The theories of Korean Public Art originated by the artists who were against dictatorship and they associated with democratic politicians. They criticized the Fine art that were supported by the dictatorship and gave their efforts for restoration of ‘resistance paintings(against dictatorship)’, ‘proletarian painting’, ‘realism painting’. In addition, they participated new social ideology(democracy) movement and demonstrated for their rights in arts. These became the main kernel the public art theory was initiated. The public artists splitted into several different parts and participated in the democratic social movement as well as the art movement for freedom. They opened various art exhibitions within different genre, diverse space for various art section such as an exhibition hall, a factories, a university, or a congregation square. Furthermore, the public art theorists published their divergent views through newspaper/broadcasting or unauthorized printed materials. Most of the public artist and the theorists kept their relationship strongly until 1985, the time when ‘ National Arts Association’ started. In 1983 and 1984, they were clearly separated into two parts; artists(move only in art museums) and activists(move in public spaces like school, convention square etc). Their ideological separation also took out national problems. The division; professional artists and armatures, became the social issue as a social stratification matter. And in creating method, there are also other conflicts; critical realism, and public realism as well as western painting and traditional one. These kinds of separation and conflicts made different Public artists associations, under divergent names; ‘Reality and Speak’(R&S), ‘KwangJu Art Association’, ‘Durung’, ‘Dang(Land)’, and ‘Local Youth Students Association’. In addition, their ideology and pursuit toward art movements were very difference. However, the differences and conflicts weakened When the oppression of democratic education from new dictatorship(Pres. Jun, Doo Hwan) came out. In August. 1985 the government opened to the public so called, 'The draft of School stabilization law'(Hankwon Anjung Bup) to control the teachers' rights and that initiated bigger street demonstration and conflicts between police and educators. In November.1985, assembly meeting of National Arts Association in democracy opened as ‘ONE’ combined organization. In this presentation, I'd like to summarize the stream of art movement until 1984, and clarify the main art theories that lead the Public Art Movements in 1980s. The main theories in 1980s are crucial because they become the origin of public art theories. This presentation started with O,youn's ｢Hyunsil Dong In the first declaration｣ and explained the absent of practice in 1970s. In addition, Won, Dong Suk 's theory was mentioned as all over struggles in theories before 1980s. GA and R&S 's founding declarations in 1970s were the start of public art theorists' activities and this article reported the activities after the declarations. First, realism base on the consciousness of reality. Second, practice art democratization based on the ideology. Third, the subject of public art movement based on understanding people's social stratification structure. Fourth, the matters of national forms and creative ways in arts based on showing reality. Fifth, the strong points in arts that the practitioners accepted. About the public art theories around 1984, I discussed the dividing point of public art theories that were shown in ‘generation theory’, ‘organization theory’, and ‘popularization theory’ by the practitioners. The public realism theory that subjects the contradiction of reality and point out the limits of critical realism not only showing the new creative ways but also giving the feeling of solidarity to the public art activist groups. After that, public art movements expressed ‘Dismentlement of Capitalism’ and ‘Public revolution’. In addition, the direction of public art movements were established strongly. There were various opinions and views during the start and formation of the public art theories. The foundation of theorists activities derived from the practitioners who had the concept based on stratification and nationalism. The strong trend of group division spreaded out by practitioners who opened art work together in factories, universities, squares and rural areas. Now many lively active practitioners are gone to the other field not related with arts, and others join into professional art field not public art one with unknown reason. The theorists have the same situation with the practitioners. It means to me that theory always have to be based on the practice.

The objective of this article is to examine Korean consumers' perception level of the country-of-origin of brand (COB) of global restaurant franchises. Although global brands have rushed onto the Korean food service market since 1980, there has been little or no research conducted regarding consumers' perception of COB of global restaurant franchises. In this study, we surveyed consumers to determine their perception of COB for 27 foreign global restaurant brands; specifically, we attempted to determine whether or not Korean consumers could correctly recognize the COB of each brand. The results of this research revealed that Korean consumers correctly perceived the COB of certain restaurant brands, and incorrectly perceived some other brands. For instance, Korean consumers' perception level of the COB of McDonald's and KFC were quite high, and conversely their perceptions of the COB of Outback Steakhouse and Pohoa were relatively low. When consumers select a restaurant brand, COB image was shown to be more influential than brand image.

