해양환경을 보호하고, 해양생태계를 보전해야 하는 것은 이제는 개별국가 및 지역협력을 넘어서 세계적 의무라고 할 수 있다. 그동안 선박으로부터 발생되는 해양오염사고로 인해 인명과 재화뿐만 아니라 인근지역의 경제 및 환경이 얼마나 황폐화되는지 경험하였다. 국제해사기구는 다수의 국제해사협약을 채택 하여 선박기인 해양오염방지에 크게 기여해오고 있다. 다양한 해양오염원으로부터 해양환경 및 해양생태계를 보호하기 위해서는 이러한 개별조약들도 중요하지만 이를 아우르는 포괄적인 조약 역시 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 국제사회는 1982년 바다의 헌법이라 할 수 있는 유엔해양법협약을 채택하고, 협약 제12부에 해양환경의 보호와 보전에 관해 별도로 규정하였다. 유엔해양법협약 제12 부는 해양환경에 관한 조약들의 법적 틀을 제공하고 있으며, 국제해사협약 역시 유엔해양법협약과의 조화 및 준수를 중요시 하고 있다. 이 논문은 유엔해양 법협약 제12부에 규정되어 있는 선박기인 해양오염에 관한 국가관할권에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 이 논문은 선박기인 해양오염에 관한 연안국, 기국 및 항만국의 집행 및 입법관할권에 대해 상세히 분석하여 개별 조약을 아우르는 포괄적인 국제법으로서의 중요성 및 선박기인 해양오염 방지에 공헌하는 바를 언급하고자 한다.

The KVN(Korean VLBI Network)-style simultaneous multi-frequency receiving mode is demonstrated to be promising for mm-VLBI observations. Recently, other Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) facilities all over the globe start to implement compatible optics systems. Simultaneous dual/multi-frequency VLBI observations at mm wavelengths with international baselines are thus possible. In this paper, we present the results from the first successful simultaneous 22/43 GHz dualfrequency observation with KaVA(KVN and VERA array), including images and astrometric results. Our analysis shows that the newly implemented simultaneous receiving system has brought a significant extension of the coherence time of the 43 GHz visibility phases along the international baselines. The astrometric results obtained with KaVA are consistent with those obtained with the independent analysis of the KVN data. Our results thus confirm the good performance of the simultaneous receiving systems for the non-KVN stations. Future simultaneous observations with more global stations bring even higher sensitivity and micro-arcsecond level astrometric measurements of the targets.

β-mannanase from Trichoderma reesei was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. The molecular weight was determined to be 54 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomannan was hydrolyzed by the purified β-mannanase, and then the hydrolysates were separated by Bio-Gel P2 chromatography. The main hydrolysates were composed of D.P. (degree of polymerization) 2, 3, and 4, 6 galactomanno-oligosaccharides. To investigate the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomanno- oligosaccharides on in vitro growth of L. plantarum, were cultivated individually on a modified-MRS medium containing carbon sources such as low- and high-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharide. Lactobacillus plantarum grew 1.8-fold after treatment with high- and low-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharides, compared to 1.3-fold for those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography and determined to be 122 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. The bacteriocin activated doubly more effectively after treatment with galactosmanno-oligosaccharides compared to those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibitory compound lost activity when heated to temperatures greater than 30oC and when inhibited to pH changes that lowered the pH below 4 or raised it above 5. Furthermore, its effects were inhibited by treatment with proteolytic enzymes.

