For stable germline transformation, the promoter of B. mori cytoplasmic actin gene (BmA3) was used to ubiquitous expression of transgenes. Except for BmA3 promoter, promoters used to regulate gene expressionin all tissues and developmental stages of B. mori were not nearly developed. To identify more powerful promoter than previously reported BmA3 promoter (Mange et al., 1997), we introduced a new dot blot hybridization method, and isolated nine clones that show stronger dot signal compared to the control, BmA3by this method. Among these 9 clones, we focused on one clone which has high amino acid homology (94%) with heat shock protein 70 gene of Trichoplusia ni. This resulting positive clone, named bHsp70 (B. mori heat shock protein 70) was ubiquitiously expressed in tissues and developmental stage of fifth instar B. mori larvae,and stimulated bythermal and ER stress. As result of promoter assay using dual luciferase assay system, we found the highest transcription activity region (-1003/+147) in the 5'-flanking region of bHsp70 gene that has 264-fold more intensive promoter activity than BmA3 promoter. Moreover, transcription activity of bHsp70 promoter under heat shock condition (42 ℃, 4 hr) was increased over 2-fold than normal condition. Therefore, we suggest that bHsp70 promoter may be used more effective candidate for transgene expression in B. mori.

Mosquito-borne viral pathogens infect millions of people worldwide, often resulting in fatal infections. Our research interests in mosquito vector biology focuses on understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of mosquito resistance to arbovirus infections. Unlike mammalian cells including humans, for instance, mosquito cells do not show pathologic symptoms when infected by arboviruses. This observation led us to embarking a microarray study to investigate mosquito-virus interactions using Anopheles gambiae and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) as a model system. As a result, we found that transcription of the hsc70B gene is increased about 2.6-fold in ONNV-infected An. gambiae compared to non-infected controls. Subsequently, in vivo RNAi silencing of the hsc70B transcript caused enhanced ONNV replication in female mosquitoes. Therefore, these results suggest that the hsc70B protein has an inhibitory effect on ONNV replication. A promoter analysis of the hsc70B locus further demonstrated that the hsc70B promoter is able to induce transcription of hsc70B in response to ONNV infection. In addition, hsc70B transcription was also induced by West Nile or La Crosse virus infection. Collectively, our findings indicate that hsc70B plays a role in suppressing virus replication as a general antiviral mechanism. Implications of hsc70B research and our other research endeavors toward the control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases will be discussed.

This cycloaddition of [70]fullerene with methyl azidoacetate in benzene under ultrasonic irradiated condition afforded the closed [5,6]-bridged aziridino[70]fullerene derivative, which was unusual product of cycloaddition to the 5,6-junction of fullerene. Its structure was determined by FAB-MS, UV-vis, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data. The closed [5,6]-bridged aziridino[70]fullerene-functionalized gold nanoparticle films were self-assembled using the layer-by-layer method on the reactive of glass slides functionalized with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane. The functionalized glass slides were alternately soaked in the solution containing closed the [5,6]-bridged aziridino[70]fullerene and 4-aminothiophenoxide/hexanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles. The closed [5,6]-bridged aziridino[70]fullerene-functionalized gold nanoparticle films have grown up to 5 layers depending on the immersion time. The self-assembled nanoparticle multilayer films were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy showed that the surface plasmon band of gold at 527 nm gradually became more evident as successive layers were added to the films.

표고(Lentinula edodes )는 대표적인 임산버섯으로서 국내 연간버섯 생산량 중 수위를 차지하고 있으며 전통적으로 원 목재배를 통하여 생산되는 임가의 소득증대에 크게 기여해 왔다. 그러나 최근 원목, 인건비 등의 급격한 상승, 농촌인구 의 고령화 , 버섯가격의 하락으로 인하여 수익성이 악화고 있 어 이에 대한 대안으로서 톱밥재배가 높은 관심을 받고 있다. 90년대 초반부터 우리나라에 도입된 표고 톱밥재배는 국내 에서 아직까지 광범위하게 보급되지 못하고 있다. 더욱이 우 리나라 기후에 알맞고 우수한 특성을 가진 품종을 육성하여 국내 표고 톱밥재배 활성화에 기여하고자 산조702호를 개 발하였다. 산조702호는 산조701호(중고온성)와 FMRI26- 04(중온성)의 일핵균주간 교잡을 통하여 육성되었으며 3년 간의 재배시험을 통하여 자실체형태가 우수하고 생산량이 높아 최종선발 하였다. 산조702호는 톱밥재배용 표고 품종 으로 국내에서 재배되고 있는 지면봉지재배, 균상재배에 알 맞은 생표고 생산용 품종이다. 배지의 배양은 20-25℃에서 100일 내외가 알맞으며 발생 및 생육적온은 15-23℃이다. 톱밥배지에서 균사의 생장속도가 빨라 기존 산조701호보다 버섯발생 최성기까지 기간이 약 5개월로 1개월 빠르고, 버섯 발생이 쉽다. 자실체는 중대엽형이고 갓색깔은 황갈색이며 갓형태는 편평형이다.

