Selective surface densification is a tool for improving the mechanical properties of PM steels, such that the requirements for highly loaded gears can be matched. This paper describes the manufacturing and the properties of a helical P/M gear. The gear performance was evaluated on a 3-shaft back to back test rig, on a load bearing test rig and on a sound test bench. The results of these tests are presented and compared to data obtained from solid steel gear with identical geometry and surface quality. This comparison indicates that P/M gears have a load bearing capacity and noise level which are both well comparable to solid steel gears.

This study was performed to investigate the concentration levels of CO2 and the associated parameters in the subway from lines 1 to 8 in Seoul metropolitan area, during 1 to 30 Sept. 2005. CO2 concentration was measured at the entrance and center in subway passenger cabin by non-dispersive infrared analyser. The associated parameters for CO2 were estimated based on the number of passenger, open and closed doors etc. The mean CO2 concentrations were measured to be 1,646±712 ppm in subway passenger cabins. The CO2 concentrations showed the highest values between 7 and 9 AM in rush hour(p〈0.01). The correlation coefficient between CO2 and the number of passenger was highly significant(r=0.824). The general linear model indicated that subway line, subway location (ground and underground tract), and measurement point (enterance and center of cabins) and running time (morning and afternoon) significantly influenced the concentrations of CO2. An extended study is needed to examine the sources of CO2 in subway cabins and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.

This paper discusses the analysis of financial ratios of the Korean coastal passenger shipping company 1997 and 2000. Coastal passenger shipping company shows a very high ratio of the fixed-assets because these shipping company own relatively expensive ships. The current debts are composed of short-term borrowings and lease and the ratio of the current debts is rather high considering to the size of shipping company. The equity ratio of passenger shipping company has recently been decreased, but the debt ratio has been increased. Both the profitability and activity ratios have grown worse in recent years. In order to improve the performance of coastal passenger shipping company, they should develop the leisure facilities and good items to attract travellers.

During the last 10 years, the various type of high speed craft have been greatly developed, and since around of 1990 the large size of high speed passenger and/or cargo vessels are also introduced and took into the service in the various routes over the world. In a marine traffic way some bridge need to build across a rivers, cannals or a waterways. This one will be an obstruction and potential risk of collision in the way of high speed craft. Accordingly some of collision accident have been reported, which were caused by a lost control, wind and hydrodynamic forces, fog or human errors. In this paper a high speed craft having 40 m length is assumed to be collided with a circular type of bridge piers at right angle. The mode of deformation, penetration depth of collapse, impact forces, reduction of speed, loss of kinetic energy, and influence of scantlings, etc. have been calculated in each speed with a time variation to find a maximum values within a limit, and are graphically presented.

이 글은 영구의 자동차내부 소음연구와 보버르트(Bobbert)의 첫 번재 독일어로 쓰인 연구를 다루고 있다. 승용차내부소음은 높은 적외파음향(infra sound)으로 특징지어 진다. 그런 까닭으로 그러한 종류의 소음을 A-평가계측(A-rated measurement)으로 그 영향을 파알하는 것은 한계가 있다. 자동차음향공학은 특히 인공청각(artificial head)기술의 발전, 소리의 합성적 제조 및 다양한 자동차 내부 음색(timbre)에 대한 일본연구가들 (하쉬모토, 쿠와노, 남바)에 의해 상당산 성취를 경험하였다. 위의 연구들은 무엇보다도 의미분별기법(Semantic Differentials)과 다차원측정방법(Multidimen-sional Scaling)을 사용하고 있다. 그러한 기법의 사용은 심리측정방법을 심리음향학(Psycho-acoustics), 특히 츠뷔커학파(Zwicker school)의 심리음향학 방법론과 결합한 것으로 볼 수 있다.