The incorporation of Shiitake culture into sawdust is a widely utilized technique that can assist in reducing the cost and time consumption associated with oak cultivation. In sawdust cultivation, browning of the surface mycelia is an important stage with respect to the utility and longevity of the sawdust media. Surface browning forms a protective coating on the substrate, which can inhibit the invasion of pathogens and suppress water evaporation. Several different light sources (red LED, white LED, blue LED, and fluorescent light) were used and the intensity of illumination was carefully controlled (1.5, 10.5, 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs and 10, 100, 300 lux for the fluorescent light) to induce browning. The light sources were regulated via a 1 h on/off cycle in a controlled room environment at a temperature of 20°C, 60% humidity, and 1200 ppm CO2 concentration for 60days.The browning effect varied depending on the source and the intensity of illumination. This effect was most effectively induced at 1.5 μmol/m2s for the red and blue LEDs. All light sources induced less browning at the highest intensity of illumination. This indicates that intensity values higher than 20.5 μmol/m2s in the case of the LEDs and 300 lux for the fluorescent light are not effective. After harvesting of the fruit bodies, we measured the weight, length, and width of the pileus and stipe in addition to their chromaticity and hardness. Treatment with 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED produced the best harvest with the highest average chromaticity, weight (21.2 g), stipe length (30.8 mm), and hardness (377.9 g), with a fine length and width of the pileus.

작물 재배시에 질소비료와 유기물인 헤어리베치 그리고 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 등 질소공급원별로 토양에 시용하여 N2O 배출에 영향을 주는 요인들의 특성을 조사하였다. 그리고 그 요인들이 N2O 배출에 얼마나 영향을 주는지를 정량적으로 밝히고 온실가스 배출의 영향 인자들에 대해 온실가스 감축 효과를 종합적으로 평가하였다. N2O 배출에 영향을 미치는 요인은 토양온도, 토양수분과 무기태질소 등이다. 이 세 가지 요인 중 N2O 배출에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인은 무기태질소 (콩 65.5%, 51.2%)>토양수분함량 (콩 19.2%, 고추 28.8%)>토양온도 (콩 15.2%, 고추 22.0%) 순으로 나타났다. 수량과 비료이용효율은 LCU 효과지연성 복합비료 처리에서 가장 높았다. N2O 배출량은 LCU효과지연성 복합비료와 NPK+헤어리베치 처리에서 차이를 보이지 않아 종합적인 결과는 수량과 비료이용효율 그리고 낮은 N2O 배출량을 보인 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 처리가 가장 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 앞으로 N2O 배출을 저감할 수 있는 토양 양분관리 기술 개발 연구가 확대되면 온실가스 배출저감 대책에 도움이 될 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae are one of the most serious insect pests in many crops, vegetables, flowers, and fruit trees worldwide. Many insecticides have been developed to control green peach aphid and two spotted spider mite, but resistance to almost all insecticides has reduced their control effect. Particular groups of plant-beneficial microbials are not only root colonizers that provide plant disease suppression, but in addition are able to infect and kill insect larvae. Antimicrobial compounds produced by biocontrol microbes are effective weapons against a vast diversity of organisms such as fungi, nematodes, and viruses. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of mixtures plant extracts and improvement of culture process biocontrol microbials on insecticidal activity. Azadirachta indica and Derris elliptica mixed with micorbials, which are nutrient sources of mung bean extract and lecithin, were more effective than other the mixtures. Leaf spraying with the mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly showed the highest insecticidal power in vivo for 24 hours after treatment. The effect of spraying mixture was more than 50% at 2000 times dilution, and the spraying concentration of 90% or more showed a dilution of up to 500 times. Our results indicated that the nutrient sources of microbe act as a key antimicrobial metabolite in biocontrol of insect pests, and mixing with plant extracts can provide synergistic effects as an optimal usage of the biocontrol agents.

