간 관계를 이론적으로 고찰하고, 이 관계를 사례 연구를 통해 실증적으로 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 실증적 탐색을 위해 세계 수도를 중심으로 도시 규모, 고도, 최근린 거리를 중심으로 관계성을 살펴보았고, 일본, 중국, 미국의 도시를 대상으로 도시 규모, 고도, 경사도, 토지이용 등을 중심으로 공간 관계를 탐색하였다. 수도 도시 사례를 통해 도시의 규모와 고도의 상관성을 확인하였다. 그리고 일본, 중국, 미국 도시의 사례 분석을 통해 도시의 고도, 인구, 최근린 거리의 상관관계를 일부 살펴볼 수 있었으며, 또한 세 차례 도시의 내부 구조 분석을 통해 고도, 경사도에 따라 토지이용 패턴이 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다.

This paper is an advanced work for the follow-up study 'Development of Teaching and Learning Programs of Intercultural Education in Universities Utilizing German and French Commercial Movies'. Before developing teaching and learning programs of intercultural education for undergraduates utilizing movies as one of the most typical digital image media in modern times, we try to review theoretical the utilizability of digital image media and game contents as very efficient tools of intercultural teaching and learning program. The breakthrough of digital information and communication technology, and the digital revolution leading to a paradigm shift in the history of mankind make the 21th century be called 'knowledge and information age'. The integrated and interactive communication way based on the development of digital technology has a great effect on recognition way, recognition pattern and recognition process of contemporary people. In addition, it is also changing human recognition per se. First of all, digital image media have caused not only the remarkable change of social and cultural environment, but also a revolutionary change of educational field. The digital image media are thought of as one of the most efficient communication media which can satisfy optical desires of humankind and realize multilateral and sympathetic interchanges utilizing other sense organs. Therefore, the digital image media are anticipated to be a very efficient tool of teaching and learning program. Through this theoretical review we try to emphasize the needs for the development of teaching and learning program of intercultural education utilizing digital image media and game contents.

본고에서 말하는 “漢字 문자소(字位)”는 한어 단음절 형태소를 기록하는 한자 형태 단위를 가리키는 말이다. 고대한어의 단음절사에서 많은 부분을 차지하면서 현대 중국어의 이음절사의 중요한 구성요소로 작용하고 있어, 한자의 음과 의는 한자 문자소(字位)를 논의하지 않고는 이루어질 수 없기 때문에, 한자 자위를 단 순한 한자 형태의 단위요소로 구성하여야 한다. “한자 문자소(字位)”의 개념은 많 은 장점을 가지고 있는데, 우선 “한자 문자소”는 문자소(grapheme)라는 일반적 인 개념으로 적용되어 이해될 수 있다는 점이다. “한자 문자소”는 추상적인 문자 학의 단위로서 한자가 중국어를 기록하는 쓰기 부토 체계의 본질적 속성을 지니 고 있음을 보여준다. 두 번째로 한자구형학의 각도에서 볼 때, “한자 문자소”와 “한자 문자소 형태 변화”와 “형태 단위”, “형태 단위의 변체(變體)”와 상호 호응 하면서 층차 관계를 조합을 구성하고 있다. 더욱이 “한자 문자소”의 개념의 사용 으로 동일하지 않은 한자 문자소의 변체(變體)가 공시적인 상황 속에서 평등한 지위를 지니고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이론상으로 지역과 언어 문자 정책의 벽을 허물어뜨리고 한자를 발전시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study theoretically reviews vertical grade deriving process in super high speed environment and compares overseas design criteria with Domestic Standardization also draws suitable vertical grade design criteria of high standard for Domestic Circumstances in Korea. METHODS : By researching domestic vehicle registration status, calculating typical vehicle, using Vissim which is traffic simulation program, Speed-distance curve of the vehicle is derived under each design speed condition. Through Speed-distance curve, estimating critical length of grade and considering critical length of grade, maximum longitudinal incline is proposed. RESULTS : The result of domestic vehicle registration status, the typical vehicle for deriving vertical grade is calculated based on gravity horsepower ratio 200 lb/hp. For calculating critical length of grade, according to change speed of uphill entry, speed-distance curve is derived by using Vissim. Critical length of grade is calculated based on design speed 20 km/h criteria which is point of retardation. Estimated critical length of grade is 808 m and based on this result, maximum longitudinal incline was confirmed in the design speed between 130km/h to 140km/h. CONCLUSIONS: The case of the typical vehicle(truck) which is gravity horsepower ratio 200 lb/hp, maximum longitudinal incline 2% is desirable at the super high speed environment in the design speed between 130km/h to 140km/h.

