Any Irish writer can hardly liberate his mind sufficiently from the questions of public duty to form and influence the opinion in Irish politics. And for the same reason almost all the contemporary Northern Ireland poets are under the pressure to lead his readers through the psychic hinterland to emerge from the Northern Ireland crisis. But the demands made on Paul Muldoon result to his persistent belief that poetic language is an abstraction of everyday discourse. Muldoon claims and testifies that poet's word can be used to the particular function of expressing the poet's intention: the poet's task is to control the meaning of the words in relation to the other words in the poetic text. Thus his poetry is to some extent full of fantastic and disconnected languages which, he seems to argue, comprise the actual experiences in the contemporary Northern Ireland. In this perspective his poetic languages tend to be the fragments of the continuous narrative and have different tones and styles. And his early poems seem to the readers to shift between different levels of meaning which keeps the poet's attitude toward the material and the context of the work. In this process his poetry is to create his own poetic world as a paradise free from the violent and corrupted real world as well as to draw links between poetry and politics. That means that his early works repeatedly figure out the relation between social and poetic significances of poetry and at the same time investigate the nature of poet's word as a way to form his own world. This seesawing attitude to the responsibilities toward the contemporary Northern Ireland makes his poetry tend to be oblique by detaching the poet himself from the society.

The purpose of this paper is to examine features of English speaking contests and preparation activities by contest-takers through the Internet, It focuses on the following issues: (1) test-takers' perceptions of tests, (2) appropriateness of test-takers' preparation activities, (3) learners autonomy in the test preparation process. The source of data in this study was collected from the websites hosting contests as well as a portal site (www.naver.com) allowing for information exchange on speaking contests. In the data analysis, key words or phrases were categorized and counted by frequency. It was found that there were perceptional differences between the intent of the testing institutions and students' preparation in the Internet. It is suggested that contest participants need to acquire sufficient information on preparation activities and test-taking strategies from the testing institutions.

명나라는 정치적 분위기가 극도로 부패하고 공포스러웠으며 禮敎가 뿌리 깊은 시기였다. 이러한 시대에 일반사람들은 화목한 가정을 꾸리고 신변의 안정을 추구하는 것이 유일한 목표였으나 혹자는 양심을 속이고 태평성대인 것처럼 은폐하여 통치자들의 공덕을 칭송하였으며, 혹자는 현실에 대한 냉담한 태도로 현실을 묵과하였는데 인격은 타락하고 비열하였다. 이런 상황은 명나라 말기에 이르러서야 현저한 변화가 일어나게 되는데 명나라 말기는 정치적 분위기가 상대적으로 너그러웠고 언론도 비교적 자유로워 모두가 입을 다물고 감히 발언하지 못하던 형국이 타파되었고, 일부 지각 있고 개성 있으며 현실과 禮敎를 감히 직 언으로 규탄하는 사람들이 속출하기 시작하였다. 李贽는 이 중 가장 두드러지는 사람으로 南宋 후기부터 최고 통치자들의 의식 형태가 되어버 린“程朱理学”과 천여년 간 줄곧 사람들의 신봉을 받아온 공맹사상을 맹렬히 공격하였으며, 권위주의와 봉건계급사회를 부정하였다. 그리고 道學家의 위선적이고 추한 모습을 가차 없이 暴露하였으며, 수천 년 동안 내려온 시비를 뒤집고, 개성해방을 강렬하게 호소하였다. 거짓 없고 순수한 동심으로 사상과 감정을 자유롭게 표현할 것을 주장하였으며, 남에게 의탁하지 않는 독립적인 인격을 추구하였다. 그 비판문에 자주 “以子之矛、攻子之盾(그 사람의 창으로 그 사람의 방패를 뚫다)”라는 수법을 능숙히 활용하였으며 주로 직접적으로 자신의 생각을 털어놓으며 때론 우회적으로 심정을 토로하기도 하였고“偏激(극단적)”인 비유를 좋아하였는데 문투가 익살스러우면서도 신랄하고 예리하며 강건하였다. 품위와 우아함을 숭상하던 시대의 심미적인 풍토에 강한 충격을 주었고 그 영향 또한 아주 크다.

