본 연구는 수계관리 측면에서 물 공급의 기준이 되는 하류 제어지점에서 발생할 수 있는 물 부족을 최소 허용하면서 저수지군 최적 운영방안을 제공할 수 있도록 위험도 평가기준을 목적함수 및 제약조건에 반영한 hedging rule을 혼합정수계획법(MIP, Mixed Integer Programming)으로 구성하고 이에 대한 이행도를 분석함으로써 기존의 용수공급 신뢰도에 중점을 두었던 저수지군 최적 운영 분석기법을 개선하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한강수계 5개 저수지(소양강댐, 충주댐, 화천댐, 청평댐, 팔당댐)군을 대상으로 수계관리를 위한 모형을 구축하였으며, 한강수계 내에 총 8개의 가상 제어지점을 구성하여 댐 하류 제어지점에서의 물 부족에 대해 위험도를 평가하였으며, 개발된 hedging rule의 적정성을 검증하기 위하여 2개의 유입량 계열(’93. 1월～’97. 12월, ’99. 1월～’03. 12월)에 대하여 적용 검토하였다. 팔당댐 하류 제어지점의 월별 최소유량을 비교하면 ’93. 1월～’97. 12월의 모의기간에서는 hedging rule 적용 시 317.5×106m3으로 단독운영의 310.6×106m3, 연계운영의 56.3×106m3보다 많은 유량을 보였으며, ’99. 1월～’03. 12월의 모의기간에서도 hedging rule 적용 시 243.7×106m3으로 단독운영의 204.2×106m3, 연계운영의 111.2×106m3에 비해 최소유량이 많은 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 제안한 hedging rule에 의해 하류 제어지점에서의 최대 물 부족량이 감소하는 결과를 보여주고 있다.

본 연구에서는 가뭄지수를 이용하여 북한지역의 가뭄분석을 수행하였다. 분석 대상지점으로는 평양 등 27개 지점을 선정하였으며, 월 강수량 및 평균기온 자료를 수집하여 분석에 이용하였다. 가뭄분석을 위한 가뭄지수로는 SC-PDSI를 이용하였으며, 27개 지점별로 1984~2013년(30년)의 월 단위 가뭄지수를 산정하였다. 가뭄지수를 이용하여 과거 가뭄에 대해 검토한 결과, 대부분의 지점에서 2000년대 초반과 중반에 심각한 가뭄이 발생하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 북한의 과거 가뭄사상에 대한 정량적 평가를 위해 6개 지점(평양, 함흥, 청진, 원산, 해주, 신의주)을 대상으로 지속기간별 최대 가뭄심도 자료계열을 구성하였으며, 빈도분석을 통해 지점별 가뭄심도-지속기간-재현기간(Severity-Duration-Frequency, SDF) 곡선을 유도하였다. 6개 지점의 과거 주요 가뭄사상을 추출한 후 SDF 곡선을 이용하여 각 사상별 재현기간을 추정한 결과, 2000년대 초반과 중반에 발생했던 가뭄은 최대 20~50년의 재현기간을 갖는 가뭄사상인 것으로 나타났다.

Steroidal glycoalkaloids which serve the plant defense, are toxic secondary metabolites present in the plants of solanaceae family. The upper safe limit of glycoalkaloids for human consumption is 20mg/KG FW, excess of which may cause severe health disorders. Several factors like drought, high temperature, light exposure, and wounding increase tuber glycoalkaloid content. Among these, drought is an important factor which causes a rapid increase in potato glycoalkaloid content. Glycoalkaloid biosynthetic genes and their expression pattern need to be characterized to regulate the glycoalkaloid accumulation. Three key genes SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 are demonstrated to be directly participated in the biosynthetic pathway for glycoalkaloid formation. Present study was focused on the study of expression pattern of key genes in GA pathway under drought stress in two different potato cultivars Atlantic and Haryoung which are low and high glycoalkaloid accumulating respectively. Drought stress was imposed by withholding water to the plants grown in pots and control plants kept irrigated. Expression analysis of SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 was done from the leaf and tuber sample of three time intervals i.e 5, 10 and 20 days after imposing stress. Variation in the expression level of genes was observed in leaf and tuber where the fold increase in expression over control was higher in tuber sample compared to leaf. Expression levels also varied in leaf and tuber among two cultivars. However, expression of SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 is significant indicating the involvement of these genes in glycoalkaloid accumulation under drought stress.