本文中的“漢字字位”專指記錄漢語單音節語素的漢字形體單位。從古代漢語單音節詞佔優勢，到現代漢語語言單位的“雙元共治”，有必要將漢字的音、義從“漢字字位”的討論中剝離出去，使得漢字字位成為單純的漢字形體概念。“漢字字位”概念的提出具有優勢，首先“漢字字位”符合“字位”（grapheme）這一概念的通常理解。“漢字字位”作為抽象的文字學單位，體現了漢字作為記錄漢語書寫符號系統的本質屬性；其次從漢字構形學角度，“漢字字位”、“漢字字位變體”與“形位”、“形位變體”相呼應，構成組合層級關係；再次“漢字字位”概念的使用，使不同漢字字位變體在共時平面內擁有平等的地位，從理論上打破地域與語言文字政策的壁壘，有助於漢字優化的討論。 

On March 10, 2011, Chairman Wu Bangguo of the standing committee of China's National People's Congress announced that a socialist law system with Chinese characteristics has formed, but the legal system can be constructed through legislation to form? What meanings are vocabularies that describe the characteristics of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics? And what is the evaluation criterion of this system? To answer these questions, in this paper, we combine the key laws in the key point and the legal disputes between scholars in the forming process of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, trying to sketch a picture of pure and fresh and full of historical composition and theoretical framework.Core idea of this article think, first, the constitution i plays a fundamental role in the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Whether the constitution itself is good or bad determines the content and value of the system, also determines the path and the historical track of the formation of the system. China's National People's Congress (NPC) as the main architect of this system, whose behavior is restricted by the constitution. Second, although all previous changes to the Chinese constitution, which are the result of the development of social politics economy and culture in China, but deepened people’s understand to the law in China, led to scientific discussion of the legal system, and thus indirectly affect the content of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Furthermore, we think that the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in fact is the result of benign operation of constitutionalism under the guidance of the constitution in China.First of all, the legal system was proposed based on the needs of the legislation, and analyzed the social cause to the concept. Second, Chinese scholars on the legal system of tong said, which is to point to by a country's current legal norms, formed by the combination according to different classification of legal department of a systematic organic connection of the unified whole. Through the analysis, we think it boils down to law system, in essence is a normative system. It lasted for the basic ideas of analytical positivism jurisprudence, its biggest function is to guide legislators classify legislation, by looking for omissions, additions, so can effective legislation in a short period of time. At the same time, it also facilitates law student learning, and provides direction for their future work in the legal fields. In thought, law system highlights the national centralism construction view, emphasized the national rationality, maintenance of the constitution established the people's congress system, set up the center of the National People's Congress and its standing committee at all levels. The constructivism too believes that the role of human reason. Again, through the use of historical material, analyses the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has undergone a preliminary formation, the basic form, and then to the final forming process. While the theory of socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics has experienced a "socialist legal system", "legal system of socialist market economy", "the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics" between transformation of space and time. Between the key combed the Chinese officials and scholars discussing the standard about legal system formed, because this is a major theoretical issues in construction of legal system. After analyzing various views, point that the constitution is in the core position in the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, if considering t the constitution should be brought into the formation of legal system, and care to the codification of China tradition, criterion of formation can be summed up in four: (1) whether the full implementation of the provisions of the constitution as the legislation; (2) the basic law of law department has codified ; (3) respect for human rights; (4) the unity of legal system. Although the legislation is a difficult task, but compared to law enforcement of the legal system, it is relatively easy. When legislation is not largely enacted, legal interpretation, especially the judicial function becomes increasingly obvious. These are all challenges for China in the future.

인간은 연속적으로 문제해결의 과정을 경험한다. 그렇기 때문에 과정 속에서 문제가 정확히 무엇인지, 이를 어떠한 긍정적인 생각으로 해결해 나갈 것인지에 대해 고민하는 것이 필요하다. 이 논문은 삶을 생각해보도록 하는 실용적인 교수방법인 문제중심학습에 관한 이론적 기초를 세우고 교육학적 가치를 생각해 보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 통해 수업 속에 적용할 수 있는 긍정적인 방향을 생각해 보는 기회를 가질 것이다.