As passenger ship accidents so frequently have occurred, crisis consciousness is highly aroused in Korean society. Although bombastic policy guidlines were suggested in accordance with every passenger ship accident, there remains a still high possibility of such an accident reoccurring because passenger ship accidents occur from the perspective of non-compliance. The research objective of this study is to government's safety regulatory policies. Data for the analysis was collected from literature review. A Case study related to passenger ship accident is adopted for the analysis. The research methods utilized in this study consist of extensive quantitative analysis of 138 passenger ship accidents which had happened over last 10 years from 1984 to 1993 in Korea and a qualitative analysis of the passenger ship accident of the Seohae Ferry in October 1993. The results of the quantitive analysis on the 138 passenger ship accidents are as follows; Seeing the accidents yearly, the accidents which occurred by policy non-compliance are still exist, only somewhat reduced as years gone by. Seeing the accidents from the perspective of types of accident, fire accidents and death and injury accidents had more non-compliance factors than contact accidents and one-side collision accidents, etc. had. Seeing the accidents from the perspectives of types of passenger ship, large ships like car ferries and general passenger ship accidents had more non-compliance factors than any other kinds of ships had. Seeing the accidents from the perspectives of tons of passenger ships, large ships weighing more than 1, 000 tons and small ships weighing less than 50tons contained a lots of non-compliance factors. The results of the qualitative analysis of the passenger ship accident of the Seohae Ferry in Octovber 1993 are as follows; From the viewpoint of the human factor, there were non-compliance to the recruiting of required number of qualified crew members and non-compliance to the rule which prohibited them from leaving port in bad weather and high wave conditions. From the viewpoint of the ship factor, there were defects in the ship. So we might say that there was non-compliance which was aroused from the lacks of technical skills. From the viewpoint of the administrative factor, there were many non-compliance factors such as sailor education, shipping management, rescue, safety equipment. From the viewpoint of the passenger factor, there were passengers' threats which compelled the crews to leave the port under bad weather conditions. In conclusion, the principal non-compliances factors are passenger ship company did not follow safety rules such as shipping the permitted number of passengers, loading permitted tons of freight and fastening freights properly and recruiting required number of qualified crew. In order to reduce accidents, firstly we should find out the causes which play key roles in passenger ship companies' non-compliance to the government's safety regulations. Secondly we should tackle the causes.

In Vietnam, the airline service sector plays an important economic role. However, it is a complicated industry that is open to failures. Negative emotions are an essential variable for the airline service industry because they can trigger a variety of coping behaviors that affect consumer loyalty as well as the image and reputation of the airline service providers. However, negative emotions and the accompanying coping behaviors are often investigated partially or as separate issues, thus leading to an incomplete understanding. This study is conducted to fill this gap by proposing and testing the causal relationship between negative emotions (anger, frustration, regret) and coping behaviors (complaint, negative word-of-mouth (WOM), and switching intention) in the context of the airline industry. Eight research hypotheses are tested. Using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on a sample of 587 passengers in Vietnam, the empirical results show that anger and frustration influence complaints, negative WOM, and switching intention, while regret leads to switching intention and negative WOM. Thus, the research has important academic and practical implications. The empirical outcome could be of major importance for airline companies in planning to provide new services and achieve high performance in the long run.

In the past 20 years, passenger and cargo transportation performance at the international passenger ports in Korea have increased by 8.6% on the compound annual growth rate, respectively. The Korean government had expected to continue expanding the market of car ferries and the government included plans for the development of additional routes and lanes with neighboring countries such as China, Japan, and Russia as a part of the Plan of the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in 2019. However, compared to the development of routes, the management and operation of passenger terminals are inefficient. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the overall improvement of the passenger terminal operating system that reflects the recent changes in the supply and demand of international passenger vessels and the needs of the government and private sector passengers. To this end, a basic survey was conducted on the status of operations and facilities at the Busan International Passenger Terminal and a questionnaire survey was administered on the subject of use. The results of the survey were analyzed using the IPA model. As a result of the analysis, three items in the operation sector, three items in the facility sector, and four items in the system sector of the Busan International Passenger Terminal were identified as in need of improvement. Based on the results, the need for investment to improve the international passenger terminal operating system is suggested.

This study developed an optimization model, defined as the IPS (Itinerary for Passenger Satisfaction), for a cruise ship to identify an itinerary that maximizes passenger satisfaction. A 0-1 integer programming model was developed to provide an optimal sequence of ports of call, assigning a destination to each day of the cruise. The concepts of the destination access network and the neighborhood of a destination were designed and manipulated to organize the complex network of destinations so that each next destination is selected within a practical overnight sail. The developed model can also be viewed as a reduced variant of the traveling salesperson problem with less constraints. A set of example tests shows that practical scenarios of the IPS with moderate cruise duration can be easily solved with light computation loads. Considering cruise ship passengers usually make their decisions not relying on only one destination but on an itinerary in its entirety, the purpose of this study was to identify itinerary alternatives to attract potential cruise passengers for attaining maximum occupancy level.