We investigated the effects of cadmium exposure and various stress on the transcription of heat shock protein 70 and 82 (HSP70 and HSP82) from Pardosa astrigera wolf spider. To do this, P. astrigera HSP70 and HSP82 genes were cloned and its full-length sequence determined. Female spiders were long-term exposed to cadmium or to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks and short-term exposed to endosulfan by dietary uptake. Female spiders were also exposed to various temperatures. HSP82 did not show a clear tendency of transcription induction following exposure to cadmium. On the contrary, HSP70 transcription gradually increased during the exposure to 2, 20 and 40 mM of cadmium for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Transcript level of HSP70 was not significantly changed by endosulfan and PCB exposure. In the short-term (3 hr) temperature exposure, an increased expression of HSP70 was observed under the heat shock to 30°C and then slightly decreased at 35°C. However, induction of HSP70 transcription was not observed during the long-term (7 days) temperature exposure. Taken together, HSP70 gene appears to be up-regulated by cadmium in a time-dependent manner but little affected by other potential contaminants. Analysis of HSP70 transcript levels in P. astrigera collected from various fields revealed that levels of cadmium concentration were well correlated with HSP70 transcript levels (r2 = 0.76). Taken together, it was suggested that transcript level of HSP70 could be useful as a biomarker for the long-term cadmium exposure of P. astrigera.

1970년대의 아타리(Atari)는 퐁(Pong)을 성공적으로 출시함으로써 게임을 놀이에서 산업으로 발전시킴과 동시에 전자게임기 시대의 개막을 알렸으며, 홈퐁(Home Pong)의 성공을 통하여 게임산업 범위를 가정으로 확대하고 VCS 2600이 시장에 정착되는 과정에서 면도기와 면도날로 대변되는 게임 비즈니스 전략의 원형을 제시하였다. 아타리 쇼크(Atari shock)로 대변되는 미국 게임산업 침체기에 일본의 닌텐도(Nintendo)는 패미콤 HW의 판매확대와 내부역량의 극대화를 통한 우수한 게임SW 출시, 외부개발사에 대한 위탁제조시스템을 통한 로얄티 징수 등을 접목한 게임 비즈니스 전략을 구현하였다. 이어 등장한 소니(SCE)는 소니뮤직의 CD(Compact Disk) 비즈니스 노하우를 게임산업에 도입하고, 3D 기술로 무장한 Playstation의 게임SW 개발을 용이하게 하는 소프트 플랫폼(Library)의 공급, 중소개발사의 물량을 재구매하여 직접 유통에 공급하는 유통시스템의 혁명을 통하여 게임시장의 강자로 부상하였다. 이에 본 논문은 1970년대부터 1990년대까지 게임산업을 이끌어 갔던 아타리, 닌텐도, 소니가 전개하였던 게임 비즈니스 전략의 진화과정을 분석하였다.

A glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) gene, which is belongs to a heat shock cognate 70 (hsc70) subfamily, was cloned from Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Its full length cDNA was 2679 bp and contains a 1980 bp open reading frame. The translated amino acid sequence consists of 660 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 72,975 Da and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.27. It contains several highly conserved functional motifs of the Hsp70 family and, particularly, C-terminal motif of KDEL that is characteristic for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hsc70. Its deduced amino acid sequence shows a high identity (83-94%) with Hsc70s of other insects and grouped with Hsc70-3 among 5 Hsc70 members of Drosophila melanogaster. During development the grp78 transcript level was high in egg, feeding larval and adult stages but low in molting and wandering larval and pupal stages. Particularly its level was higher in the gut than integument and fat body of fifth instars. Furthermore its level was greatly decreased when fifth instar larvae were starved for 48 hrs but recovered at 3-6 hrs after re-fed diet. Our data suggests that grp78 is a member of hsc70 gene that belongs to ER and may have a role for energy metabolism at cellular level.