Theaim ofthisstudy isto examine the characteristics ofcommunity-terms on bicycle in internet network .Recently bicycleriding isoneoftheleading trendsin Korea. TheKoreanGovernmentisactivelypursuingthepolicyforbicycleriding, and thepeoplewho areinterested in bicycleriding areon theincrease. New trend makesnew words.Thisstudy isvaluablein thatitshows how socialchange produces effects on the change ofwords.Forthis study,118wordspostedonthecommunitybulletinwerecollectedandthe characteristicsofword formation werelooked atfrom twoperspectives. Onewasan analysisoftheoverallaspectsofmorphemicand semantic changes, and the other was concrete aspects of morphemic and orthographic changes. Next, the three psychological characteristics represented in the community-terms were explained: 1) relation strengthening through the contraction of buzzwords, 2) meaning reinforcementthroughallegoricalfigurations,and3)emotionalexpressions throughthevariationofimplication.Inconclusion,community-termsseem tohavethepowertostrengthentheunityofcommunitymembers

이 글은 평택지역 토성 중 성벽이 조사 된 琵琶山城, 德睦里城, 龍城里城, 武城山城, 農城을 대상으로 삼았다. 이 지역 토성은 축조방식에서 기저부에 점질토를 조성한다는 공통점이 있다. 그러나 차이점은 중심토루를 조성하기 위한 기단석축의 유무와 판축공정 및 구성재료가 토성마다 다르다는 것이다. 기단석축은 비파산성과 덕목리성에서 확인되었다. 이들 성은 판축으로 중심토루를 구성하였다. 비파산성과 덕목리성은 축조방식과 출토유물 등을 통해 보면 통일신라 시대에 축조된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 중심토루가 판축이 아닌 경우는 용성리성, 농성, 무성산성 등이었다. 이들 성들은 해자 혹은 내측 구를 파며 나온 토사로 성벽을 축조했음을 알 수 있었다. 그 중 무성산성은 점토보다는 자갈과 석재를 혼합하여 중심토루를 조성하였다. 비파산성은 통일신라시대에 축조되어 광종 대에는 크게 활용되었던 것으로 보인다. 비파산성은 거성현의 치소로써 자미산성에서 그 역할을 옮겨온 것으로 보인다. 통일신라시대에서의 비파산성은 자미산성과 무성산성과 더불어 안성천 하구변의 해안방어와 해로교통망 확보를 위해 활용되었다. 덕목리성은 통일신라시기 이 지역에 인구가 집중하면서 축조되었다. 새로운 촌락과 행적적인 거점을 위해 축조된 것으로 여겨진다. 그리고 동성과 서성으로 토성이 붙어있는 특이한 구조이다. 용성리성은 고려후기에 아산만 일대로 진출한 왜구들로 부터 비파산성을 방비하기 위해 축조된 것으로 보인다. 고려시대 후기에는 무성과 자미산성, 용성리성은 남북으로 연계하는 구조로 비파산성을 방비하고 있다. 농성은 고려후기 혹은 조선시대 초기에 축성된 것으로 추정된다. 왜구가 습격해 올 때에만 사용되었던 것으로 보인다. 왜냐하면 농성의 구조가 인근주민이 장기간 立保하여 전투를 치르기에 적합하지 않기 때문이다.

The techniques for the collection, cooling and freezing of semen and artificial insemination of horses are not fully understood in Korea. We investigated the percentages of total motile (TM) and progressively motile (PM) sperms after the collection, cooling and freezing of stallion semen. The average volume of semen was 167 ml in Thoroughbred and 68 ml in Arab. The average numbers of spermatozoa in Thoroughbred and Arab were and respectively. The average percentages of TM and PM were 82.3% and 88.6% in Thoroughbred, and 61.4% and 82.6% in Arab, respectively. The average percentage of TM at 4 hr after cooling at was significantly lower than that at 0 hr (<), but the percentage of PM was similar between 66.5 and 73.2% at 0, 1, and 4hr. The average percentage of frozen-thawed Thoroughbred semen frozen in MFR5 extender was 56.2%, which was significantly higher than that of the semen frozen in LE extender (average 32.9%, p<0.05). The percentage of TM in Arab was similar for semen frozen in MFR5 extender and LE extender (18.2% and 21.2%, respectively), but the percentage of PM was significantly higher in sperm frozen in MFR5 extender than in sperm frozen in LE extender (69.0% vs. 36.4%, p<0.05). Four mares were artificially inseminated by Thoroughbred frozen-thawed semen and one of them fertilized at 11 day after artificial insemination. In this study, the collection, cooling and freezing of equine semen were possible under domestic conditions.