Bill Viola(1951-) has dealt with the most underlying problems facing human beings-life, death and existence using video as the medium, and Viola tries to find a solution to these problems in nature. In the 1970s when Viola was in full activity, Westerners came to have interest in diverse religions, such as Zen Buddhism in Japan, Taoism and philosophy. In such a social atmosphere, Viola also became interested in the Eastern religions which are in pursuit of the harmony between nature and human beings, thus reflecting this in his works. In other words, Viola, in his works, handles the representative substance elements- ‘water, fire' as main subject matter in an effort to explore the human existence in nature. The ‘water, fire' have frequently come on in myths, religions, history and cultures as the underlying elements forming the human world since ancient times regardless of the East and West. Particularly, Gaston Bachelard(1884-1962) can be pointed out as a representative philosopher among the philosophers who systematized the individual characteristics of water, fire' more concretely by applying them to the human spirit. Bachelard, in the same way as Viola, thinks that human existence bases the source of its root on nature as a human is a part of nature, and tries to look for the source of human existence in the circulation system of the natural elements-‘water, fire' Further, Bachelard applies ‘water, fire' to the human psyche and thinks that should these natural elements be born as a work in communion with an artist's imaginative action, the work would have the strength to communicate feelings to people beyond regions and the ages. Accordingly, this study is aimed at looking into what symbols and meanings such elements manifested in Viola's work have by bringing forth a question about Viola's steady work using the natural elements, ‘water, fire' as subject matter on the basis of Bachelard's argument. Viola is showing the process in which a human is endlessly linked to new creation in the natural circulation system where life and death coexist through ‛water’ and ‘fire’ among natural elements. In other words, Viola is dealing with the source of human existence using the dramatic, restrained image and the natural elements ‘water, fire' discovered in the image. Accordingly, the work of Viola, which throws a basic, intrinsic question, is inducing a variety of audiences' participation away from the boundaries between the East and West and beyond the ages, and suggesting the need to explore the matter of human existence through nature.

본 연구에서는 지름이 일정한 하나의 직선 관형 막을 가정하여 그 단위구간의 투과속도에 대한 물질수지를 세웠으며 이것을 기초로 하여 파이프의 정상상태 식과 함께 비선형 연립 2차 미분방정식을 이루었다. 이러한 관형 막의 압력손실을 표현한 연립방정식은 비선형이므로 Gauss-Seidel method와 같은 반복법에 의해서 해결될 수 있다. 이러한 수치해를 나타내기 위해 모사 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 또한 투과수는 운전 조건의 변화에 따라 변하므로 각 조건에서의 연립 방정식의 해를 수치적으로 적분하여 해결하였다. 모사의 결과를 검증, 해석하기 위해서 실제 중공사막과 유사한 관형 막을 사용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 중공사막을 유체가 흐를 때 발생하는 압력손실, 유량, 그리고 투과수의 관계를 분석적 방법을 이용해 제시하였고 이러한 이론적 기초를 바탕으로 실제 기공을 가진 막에 적용하여 그 정확성을 실험을 통하여 비교하였다.

Acoustical backscattering characteristics of Japanese anchovy can be estimated by Kirchhoffray mode model (KRM model) due to estimate exact body and swim-bladder shape of the fish, the samples were rapidly frozen by dry-ice and alcohol. X-ray photos for ventral and lateral direction for 6 samples were taken and the 3D coordinates of the body swim-bladder were estimated by digitizing from the photos. The angles between the axis of body and swim-bladder were about 9˚ at 38kHz and 7˚ at 120kHz, 200kHz. General formula of TS and BL estimated were 〈 TS38kHz 〉=20logBL-67.3, 〈 TS120kHz 〉=20logBL-66.6, 〈 TS200kHz 〉=20logBL-67.0. As a result, we confirmed KRM model is very useful to estimate TS (Target Strength) for design of experiment and it also can be applied to estimate the abundance of Japanese anchovy distributed by 2 frequency difference method in the survey area.

While technological development being rapid, competition among companies have been very intensive over the world. To hold their competitive power or make sustainable development, it is very imperative for them to attempt innovation. But almost of all innovations were followed by people's resistance to change, and many innovation appeared to be not successful. The objective of this paper is to review the topic of resistance to change in the related literature, and look at the relationship between innovation resistance and many variables like CEO's personality, employee's personality, organizational culture, and defensive behavior.