친환경 해충 방제 방법 중 LED를 비롯한 빛을 이용한 해충방제가 활발하게 연구되고 있으며, 해양, 농장, 축사 등 산업적인 측면뿐만 아니라 사회 전반적인 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 해충 기피램프의 광원은 주로 LED(550~630mm)가 활용되고 있으나 출력이 약해 넓은 면적에 적용이 힘든 단점이 있다. 이에 제논램프를 이용한 넓은 면적에 적용 가능한 식물재배용 해충 기피램프를 적용하여 담배거세미나방에 의한 작물 및 피해과실률을 비교하였다. 특정 파장(870~920mm, 자외선:가시광선:적외선=2:34:64)을 방출하는 제논램프를 높이 2.5m, 2/10a개 설치하였다. 광원의 처리는 3수준(일몰 후 2시간 경과 시점부터 2시간, 4시간, 무처리)으로 하였으며, 나방의 유입을 원활하게 하기 위하여 모든 출입구를 개방하였다. 과실 피해가 발생한 후 출입구를 폐쇄하여 제논램프가 유입된 나방의 작물 및 과실 가해를 억제하는지 조사하였다. 토마토 재배는 경상남도 함안(35° 15’ 0”N / 128° 25’ 0”E)의 유리온실(6*10*5m)에 토마토(데프니스, 유럽종)를 재식간격 1m(줄 간격), 0.5m(포기사이거리)재배하였다. 생육기간은 4월 12일 정식하여 8월 2일까지이다. 토마토 재배기간 동안 격주간격으로 생육(초장, 엽면적, 잎, 과실, 줄기의 생체중 및 건물중)조사를 하였으며, 매주 피해과, 정상과의 수량을 조사하였다. 조사 결과 대조구에서 엽의 건조 중량이 21%정도 낮았으며, 줄기의 건조 중량은 2.5배 높았으며, 초장, 엽면적은 차이가 없었다. 제논램프 처리 시간에 따라 피해과실률((피해과실 중량(g)/총 과실 중량(g))*100)은 제논램프 4시간 : 초기 7.59 → 2주 후 0.02a, 2시간 : 초기 3.41 → 2주 후 6.32b, 대조구 초기 10.00 → 2주 후 42.71c% (Analysis of variance, p < 0.1) 로 조사되었다. 대조구에서는 유입된 담배거세미나방이 온실 내에서 번식함에 따라 엽의 생체중은 감소하였으나 엽면적에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았는데, 이는 대조구의 잎이 심하게 황화된 경우가 많았고, 이 때문에 엽면적은 증가하였으나 중량감소 하였다. 제논램프 2시간, 4시간 처리에서는 담배거세 미나방에 의한 작물 및 피해과실률이 감소하였으며, 제논램프 4시간 처리에서 유의하게 높은 방제 효과를 보였다.

원전 해체는 일반적으로 5단계로 준비, 제염, 절단 및 철거, 폐기물 처리, 환경 복원으로 진행된다. 효율적인 원전 해체를 위해서는 작업자의 안전, 비용 대비 효과, 폐기물 최소화, 재사용 가능성 등이 고려되어야 한다. 또한, 작업자의 안전 및 측정 기술이 확보되어야 원전 해체 작업의 최적 효율을 낼 수 있으며 이를 위해서는 계통 및 기기의 정확한 측정 기술이 필요하다. 원전 해체 시 현장에서 사용할 수 있는 대표적인 In-Situ 방법으로는 CZT, Gamma Camera, ISOCS 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 대표 시료 채취 없이 원전 해체 시 현장에서 적용될 수 있는 ISOCS를 이용하여 S/G Water Chamber 지점에 대 하여 측정을 수행하였다. 측정 방법은 ISOCS의 HPGe 검출기를 증기 발생기 수실 하부 중앙을 향해 위치하였으며, 이때 검출기는 주변 방사선장 감소를 위해 납 차폐체를 장착하였다. 차폐체 두께는 5 cm인 원통형 납 차폐체를 장착하였으며, 검출 기 전면에는 30도 콜리메이터를 장착하여 측정을 수행하였다. 측정값에 검증을 위해 실제 측정 방법과 동일하게 Microshield를 이용하여 측정한 값과 GEANT4 코드를 이용하여 모델링 하였다. 비교 결과 1.0×101~1.0×102 Bq 정도 차이를 보였으며, 이는 측정 시 주변 방사선의 영향, 모델링의 정밀도 등으로 오차를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 본 논문의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 측정값의 정확도 및 신뢰도를 분석하고 향후 해체 작업 시 직접 측정 방법의 적용성에 대한 신뢰도를 높이고자 한다.