고흥지역 일대에 분포하는 백악기 화강암을 대상으로 석영내에 발달해 있는 아문미세균열을 측정하여 연구지역의 고응력장을 분석하였다. 5개의 시료(GH-1, GH-3, GH-4, GH-5, GH-8)에서 아문미세균열들의 방향을 측정하여 분석한 결과, GH-1, GH-3, GH-4에서 최대수평주응력은 N60˚W와 N70˚E, N20˚W, N50˚W의 방향성이 가장 우세하였으며, N-S와 N30˚E의 방향성도 미약하게 나타났다. GH-5와 GH-8시료에서는 최대수평주응력의 방향 N40˚E와 N10˚E가 가장 우세하였고, N40˚W의 방향성도 미약하게 나타났다 전체적인 최대수평주응력의 방향은 N60˚W가 가장 우세하였으며, N20˚W, N20˚E, N70˚E등의 방향성도 미약하게 나타났다. 이 연구의 결과와 기존의 고등력장에 관한 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때, 백악기 말에서 신생대 3기 초 사이 연구지역에 작용한 최대수평주응력의 방향은 WNW에서 NE로 변화했을 것으로 판단되며, 그 원인으로는 그 당시 동북아시아 일대에 일어났던 복잡한 지구조운동에 기인한 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the storytelling performance of Korean elementary school students by using the framework of narrative assessment profile (Bliss, McCabe, & Miranda, 1998). Story samples were collected from ten six-grade students during the English storytelling class. The English storytelling class consisted of mini lesson, storytelling activity, storytelling practice and self-assessment. Every class student was asked to practice storytelling in performing three tasks: picture book, family photo, and story stem. In this study, family photo storytelling samples were used to investigate. They were analyzed from six dimensions: topic maintenance, event sequencing, explicitness, referencing, conjunctive cohesion and fluency. From the diagnostic profile of strengths and weaknesses, five types of storytelling performance were presented. The implications for classroom practice and assessment were discussed.