최근에 해외여행의 증가로 인하여 비행기를 이용하는 사용자수가 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 비행기는 탑 승 시에 높은 고도를 유지한다. 따라서 비행 교통수단을 이용하는 승객들은 높은 고도로 인한 우주자연방 사선 선량에 노출되어 방사선 장해 확률이 증가되어진다. 지구 외부로부터 기인하는 우주방사선은 지구대 기밖에 400km와 1200km 사이의 고도에 위치하는 자기장 벨트인 반 엘렌대에 의해 대부분은 차단되지만 그렇지 못한 일부 우주방사선은 벤 엘런대를 투과하여 지구의 대기와 지표에 영향을 준다. 전례연구에 따르면 지구의 지표에서 고도가 100m 증가함과 동시에 0.03 mSv정도의 자연방사선량이 증가한다는 결과가 보고되었다. 이번연구는 비행기를 탑승하는 동안 탑승자가 노출될 수 있는 고도에 따른 자연방사선의 영향을 최소로 차폐하는데 목적을 두었다. 그 중에서도 방사선에 감수성이 높은 장기인 갑상선을 고도에 따른 자연방사선량으로부터 보호하고자 연구하였다. 이번 연구는 이동이 간편하고 세탁이 편리한 손수건을 선택하였다. 그리고 제작된 손수건에 다양한 차폐막을 삽입 할 수 있는 방법으로 고안하였다. 재질이 면으로 된 손수건을 선택한 이유는 사용자가 착용시 피부의 거부감을 최소화하기 위함이다. 결론적으로 본 연구에 서 고안된 차폐막손수건은 우주자연방사선량을 70%이상 차폐하는 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 사용자가 높은 고도의 비행기 탑승 시 차폐막 손수건을 착용한다면 우주자연방사선으로부터 갑상선을 보호하는데 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 사료된다.

여객선은 선박사고가 발생을 하게 되면 인명의 피해로 직결되기 때문에 선장의 순간적인 결정이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 선박의 이상증후가 발생하였을 때 선박 및 승객대피 의사결정을 위한 주요요인을 정량적으로 분석하고 의사결정에 있어 기초 자료를 제공하고 자 하였다. 8개의 주요요인에 대하여 전문가 설문조사를 실시하였으며 계층분석방법(Analytic Hierarchy Process: AHP)을 이용하여 가중치를 선정하고 우선순위를 결정하였다. 그 결과 가중치가 가장 높은 주요요인은 전복(횡경사 발생)이었으며, 그다음이 화재/폭발로서, 의사결정에 있어서 가장 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 추후 세부 설문조사를 실시하여 유효수를 높여 신뢰도를 향상시킬 것이며, 본 결과는 선박과 승객대 피 의사결정의 주요요인을 결정하는 기초자료로 활용 될 것이다.

Despite the remarkable continual growth of the world cruise industry, studies have yet to be attempted on many revenue management problems in cruise operations. This paper suggests two schemes that can be easily applied to cruise revenue management: optimal dual pricing and passenger safety level. In optimal dual pricing, a pair of higher and lower prices is applied to cabin reservation through market segmentation. This scheme can be executed with a linear price-response function for the current unreserved cabins. A cruise line could benefit from this scheme to maximize reservation revenue while attaining full occupancy. The dual pricing scheme is also devised to produce only integer demands to suit real management practices. The life boat capacity is an additional service capacity unique to the cruise industry, catering to passengers’ safety. The concept of passenger safety level is defined and computed for any passenger life boat capacity of a cruise ship. It can be used to evaluate the passenger safety of a cruise ship in operation, as well as to determine the number of life boat seats required for a new cruise ship. Hypothetical examples are used to illustrate the operation of these two schemes.

This study represents a fundamental research for a passenger-ship escape guidance system that is a ship-borne agent, and it is for the support of escape decision-making by providing accurate maritime safety information in real time. We conducted a passenger escaping experiment on a training ship, SAEYUDAL, using the situation-aware escape guidance system, which has been developed for on-board application based on products for buildings. It is shown that the system contributes to the shortening of the escape duration and the dispersion of the escaping persons by generating and guiding the safe escape routes which dangerous areas are considered. From the experiment on ship's heeling condition, it is revealed that the heeling angle is linearly related to the escape duration. Therefore, this study shows that the shortening of the escape duration enables a safe and rapid mustering that is the most important process under emergency and appropriate incident responses to minimize loss of lives.