The MethioninesulfoxidereductaseB2(MsrB2) gene catalyzes the reduction of free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxide to methionine and is known to provide tolerance to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. There have yet to be any reports that MsrB2 enhances drought tolerance. Two drought-tolerant transgenic rice lines, L-8 (single copy) and L-23 (two copy), expressing the Capsicum annuum MsrB2 (CaMsrB2) gene were selected for stress tolerance phenotyping under drought stress conditions. CaMsrB2 enhanced relative water content (RWC), maintained substantial quantum yield (Fv/Fm ratio), and subsequently improved photosynthetic pigments. Interestingly, L-23, carrying two-copy T-DNA insertion, showed greater drought tolerance through more effective stomatal regulation, carotenoid concentration, and osmotic potential than the wild type. High-tech infrared technology (FLIR SC620) was used for the selection of stress-tolerant physiotypes. Later, the IR results were correlated with other tested physiological parameters. The IR images, average plant temperature, and physiological parameters of the treated plants were discussed in detail.

Susceptible Vitis vinifera responds to Xylella infection with a massive redirection of gene transcription. This transcriptional response is characterized by increased transcripts for phenlypropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, ethylene production, adaptation to oxidative stress, and homologs of pathogenesis related (PR) proteins, and decreased transcripts for genes related to photosynthesis. In addition, the results suggest that susceptible genotypes respond to Xylella infection by induction of limited, but inadequate, defense response. We also compared the transcriptional and physiological response of plants treated by pathogen infection, low or moderate water deficit, or a combination of pathogen infection and water deficit. Although the transcriptional response of plants to Xylella infection was distinct from the response of healthy plants to moderate water stress, we observed synergy between water stress and disease, such that water stressed plants exhibit a stronger transcriptional response to the pathogen. This interaction was mirrored at the physiological level for aspects of water relations and photosynthesis, and in terms of the severity of disease symptoms and pathogen colonization, providing a molecular correlation of the classical concept with the disease triangle.

The aim of the study was to assess the safety of methionine sulfoxide reductase B2(CaMsrB2) protein as toxicity, allergenecity and identity of inserted gene product that transformed rice. Through bioinfomatical research of CaMsrB2, amino acid sequence of CaMsrB2 did not share overall homology with any known or suspected to be allergen or toxin protein. For the biochemical research, CaMsrB2 protein was expressed and purified. Using purified protein, we made a specific antibody. Purified protein was sequenced by Edman degradation methods and confirmed sequence identify.. The amino acid sequences of purified protein were the same as deduced amino acid sequences exclude N-terminal Histidine. And for the internal sequences of CaMsrB2, we performed MALDI-TOF Mass. The results of MALDI-TOF MS was compared Mascot Database and confirmed the sequence coverage was 56%. These results mean bacterially produced CaMsrB2 was the same with inserted gene product. With these purified and identified CaMsrB2 protein, we performed acute toxicity test. Following the OECD guideline 423, 2,000mg/Kg body weight protein were injected as oral administration. After 2 weeks, there did not shown any death and special symptoms.

We investigated whether sound waves could improve salt tolerance in rice seedling. The rice seedlings were sound treated with 800 Hz for 1hr, and then treated with 0, 75, 150, and 225mM NaCl for 3 days to observe changes in physiological and morphological aspects. Sound treatment seedlings resulted in enhanced salt stress tolerance, mainly demonstrated by the sound treated seedlings exhibiting of increased root relative water contents (RWC), root length and weight, photochemical efficiency (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, Fv/Fm), and germination rate under salt stress condition. This demonstrates that a specific sound wave might be used, not only to alter gene expression in plant, but also to improve salt stress tolerance. In order to test the sound’s effect on plant and its contribution in drought tolerance, plants were subjected to various sound frequencies for an hrs. After 24-hrs sound treatment, plants were exposed to drought for next five days. During the experiment it was observed that sound initiated physiological changes showing tolerance in plant. Sound frequency with ≥ 0.8 kHz enhanced relative water content, stomatal conductance and quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) in drought stress environment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in sound treated plantwasdeclinedcomparedtocontrol. ThermaCAM (Infra-red camera) a software which was used to analyze the plant images temperature showed that sound treated plant and leaf had less temperature (heat) compared to control. The physiological mechanism of sound frequencies induce tolerance in rice plants are discussed.