This article provides theoretical perspectives on continuing professional development (CPD, henceforth) and in-service teacher education and training (INSET, henceforth). Regarding good practice in INSET and CPD for English language teachers, implications are drawn from the review of international practice in different situations. The first is to recognize the unique context each school has; there cannot be a ‘one size fits all’ policy for every school in a given system. Not imposed by outsiders on teachers, successful professional development and change should start with the English teacher and the acknowledgement of his or her agency. At the heart of professional development is English teachers’ willingness to open up their practice to public scrutiny. The review of the literature suggests that information technology has enabled online professional communities to be established amongst diverse school contexts across geographical boundaries. A collaborative professional learning environment for English language teachers is recognized as a critical component in the success of CPD and INSET. It is suggested that educational systems should provide the conditions fostering such professional learning environments for the benefit of both English teachers and their pupils.

본 연구의 목적은 보조공학서비스와 삶의 질과의 관련성을 알아보고 작업치료사들이 임상현장에서 보조공학 서비스를 제공할 때 필요한 보조공학의 주요 모델 및 이론의 틀을 제공하고자 함이다. 문헌연구를 통해 보조공학이 장애인의 만족도와 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고 재활 모델(rehabilitation model), 욕구-중심 모델(need-based model), 보조공학의 전체론적 접근인 인간 활동 보조공학 모델(Human Activity Assistive Technology model; HAAT), 보조공학에 대한 사용자의 개인적 관점인 인간-공학 대응 모델(Matching Person and Technology; MPT)을 고찰하였다. 작업치료사는 휠체어, 스플린트, 일상생활 보조기기 등을 활용하여 신체기능을 보완 및 개선하고 성공적인 작업에의 참여를 통해 삶의 질을 향상시키는 작업치료사 고유의 업무를 발전시켜왔다. 따라서 보조공학에서 작업치료사의 역할과 비중이 더욱 커지도록 보조공학에 더 많은 관심과 열정 가지고 이론의 틀을 바탕으로 근거중심의 보조공학 적용연구가 활발히 일어나야 할 것이다.

The papaer reviews four theoretical acceptance sampling plans as OC (Operating Characteristics) curve based inspection, rectifying inspection, switching inspection, and continuous inspection. In addition, the study presents practical limitations of theoretical acceptance sampling by attribute and by variable. Finally, following research also recommends the sampling inspection based on production technology. However, the inspection method requires quality expertise with various experience and implicit knowledge of the field.

조류자원을 평가하기 위해 양쪽이 무한한 바다에 연결되어 있고, 수평한 바닥을 갖고 있는 수로를 가정하고, 수위의 시간변화에 따른 동적효과를 무시한 개수로 유동에서 양 끝단의 수두 차에 의해 구동되는 단순 수로에 대해 에너지 추출 모델을 제안하였다. 조류에너지는 그 단면을 지나는 유속의 3승에 비례하며, 수로 내에서의 에너지 추출은 반드시 유속의 감소를 초래하였다. 교란되지 않는 흐름의 수로에서 10%의 에너지 추출은 약 5.7%의 유속 감속을 초래하며, 20%가 추출되면 유속은 약 11.3%로 감소되었다. 또한, 수로 내에서 더 유속 감소가 가능하다면 이용 가능한 에너지의 추출은 보다 높을 수 있음을 보였다.

This study reports three international graduate students who took an English as a Second Language (ESL) test at a large U.S. public university. Some test takers might be misclassified as non-masters, required to take ESL courses, and thus unable to register for a full load of content courses. The three test-takers perceived themselves to be mis-classified; we call them “malcontents.” These three students were tracked as they began their academic program, via in-depth, face-to-face interviews. Each was audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. We present narratives starting from the test-taking experience and reaching into the first year of graduate program. Two malcontents who were not convinced about their local test results at the beginning later accepted the results after their required ESL courses. Findings indicate that test contentment cannot be judged about the test alone, but can only be judged about the test in concert with any courses into which the test-taker is placed. The stories of malcontents must be identified because their experiences in subsequent courses are an important aspect of establishing the validity evidence; hence, this paper proposes a new theoretical perspective of language test malcontents.