Introduction User-generated online reviews have become an essential part of consumer decisionmaking process (Mayzlin, Dover, & Chevalier, 2014) affecting product attitudes (Schlosser, 2005), purchase intentions (Ba & Pavlou, 2002), sales (Babić Rosario, Sotgiu, De Vlack, & Bijmolt, 2016), as well as price and quantity of transactions (Berger, Sorensen, & Rasmussen, 2010). For instance, 58% of consumers prefer sites with peer reviews, and nearly all consumers (98%) reported reading peer review before making purchases online (eMarketer, 2010). Given the reach and influence of user-generated content (UGC), it is unsurprising that companies offer numerous incentives such as coupons, rebates, free samples, and monetary payments to encourage user-generated online reviews. In 2012, Tesco, a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer, ran a “Share & Earn” scheme where the retailer gave loyalty points to Facebook fans sharing products. Since such reviewers are more like friends than random strangers, how does the review source and incentives affect reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions? Would these effects differ across individualistic and collectivistic cultures? Our research examines the cross-cultural differences in the effects of review source and incentives on reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions between Americans and Taiwanese. Review Source and Trustworthiness Extant research has shown that reviews from friends are usually more persuasive than reviews from strangers (Huang, Zhang, Liu, & Liang, 2014). Dubois et al. (2016) revealed that high levels of interpersonal closeness increased the negativity of reviews shared, whereas low levels of interpersonal closeness increased the positivity of reviews shared. Correspondingly, individuals tend to perceive friendly review sources as being more trustworthy and honest (Ben-Ner & Halldorsson, 2010). The circulation for UGC online reviews on social media platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram could also make the review source appear like a friend. Since user-generated online reviews appear on the user’s own profile page as well as newsfeeds of each friend connected to that user (Chatterjee, 2011), individuals could easily perceive review sources as friendly and trustworthy. Given that online trust often increases purchase intention (Bart, Shankar, Urban, & Sultan, 2005), we posit that reviews from friends increase reviewer trustworthiness, which, in turn, increase purchase intentions. Incentives While online reviews from friends could be deemed as more trustworthy, incentives could muddy the waters. Sterling (2013) showed that over 40% of consumers in a survey reported some level of doubt in the credibility of UGC, fueled by reports of firms posting “fake” positive reviews, deleting negative reviews, or manipulating consumers into making positive statements that might not be a true representation of their options (Mayzlin et al., 2014). Given the level of distrust, the Federal Trade Commission sent out more than 90 letters reminding influencers and marketers that they required to clearly and conspicuously disclose their relationships with brands when promoting or endorsing products on social media (FTC, 2017). Relatedly, in 2012, the UK Advertising Standards Authority ruled that travel website TripAdvisor must cease claiming that it offers “honest, real, or trusted” reviews from “real travelers” since they are unable to assure consumers that all review content was genuine. Even when incentives are disclosed, incentivized reviews are often viewed with suspicion and are discounted as a means of correcting for presumed reviewer bias, even if the reviewer was not biased by the incentive (Du Plessis, Stephen, Bart, & Gonclaves, 2016). Taken together, we argue that incentivized reviews will decrease reviewer trustworthiness, and consequently, purchase intentions. Cultural Differences Existing work on the effects of review source and incentives have, at least implicitly, assumed that its effects hold globally and failed to consider individual or cultural moderating factors. In particular, individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in their perceptions of trust violations: collectivists tend to become less trusting after experiencing a violation from in-group rather than out-group members; individualists’ trust levels are less affected by violations from in-group members (Fulmer, Gelfand, 2010; van Hoorn, 2015). In the context of our research, incentivized reviews could be regarded as trust violation, where reviewers no longer act altruistically to provide honest reviews. Thus, we posit that incentives could moderate the effects that reviews from friends have on perceived