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed worldwide through the recombinant DNA technology and commercialized by various agricultural biotechnology companies. Commercialization of GM crops will be required the assessment of risk associated with the release of GM crops. The purpose of this research is a molecular characterization of introduced T-DNA in transgenic rice T4 ∼ T6 generation lines harboring a pepper MsrB2 gene under the control of stress inducible Rab21 promoter, as a part of biosafety evaluation for drought-tolerant transgenic rice (Agb0103). We identified the structure and sequence of transformation vector of T-DNA and analyzed insertion sites, flanking sequences, and generational stability of inserted T-DNA in transgenic rice lines. The transformation vector was consisted of right border, a drought-tolerant CaMsrB2 gene unit (Rab21 promoter::CaMsrB2::PinII terminator), a selectable marker herbicide resistance unit (CaMV 35S promoter::bar::Nos terminator), and left border in sequential order. Based on the adaptor-ligation PCR and whole genome sequence database, we confirmed that T-DNA was introduced 2 copies (head to head type) at the position of 2,471,957 ∼ 2,472,049 bp of chromosome No. 8. From the generational stability study, T-DNAs were stably inherited through the T4 to T6 generations, and also stable expression of bar gene from T-DNA was confirmed. It was also confirmed that the backbone DNA of transformation vector containing antibacterial gene (aadA) was not present in Agb0103 rice genome. These results will be filed to biosafety assessment document of Agb0103

Abiotic environmental stresses cause serious economic losses in agriculture. These stresses include temperature extremes, high salinity and drought. We identified several drought stress-related novel/function unknown coding transcripts (transcription factors and functional genes) and non-coding transcripts (small noncoding transcripts such as microRNA and long noncoding transcripts) using the next generation sequencing method from rice (Oryza sativa L.), and have constructed databases of drought stress-related coding and noncoding transcripts. We used novel gene prediction programs for the selections. The expression level of the each gene was analyzed by real-time PCR. The results ended up the selection of 29 transcription factors, 6 microRNAs and 10 long noncoding RNAs. Currently, we are further characterizing these transcripts. We expect that this study could provide functional information of the drought stress-regulated novel genes, and relationships among novel coding and noncoding transcripts.

The global rice reduction due to drought averages 18 Mt, especially, 23 Mha of rice fields in Asia are drought-prone. However, rice breeding programs focusing on drought resistance have made little progress to date. Because proper screening approaches with large scale were not developed to evaluate the drought tolerant degree. In here, we have developed of leaf water loss rate with plastic ware in dark conditions for large screening. Through this bioassay system, we examined drought phenotype degrees of 650 rice varieties. To validate whether this optimized bioassay system is corelated with drought phenotype, we chose 14 varieties having the lowest or highest of the water loss rate. We observed the visual drought phenotype and agricultural traits in green house and field conditions. Apo and Samgang having the lowest of leaf water loss rate showed drought tolerance phenotype, whereas Yeolbaeg and Milyang254 having the highest of leaf water loss rate showed drought sensitive phenotype. Apo displayed proper root length trait and Samgang showed good root dry trait in the greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that a simple screening procedure with water lose rate of leaves is effective to perform large scale screening for drought phenotype in rice.

Drought is a one of the most serious abiotic stresses limiting rice production. However, little progress has been made in the genetic analysis of drought tolerance, because it is a complex trait controlled by a number of genes and affected by various environmental factors. The most efficient method for drought tolerance breeding is using drought tolerance genetic resources. We used a doubled-haploid (DH) population consist of 101 lines derived from a cross the drought tolerant cultivar ‘Samgang’ and the drought sensitive cultivar ‘Nagdong’ for QTL analysis. Drought stress was treated by withholding water for 6 weeks, and then rewatered for 7 days. After rewatering visual phenotype was observed according to the standard evaluation system for rice, IRRI. Drought sensitive parent ‘Nagdong’ was almost died, while tolerant parent ‘Samgang’ showed slightly leaf tip dring phenotype. The qdr11 detected on chromosome 11 with flanking markers RM26755-RM287 and accounted for 19% phenotype variation with a LOD score of 3.7.