본 연구는 신규로 건설되는 국제여객터미널의 최적 항만운영안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 컨조인트 분석을 활용하여 최 적 항만운영이 될 수 있는 대안을 분석하였다. 또한 사용자 관점과 실사업 주관입장인 인천항만공사와 인식차이 비교분석을 실시한다. 사 용자 컨조인트 분석결과 ‘임대료 산정방식’이 신국제여객터미널 항만운영 방안에서는 가장 중요한 요인으로 도출되었다. 다음으로 자동화 구축, 부지면적 순으로 분석되었다. 수준별 효용결과를 살펴보면 임대료 산정방식에서는 ‘국유재산법 적용방식’, 자동화구축에서는 ‘야드장 비의 자동화’, 부지면적에서는 ‘61,000평∼66,000평’순으로 효용성을 보였다. 신국제여객터미널 실사업 주관자인 인천항만공사의 경우, 사용 자 결과와 마찬가지로 중요도에서 ‘임대료 산정방식’이 신국제여객터미널 항만운영방안에서 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났으며, 자동화구 축, 부지면적 순으로 도출되었다. 각 요인의 수준별 효용결과로는 임대료산정방식에서는 ‘투자비 보전방식’, 자동화구축에서는 ‘야드장치장 의 자동화’, 부지면적에서는 ‘43000평∼48000평’ 순으로 효용치를 보였다.

본 연구에서는 2005년부터 2013년까지 운용되었던 국내 연안여객선의 항로를 사회네트워크 분석 방법을 통해 파악하였다. 우선 국 내 연안여객 항로의 네트워크 특성을 살펴본 결과 네트워크 복잡계 특성인 멱함수의 법칙을 따르는 Scale-Free 형태를 보이고 있음을 확인하 였다. 본 연구에서는 사회 네트워크 분석의 중요 척도라고 할 수 있는 중심성을 바탕으로 살펴보았으며, 연도별 연결정도 중심성의 변화추세, 기존의 정량적인 방법과의 비교를 통한 양의 상관관계 확인, 마지막으로 연결정도 중심성과 매개 중심성간의 관계를 분석하여 두 가지의 척도를 기준으로 우선시되는 항구를 순위별로 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 연안여객 항로를 하나의 네트워크로 간주하고 분석하여 유용한 결과를 제시하였다. 앞선 결과들을 바탕으로 국내 연안여객 항로의 개발 등 발전방향을 설정할 시 보다 효과적으로 진행이 가능할 것으로 보인다. 또 한 공항의 중심성 분석, 주변국의 외교 관계 분석 등 다양한 분야에서 사회네트워크 분석 방법을 활용한다면 유용한 결과를 산출하는데 효과적 일 것으로 판단된다.

완도군을 중심으로 한 서남 해안권 해상교통의 수요는 나날이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이 같이 증가하는 여객과 관광수요에 대응할 수 있는 해상 안전 및 편의 시설 개선을 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 완도항 항만수역, 완도권내 통항 항로 그리고 여객선 운항 환경 등에 대한 현황을 조사 분석하였다. 이와 함께 완도권 해상교통을 이용하는 이용자들을 대상으로 여객선 운항 환경 개선에 대한 설문을 수행하 였다. 이를 바탕으로 해당 해역의 항해 위해도를 조사 분석하였으며, 여객선 운항 환경을 개선할 수 있는 제도적 장치 중에서 여객선 운임 체제 개선, 타 시도 지역과 비교를 통항 개선방안 등을 제안하였다. 가장 시급한 문제는 항로상 산재해 있는 어장과 그로 인해 좁아진 항로가 여객선 운항에 가장 큰 위험요소가 됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 여객선 운영측면에서는 타 지역에 비하여 자동화물비가 비싸 개선이 필요한 것으로 조사되 었다.

본 연구는 승선 생활에 미숙련된 일반승객이 해상재난 발생 시 여객선 내에서의 안전성을 확보하고 피난성능을 향상시키기 위한 기술 개발에 반드시 필요한 선박 항해 환경에 따른 승선 중 보행속도를 실측실험을 통해 취득하고 이를 비교 분석한 것이다. 81명의 남녀 대학신입생이 참가한 승선 실험에서, 평면복도 직선부에서의 평균보행속도는 항해시가 정박시보다 27.2%, 평면복도 코너부에서는 23.2% 느려지는 것으로 나타나 항해중 선박 동요에 따른 속도 저하가 크다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 항해상태에서 실측된 상향계단과 하향계단에서의 평균보행속도는 각각 0.71m/s, 0.75m/s으로 측정되었다. 군집충돌 이동실험에서는 인근 보행자와의 보행 간섭으로 인해 후미로 갈수록 보행속도가 느려지고, 선두의 이동속도가 군집 전체의 이동속도에 큰 영향을 준다는 사실을 확인하였다.