trustworthiness, and consequently, purchase intention in collective cultures (i.e. Taiwanese participants). In contrast, we expect to replicate the results of previous research where reviews from friends increases reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions; while incentivized reviews decreases reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions. Formally, we hypothesize that: Hypothesis 1a (H1a): Reviews from friends will be considered as more trustworthy than review from strangers amongst American participants. Hypothesis 1b (H1b): American participants will be more likely to purchase products reviewed by friends than strangers. Hypothesis 2a (H2a): Amongst American participants, reviewers providing incentivized reviews will be perceived as less trustworthy than reviewers providing non-incentivized reviews. Hypothesis 2b (H2b): American participants will be less likely to purchase products from incentivized reviews than non-incentivized reviews. Hypothesis 3a (H3a): Amongst Taiwanese participants, when reviews are not incentivized, reviews from friends will be considered more trustworthy than reviews from strangers. The effect will be attenuated when reviews are incentivized. Hypothesis 3b (H3b): Taiwanese participants will be more willing to purchase products reviewed by friends than strangers when the reviews are not incentivized. The effect will be attenuated when reviews are incentivized. Method Participants and Design Three hundred and sixteen participants (50% female, 18-85 years old) were recruited on Qualtrics for nominal payment. Half of the participants were American and completed the survey in English while the rest were Taiwanese and completed the survey in Mandarin. A 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) x 2 (nationality: USA vs. Taiwan) mixed design was adopted with source and incentive manipulated within-subject and nationality manipulated between-subjects. Procedure All participants were instructed to assume that they were travelling to London, and was searching for a hotel to stay for a couple of days. They were then presented with four hotel reviews. Both source and incentive were manipulated within-subjects. Source of the reviews was either a friend or a stranger. Reviews were either not incentivized or incentivized where the reviewer was given discount on their stay for leaving a review. To prevent order effects, the reviews were presented in random order. All reviews were 4 out 5 stars reviews, were generally positive, and were dated at a similar time. Measures After every review, participants indicated purchase intention on two items (e.g. “After reading this review, I feel like booking this hotel.”; “If there is a chance, I will book this hotel.”) on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)(Kim, Park, & Lee, 2013). Participants also rated how much they trusted the reviewer on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) on three items (e.g. “I trust this reviewer to choose a hotel for me.”; “I have confidence in this reviewer.”; “I believe this reviewer is being honest.”) (Smith, Menon, & Sivakumar, 2005). Individualism/collectivism as well as uncertainty avoidance was assessed using a 3-item measure (e.g. “Individuals should stick with the group even through difficulties.”; “It’s important to closely follow instruction and procedures.”) (Yoo, Donthu, & Lenartowicz, 2011) with a 7-point Likert scale (1= strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) Results Outliers were removed using Stem and Leaf plots, leaving 295 participants, 148 Taiwanese participants and 149 American participants (50% female, 18 to 85 years old). Contrary to previous research (Hofstede Insights, 2018), American participants (M = 6.07, SD = 0.96) scored significantly higher on the uncertainty avoidance scale than their Taiwanese counterparts (M = 5.56, SD = 1.01). In addition, American participants (M = 5.00, SD = 1.35) did not score significantly higher on the individualism/collectivism scale than their Taiwanese counterparts (M = 5.08, SD = 1.23). As predicted in Hypothesis 1a, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on reviewer trustworthiness revealed a significant main effect of review source, F(1, 146) = 25.34, p =.00, where friends (M = 5.34, SD = 1.19) were significantly more trustworthy than strangers (M = 4.97, SD =1.24) amongst USA participants. In line with H2a, there was also a significant main effect of incentive, where non-incentivized reviews (M = 5.24, SD = 1.21) were considered more trustworthy than incentivized reviews (M = 5.07, SD = 1.22), F(1,146)=6.43, p =.01. There was no significant interaction effect, F <1. Amongst the Taiwanese participants, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on