The perturbation of the steady state of reactive oxygen species due to biotic and abiotic stresses in a plant could lead to protein denaturation through the modification of amino acid residues, including the oxidation of methionine residues. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) catalyze the reduction of methionine sulfoxide back to the methionine residue. To assess the role of this enzyme, we generated transgenic rice using a pepper CaMSRB2 gene under the control of the rice Rab21 promoter with/without a selection marker, the bar gene. A drought resistance test on transgenic plants showed that CaMSRB2 confers drought tolerance to rice, as evidenced by less oxidative stress symptoms and a strengthened PSII quantum yield under stress conditions, and increased survival rate and chlorophyll index after the re-watering. The results from immunoblotting using a methionine sulfoxide antibody and nano-LC-MS/MS spectrometry suggest that porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), which is involved in chlorophyll synthesis, is a putative target of CaMSRB2. The oxidized methionine content of PBGD expressed in E. coli increased in the presence of H2O2, and the Met-95 and Met-227 residues of PBGD were reduced by CaMSRB2 in the presence of dithiothreitol. An expression profiling analysis of the overexpression lines also suggested that photosystems are less severely affected by drought stress. Our results indicate that CaMSRB2 might play an important functional role in chloroplasts for conferring drought stress tolerance in rice

Unfavorable environmental stresses are major limiting factors that affect plant productivity. Plants perceive and respond adaptively to an abiotic stress condition, and the adaptive process is controlled mainly by phytohormone, consequently, changing in gene expression pattern. Transcriptional regulator ABF3 (Abscisic acid response element Binding Factor 3) mediating the ABA-responsive gene expression plays important roles in drought and temperature tolerance. Here, we report an event of drought tolerant GM gourd in which abf3 was inserted in the genome. For drought stress experiment, T0 plants were self-pollinated and back-crossed to select cultivars for drought stress experiment. The drought tolerant GM gourds were selected for last 3 years and have been crossed to get the several BC and T generation consecutively. In this year, BC3T1, F1 (Bak x GM gourd), BC1F1 and control plants were subjected to drought stress, that is no watering for 12 days and rehydration afterwards. The GM gourds showed high tolerance to drought while the non-transformed plants were totally dried. When the plants were subjected to rehydration, the GM bottle gourds were completely revived and recovered from the drought stress. Tolerance levels to drought of BC3T1, F1 (Bak x GM gourd) and BC1F1 were 92.5%, 50.0% and 65.0%, respectively.

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. To understand the biological function of UGE from Brassica rapa, the gene hereinafter referred to as was cloned and overexpressed into Japonica rice cv. Gopum. Transcriptional profiling showed that the is specific to stem of rice plant. Morphological evaluation of the overexpression lines revealed altered phenotype characters particularly in panicle length, number of productive tillers and filled spikelets which account for an increase in yield. This remarkable agronomic performance was ascribed to higher photosynthetic rate complemented with higher CO2 assimilation. Interestingly, BrUGE1 did not only improve plant fitness under optimal condition but also under water deficit stress. The enhanced drought tolerance may be due to the induction of soluble sugar which may act as osmolyte to compensate dehydration during drought stress.