Recently Transgenesis was achieved in Bombix mori. For stable and effective transgenesis in B.mori, B.mori cytoplasmic actin gene (BmA3) promoter was used to expression of marker gene, the green fluorescent protein(GFP). Green fluorescent protein expression for selection of transformants was visible in all larval, pupal, and adult tissues but, unexpectdly, was not detectable in embryos. So, it spend times and money on rearing of silkworm. Furthermore, the BmA3 promoter is predominantly active in the midgut, which makes it difficult to reliably identify transformants since autofluorescence of many insect foods can mask low-level fluorescence and only allows the detection of strongly expressing individuals with potentially multiple insertions. Therefore, we need more intensely promoter than BmA3 promoter for selected by expression of GFP in embryos and selected by reliable expression of GFP in larvae. We performed dot blot hybridization to develop strong promoter. Nine differentially expressed clones were isolated and we focused one clone of them which has high similarity with heat shock protein 70 gene from D.melanogaster. We named it as bHSP70 (Bombyx mori heat shock protein 70). Expression from the hsp70 promoter was strong and heat shock-dependent. And Drosophila hsp70 promoter appears useful for regulating expression of Exogenous DNA. So, we analyzed transcriptional activity of promoter with bHSP70 gene by using dual luciferase assay system. bHSP70 promoter has about 264 folds more intensely than BmA3 promoter. Also, when bHSP70 promoter treated heat shock(42℃), transcriptional activity incresed 2 times more than normal condition. Therefore, we suggest that bHSP70 promoter is more effective candidate for stable transformation and selection of transformants.

We examined the effects of cadmium exposure and various temperature stress on the expression of Pardosa astrigera heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). To do this, P. astrigera HSP70 gene was cloned and its sequence determined. Female spiders collected from non-contaminated region were exposed to 40mM CdCl2 for 2, 4 and 6 weeks by dietary uptake. At the end of every 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exposure, a batch of 5 spiders was collected and total RNA was extracted from each batch of whole bodies. Female spiders were also exposed to different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35℃) for 3h and RNA extracted likewise. Transcription profiles of HSP70 in response to cadmium and temperature were determined by quantitative real-time PCR using 18S rRNA as reference gene for data normalization. HSP70 transcription gradually increased during 2,4 and 6 weeks of exposure to cadmium. In particular, the expression level at 6-week exposure was 3.4-fold higher than that of untreated control. In the temperature response, an increased expression of HSP70 was also observed as temperature increased up to 30℃ and then slightly decreased at 35℃. The expression level at 30℃ was 2.3-fold higher than that of 25℃. Taken together, HSP70 gene appears to be up-regulated by general stress factors including cadmium exposure and temperature increase.

국내에서 개발된 자동굴절계 (URK 700, Unicos사)의 임상성능을 분석하기 위하여 50 명 (100 안)을 대상으로 자동굴절검사와 자각식굴절검사를 실시하였다. 표준표기법의 굴절이상도를 벡터 (h)로 전환하여 수평성분 (hl) ， 회선성분 (hz) ， 및 수직성분 (h3) 에 대 하여 분석하였다. 동일한 대상을 최소 30분 간격을 두고 2 회 측정한 자동굴절검사값의 평균은 모든 성분에서 유의한 차이가 없었으며， 95% 일치구간은 수평성분 -0.83D - +0.78D, 회선 성분 -0.21D - +0.21D 및 수직성분 -0.82D - +0.78D 였다. 자각식 굴절검사값과 자동굴 절계로 측정한 굴절이상도의 평균 차이는 수평성분(hl) -0.15:t0.5ID, 회선성분(hz) -0.03:t 0.14D, 수직성분(h3) -0.34 :t 0.55D 였으며， 95% 일치구간은 수평성분 -1.l4D-+0.85D, 회선성분 -0.31D - +0.25D 및 수직성분 1.42D-+0.73D 였다. 자각식 굴절검사값과 자 동굴절검사값의 차이가 임상적으로 유의한 수준인 0.50D 이상을 보인 빈도는 수평성 분 17%, 회선성분 0% 및 수직성분 23% 였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 URK 700 자동굴절계는 외국산 자동굴절계의 신뢰도 및 정확도와 비교할 수 있는 수준으로 임상성능의 개선이 요구되지만， 자각식 굴절검사를 실시하기 전에 피검자의 굴절이상을 평가하는데 검영법을 대신하여 유용하게 활 용될 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.

[ δ ] Scuti형 변광성 HR 2707에 대해 한국교원대학교 청람천문대의 40 cm 카세그레인식 반사 망원경과 1K CCD(AP8p)를 사용하여 2001년 11월 13일부터 2002년 2월 20일까지 45일간 시계열 관측을 수행하였다. B, V필터를 이용한 측광 관측으로부터 3,011장의 V필터 영상과 6,562장의 B 필터 영상을 획득하였다. 이들 자료 중 2002년 1월의 7일간 V 필터 관측 자료는 국제공동 관측에 사용되었다(Lopez de Coca et al., 2003). 변광성의 맥동 주파수를 검출하기 위하여 이산 푸리에 변환(DFT)과 선형 최소자승법을 이용하여 8개의 맥동 주파수를 찾았으며, 이전 관측 자료에서 얻어진 주파수와 비교하여 HR 2707의 진짜 맥동 주기는 Lopez de Coca et at.(2003)의 연구에서 얻은 f1, f2, f3, f4, f5의 5개의 주기와 우리의 연구로부터 얻은 f4까지 6개로 결정하였다.