Das Thema zum Verhältnis zwischen Israel und Völker steht im Grund der alttestamentlichen bzw. biblischen Diskussionen als ein Beispiel der Frage nach der Beziehungen zwischen ‘Subjekt’ und ‘Objekt’ der Mission im Bezirk der Missionstheologie. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht es vor allem um das Verhältnis zwischen Israel und den Völkern im Sicht der Komposition des ganzen Jesajabuches im Sinne seiner Endgestalt. Diese methodische Interesse fragt sich nicht danach, wie, von wie vielen Verfassern und in welchen verschiedenen Zeiten unser Text geschrieben bzw. in seine jetzige Endgestalt zusammengefasst wurde. Vielmehr fragt sie danach, wie sich der vorliegende Text in seiner jetzigen Endform verstehen lässt. Eine spezifische Vorstellung des Jesajabuches für den Begriff ‘Bund für das Volk’ und ‘Licht der Völker’ im Sinne der Frage nach der Problematik zwischen Israel und den Völkern ist insbesondere in Jes 42 und 49 in den sogenannte Gottesknechtliedern zu finden. Zusammenfassend hat der Gottesknecht als Verkörperung des Bundes das Ziel des Heils der Völker. Das Volk Israel spielt dabei die Rolle eines Vermittlers für das Heil der Völker. Dennoch bedeutet das Heilslicht Israels für die Völker durch die Verkörperung des Bundes ganz und gar keine Einbeziehung der Völker im Bund. Das Heil der Völker wird weder durch Ausweitung des Bundes auf die Völker noch durch ihre Aufnahme in diese Verkörperung des Bundes erschienen. Andererseits hat das Volk Israel als die Verkörperung des Bundes eine eigene Verpflichtung als Licht zum Heil der Völker. Es ist merkwürdig, dass die Frage nach der theologischen Bedeutung der Voraussetzung für das Licht des Volkes Israel als Heil der Völker kaum beachtet wird. In der Tat kommen ‘Licht’-Motive im Zusammenhang mit einer Heilsansage für das Volk Israel sehr häufig im ganzen Jesajabuch vor. ‘Licht‘ als Motiv für das Heil bzw. die Wiederherstellung des Volkes erweist sich als ein wichtiger Hinweis auf die einheitliche Komposition des ganzen Jesajabuches. Aber das Licht als Heilszeichen für das Volk Israel bzw. seine Wiederherstellung bezieht sich über das Heil Israels hinaus auf das Heil der Völker. Das Volk Israel soll für das Heil der Völker zuerst selbst zum Licht werden(42:6; 49:6). Dieses Licht Israels ist das Licht ihrer Gerechtigkeit für die Völker, weil die Völker sehen werden, dass in Zion/Jerusalem das Licht der Gerechtigkeit praktiziert wird(62,1f.). Das ganze Jesajabuch wird vor allem durch Anfang(Jes 1:2-2:4) und Ende(Jes 65:17-66:24) des Buches mit mehreren Bezügen umklammert. Dies fordert vom Leser, das Buch von Anfang bis Ende mit voller Aufmerksamkeit durchzulesen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das ganze Jesajabuch in seiner gesamten Konzeption absichtlich eine Komposition bildet. Das heisst, dass das Zion/Jerusalem allererst gereinigt bzw. in Recht und Gerechtigkeit für die dorthin strömenden Völker gebracht werden muss. Es wird nämlich vor allem die Durchsetzung der Gerechtigkeit bzw. des Friedens Israels für das Heil der Völker bzw. allen Fleisches vorausgesetzt. Der Grund für die Völkerwallfahrt nach Zion liegt darin, dass die Tora Jhwhs aus Zion kommt, es darüber hinaus in Zion Frieden und Freude gibt. In diesem ewigen Friedensort gibt es kein Böses mehr, weil gegen die Feinde Jhwhs das ewige Gericht angekündigt wird. Nun beginnt dort ein neues Leben. Das ist das Leben für alle Menschheit aus Israel und Nicht-Israel in der neuen Schöpfung. Die Problematik der Gerechtigkeit bzw. des Friedens in Zion und damit Israel wird ein Kriterium für das Heil der Völker, weil sie dorthin strömen. Daher wird zur Erschaffung dieser neuen Erde als eine eschatologische Heilsvision besonders für die Völker zuerst die Durchsetzung der Gerechtigkeit Israels immer vorausgesetzt. Ohne diesen Gedanken geht der Sinn der gewollten Komposition des Abschlusses des Jesajabuches im Ganzen verloren. Insbesondere spricht die Neuschöpfung Gottes in Zion nicht von der zukünftigen Erwartung, sondern von der aktuellen Gegenwart, die man jetzt sehen kann. Das heisst, dass auf der erschaffenen neuen Erde die Problematik der sozialen Ungerechtigkeit nicht von der Hoffnung auf irgend eine Zukunft verdrängt, sondern hier und jetzt beseitigt werden soll. Die im Jesajabuch entfalteten Forderungen zur Praxis der sozialen Gerechtigkeit gelten. Ja, für hier und jetzt für das Gottesvolk Israel selbst! Dies zeigt sich, was die erste Aufgabe für ‘Missio Dei’ in einer neuen Diskussion der Missiontheolgie ist.

This study aims to investigate the major themes and contents of studies on teaching English as an EFL in elementary schools in Korea since TEFLES (Teaching English as a Foreign Language in the Elementary School) was first introduced in elementary schools as a regular subject under the 7th National Curriculum in 1997. For the purpose of the study, a total of 218 research was examined in terms of the research methods, topics and main contents, and implications. The results of the study show that more than a half of the research was oriented toward quantitative approach. In addition, the main foci were the effects of certain tasks, pronunciation, dramatization, the use of a variety of multimedia materials on elementary school students" speaking skills. However, a large number of studies dealt with speaking skills in an integrated manner with other factors such as language skills, motivation, interests, and confidence. On the basis of the results, pedagogical implications on the teaching of speaking skills are suggested.