Drought stress is one of the major stress affecting growth and productivity in rice. Drought tolerance is a complex trait governed by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) making it difficult to understand mechanisms underlying it. We generated a set of 55 introgression lines via a backcrossing using Milyang23, a Korean Tongil-type rice variety as the recurrent parent and O. glaberrima (IRGC Acc. No. 103544), an exotic collection from Mali, West Africa as donor parent. 141 SSR markers were used to genotype 55 introgression lines. The 55 introgression lines with the Milyang23 were evaluated for physiological traits such as Fresh shoot weight (FSW), Fresh root weight (FRW) and Dry shoot weight (DSW) under control and 20% PEG-treated condition. Three lines (IL9, 12, 55) showing significant difference with Milyang23 were selected. The genetic background of the three lines were similar to Milyang23 and it has four, four and two O. glaberrima homozygous segments, respectively. IL9 performed better than Milyang23 in all traits measured in the 20% PEG-treated condition. IL9 possessed four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 7. IL12 performed better than Milyang23 in FSW and FRW. IL12 contains four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 3 and 6. And IL55 contains two O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 2 and 6. O. glaberrima segment delimited by markers OSR19-RM225 at chromosomes 6 was commonly present in these three lines. This region corresponds to the QTL region for drought tolerance reported by other previous studies. A set of introgression lines are being developed containing only few chromosomal segments from O. glaberrima in the Milyang23 background. These would be useful not only in developing drought tolerant lines in the breeding program but also in fine-mapping the genes/QTLs for drought resistance.

The global population increase causes various problems as food and energy shortage and environmental change. As for food problem, innovative agricultural system is required to double food production for 10 billion people in the mid of this century. We introduced the genome or chromosomes of related wild species to the common wheat by interspecific crosses and evaluated their characters. Some alien chromosome addition wheat lines showed better bread-making quality, kernel mineral contents, or phosphorus-use efficiency. The lines with a chromosome of Leymus were found to secrete a substance to inhibit nitrification, which may increase nitrogen-use efficiency. In addition, we produced multiple synthetic derivative (MSD) populations in the genetic background of several practical cultivars. The morphology of each plant in the population was similar to that of the common wheat variety and relatively regular with each other, which enabled to find QTLs to elucidate tolerance of abiotic stresses. We are cultivating these lines in the North African countries and evaluating.

본 연구는 대규모 GMO 격리포장에서 고추 유래 가뭄저항성CaMsrB2유전자가 도입된 가뭄저항성벼(Agb0103)의 안정성 평가에 대한 가이드라인 및 프로토콜을 개발하고자 수행하였다. 경북대학교 농업생명과학대학 GMO 실습격리포장에서 총 사용면적 4,700 m²에서 Agb0103와 모품종인 일미벼에 대해 거미류를 포함한 곤충류 다양성을 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 채집된 개체들은 기능별로 해충군, 천적군, 거미군으로 크게 구분하여 계수하였으며, 조사된 개체군의 해충군, 천적군, 거미류 등의 밀도는 기능군 별로 Agb0103와 일미벼간에 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 해충의 발생양상을 비교 분석한 결과, 전반적으로 일미벼에서 발생량이 다소 많은 경향으로 나타났으나, 대부분의 시기별 발생량 평균 간의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타나서 Agb0103와 일미벼과의 해충 발생양상에는 유의성을 찾기가 어렵다고 판단된다. 또한 천적류 발생양상은 해충 발생양상과는 달리 Agb0103에서 발생량이 다소 많은 경향으로 나타났으나, 시기별 평균 간 차이는 없는 것으로 분석되어 천적 발생양상에도 특이한 유의성을 없다고 판단된다. 따라서 가뭄저항성 CaMsrB2유전자가 도입된 Agb0103에서의 해충 및 천적의 개체군 밀도 및 발생양상은 모본인 일미벼에서와 차이가 없는 것으로 조사되었다.

하천수 가뭄을 평가하기 위하여 임계수준 방법을 이용한 하천수 가뭄지수 (streamflow drought index)를 소개하고 섬진강댐의 유입량을 대상으로 적용하였다. 사용한 임계수준은 고정, 월별 및 일별로써 연도별 가뭄의 1～3순위 분석결과, 1984년, 1988년과 1995년이 수문학적 가뭄의 크기도 컸고 오랫동안 지속되었다. 총 물 부족량과 지속기간의 극한값을 연도별로 비교해 본 바, 1984년, 1988년, 1995년과 2001년에 발생하였던 사상이 심각한 수준이었다. 또한 고정 임계수준은 계절 변동성을 반영하지 못하는 단점이 있어서 최소한 계절 이하의 임계수준 사용이 요구되었지만 월별과 일별로 정해진 임계수준은 적정한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법론은 갈수예보 및 저수지 용량결정에 활용될 수 있겠다.