reviewer trustworthiness revealed a significant main effect of review source, F(1, 147) = 13.02, p =.00, and incentive, F(1,147)=6.43, p =.01, qualified by the predicted interaction, F(1,147)=3.77, p =.05. Consistent with our predictions (H3a), when reviews were not incentivized, friends (M = 5.41, SD = 1.08) were significantly more trustworthy than strangers (M = 5.15, SD = 1.10), F(1,147)=15.63, p=.00. However, when reviewers were incentivized, friends (M = 5.20, SD = 1.05) were just as trustworthy as strangers (M = 5.09, SD = 1.15, F(1,147) = 1.85, p =.18. As predicted (H1b), amongst USA participants, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on purchase intention revealed a significant main effect of review source, F(1, 146) = 4.46, p =.04, where reviews from friends (M = 5.40, SD = 1.20) elicited higher purchase intentions than reviews from strangers (M = 5.27, SD =1.20). Contrary to Hypothesis 2b, there was no main effect of incentive, F(1,146) = 1.34, p =.25, nor interaction, F<1. Amongst Taiwanese participants, a 2 (review source: stranger vs. friend) x 2 (incentive: no incentive vs. incentivized review) on purchase intention revealed a significant main effect of incentive where non-incentivized reviews (M = 5.49, SD = 0.94) elicited greater purchase intentions than incentivized reviews (M = 5.39, SD = 0.98), F(1,147) =3.74, p=.06. There was no main effect of source, F(1,147)= 2.31, p = .13 nor an interaction effect, F(1,147) = 1.81, p =.18. In line with our hypothesis (H3b), planned contrasts revealed that when reviews are not incentivized, friends (M = 5.55, SD = 0.96) elicited significantly higher purchase intention than strangers (M = 5.42, SD = 0.95), F(1,147) = 5.73, p =.01. In contrast, when reviews were incentivized, friends (M = 5.40, SD = 0.94) elicited as much purchase intention as strangers (M = 5.38, SD = 1.02), F<1. Discussion Given the ever-important role of user-generated online reviews in consumer decisionmaking, it is necessary to understand how review sources and incentives affects perceptions of trust and purchase intentions, especially across cultures. Our study demonstrates how review sources and incentives affect reviewer trustworthiness and purchase intentions differently across individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. Specifically, review source and incentives affect reviewer trustworthiness independently in Americans. Friends are considered more trustworthy than strangers, and non-incentivized reviews are considered more trustworthy than incentivized reviews. In contrast, the effect of review source on reviewer trustworthiness is moderated by incentive in Taiwanese participants. In particular, friends are considered more trustworthy than stranger only when reviews are not incentivized. When reviews are incentivized, trust seems to be violated, and friends are regarded as just as trustworthy as random strangers. Our contributions to the UGC literature are twofold. To date, research on UGC have largely ignored the role of culture and nationality (as well as individual differences, more broadly) can play. This potentially concerning since the proliferation of UGC are not limited to a Western sample. Our work highlights how culture can complicate findings in the UGC literature, and suggests a need to better consider the role culture plays. In addition, our research specifies the specific mechanism through which culture might influence the effect of review source and incentives affect purchase intention, trustworthiness. Additional studies will be conducted to examine how and why incentives are deemed as trust violations and reduce purchase intentions when accepted by friendly reviewers in collectivist cultures. Moreover, we will attempt to detangle trust in the reviewer versus review.

The present research deals with the influence of managers’ construal level and anticipatory regret behavior on evaluations of customers’ and employees’ ideas in innovation contexts. While prior research focused on positive outcomes of open innovation, we provide theory and evidence to suggest that managers’ avoidance behavior in idea evaluation processes can result in negative side effects for the assessment of employees’ ideas. We conducted an experiment with 113 managers to reveal that top managers tend to higher creativity ratings of ideas from customers in comparison to identical ideas from employees. Lower level managers showed no difference in their creativity evaluations, but differentiated their feasibility rating in favor for customers’ ideas, whereas top managers did not. Our findings contribute to existing managerial decision making research and provide initial evidence on negative outcomes of open innovation for managers’ evaluation of employees’ ideas.

Prior research shows that in-store displays have a significant effect on product sales, but no study so far has measured this effect using a qualitative approach that considers the size of the in-store display or its general theme. In this study, a smartphone-based user generated contents (UGC) was used to encourage consumers to post about the in-store displays they liked. This study investigates the relationship between the qualitative content of in-store displays and the sales of the products featured in such displays, and the relationship between posts or likes and the sales of the products featured in the posted liked display. We examine the effects of the contents of in-store display on sales and the mediation effect of the POST or LIKE on these relationship. As the result, this study is the first to explicate the difference of the mediation effect of post on sales by the type of the content of the in-store display. Specifically, the following three aspects were elucidated: (1) “Seasonality” drives user posting on UGC and such posts contribute to increased sales, (2) “Mass” both directly contributes to increased sales and also promotes user postings on UGC, which contribute to increase sales, and (3) “Character” directly influences sales but does not contribute to sales through postings. This study also provides important managerial implications. The results highlight the role of the content of in-store displays in promoting sales. Specifically, if the goal is to simply increase sales, a character themed in-store display will suffice. If the goal is to induce postings to UGC, which will result in increased sales, then a seasonally themed in-store display will work. In this way, expanding consideration to the qualities of in-store displays makes it possible to develop a more strategic understanding of their effects rather than the simple on/off or numerical frequency approach of the past. It must be taken into account that the type of in-store display content that is called for will differ according to whether the objective is to simply increase sales or to also attempt to create WOM promotion.

Cewebrity is somebody who is only, or perhaps mostly famous through their presence on the Internet, an internet person who crosses over to the mainstream, so called web celebrity or Internet celebrity. Recognizing that Internet celebrities’ participation will bring about improvements of company performance, marketers have considered them to be new source of innovation dedicating to company’s success. For example, fashion companies believe that Internet celebrities have good innovation ideas on clothing collocation or even fashion design. Given the relevance of Internet celebrity in practice, researchers have begun to address its merits (Stever and Lawson, 2013). However, it is not yet a well-established field of academic inquiry, because Internet celebrity’s specific characteristics has not been well developed yet. Based on the nature of Internet celebrity as consumer, the theory of customer value co-creation is appropriate to explain these new generated celebrities’ activities in new product development. Activities of Internet celebrities in value co-creation can be shown as communication, idea conception, and product design (Genc and Benedetto, 2015). The current study mainly focuses on the effects of fashion internet celebrities on whole process of product development including product design, production, and commercialization by developing the scale of internet celebrity’s attributes under the perspective of customer value co-creation. Theoretically, the study fills up the research gap that no prior research develops the scales of Internet celebrity and test its effects on new product development. Practically, our work is highly useful for marketers understand the effects of Internet celebrity, thus developing appropriate strategies to utilize them.

This study aims to understand the foreign language learner’s internal process while they are translating. To figure out invisible internal process of the learner, Key logging during translation process, short interview after translating and behavioral observation were used. For considering behavioral characteristics for internal process, Pause, Deletion, Moving and Mistranslation were chosen. In particular, Pause was chosen to work as criterion when analyzing other behaviors. By analyzing those behaviors, three internal processes were found: (1)Deliberatiing on words or phrases following the pauses, (2)Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text, (3)Continuous checks on what writers had written down. Deliberations were generally found before the long-term pause. Learners were deliberating what to write on next phrases, due to their scarce knowledge of grammatical collocation of the target language. Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text shows variety of behaviors such as moving, deletion after the long-term pauses. According to the learners’ interview and researcher’s observation, it was arisen when the learners are fail to find the acceptable expressions in target language. Continuous checks on what learners had written down were generally found after the translation was finished. Entire part of target text was examined in this type of process. Thus, long period of pause was required for reading source text and target text, also deletion and moving was required for correcting mistranslated words or phrases. It infers that learners’ behaviors are combined to suggest certain meanings of internal process. Thus, these behaviors do not suggest solid internal process. With more elaborated analysis, this