국내 대표적인 장석광산인 제천장석 광산과 부여장석 광산 모암의 암석학적 특성을 통하여 국내 장석광의 성인 및 광산유형을 분류하였다. 제천장석 광산은 거정질의 K장석을 함유한 반상화강암이 풍화되어 잔류물로 나타나는 거정질 K장석이 채취대상이 되는 전형적인 풍화잔류 광산이고 반상화강암의 형성 온도-압력은 840˚C, 5Kb를 나타내며 거정질의 K-장석은 변성기원이 아닌 화성기원이다. 반면 부여장석 광산은 우백질 화강편마암이 주변의 흑운모화강암의 관입으로 열수용액에 의한 교대변질 광산으로 순수한 알바이트 장석과 부수광물로서 석류석, 견운모가 나타나며 치밀하게 재결정화된 광물조직이 특징이다.

This paper is to examine Yun Chi-ho’s public theology in terms of Diakonia mission. Though the separation of politics and church is emphasized in the public area, the religious view of politicians and public servants actually plays an important role of deciding political issues and transforming social life. As a case study, I explore the characteristics of Yun's Diakonia mission by analyzing his diaries. First, before his conversion to Christianity, Yun served as servant at the Ministry of Foreign Affair. He tried to reform society by introducing Western educational and medical system into Korea. His political exile helped himself to experience Western civilization in China and the USA. Under the new worldview of Christianity, Yun realized the importance of education for the future of Korea. Second, after his overseas study and visit to Europe, Yun became the leader of the Independence Club to reform Korean government from the absolute monarchy into a constitutional one. King Gojong dissolved the party and appointed Yun as a local government officer. He encouraged his people to organize the systematic resistance against the injustice of Japanese settlers in Wonsan. He criticized the unlawful deed of Catholic missionary and mad him recalled home. He believed that a Korean servant of Confucian government should act partially to religious issues and that a particular religion, even Christianity, must not have any absolute position in Korea. Third, Yun didn't overlook the racial and cultural arrogance of Western missionaries. His perspective of mission has been formed under the influence of other religions. He owed the corruption and impoverishment of Korea to the egoism and classism of Confucianism. Putting the gradual transformation over the sudden conversion, Yun argued that the motive of conversion should be based on the fear of God, not on the freedom from the oppression of corrupt officers. He proposed the new directions of Korean mission in the 20th century: ① the cooperation and union of churches for mission, ② the concentrated mission in Songdon, ③ the importance of vocational education, ④ the education of women, and ⑤ the contextual mission strategy. Fourth, Yun's Diakonia mission focused on the need of Korean people rather that that of missionaries. His pen name means “a serving old man”, who contributed to the formation and development of Christian education in Korea. Yun's visit to Hawaii also reminds us of his vision for the independence based on the moral and economic development. In conclusion, reflecting on the legacy of Yun Chi-ho, I suggest three viable agenda for the 21st century mission: ① Diakonia mission under lay leadership, ② the cooperation of churches and the dialogue among religions, and ③ the paradigm shift toward the solidarity between missionary churches and indigenous churches.

Early Buddhist rock cave temples of India, in spite of being an origin of Buddhist temples, has little been studied in Korea. After field studies and an interpretation of their forms in conjunction with religious life, precedent theories are supplemented and refuted as follows. Starting from the 2nd century B,C., Buddhist ascetic disciples digged residential rock caves, called vihara, for protection from monsoon rain and hot weather, A typical arrangement was settled -a courtyard type, with 3 side rows of tiny one-person bedroom and a front veranda with columns. Also digged were Chaitya caves, in line with viharas, to worship, which is the tumulus of Buddha's relics. I suggest that the original type of chaitya a simple circle cave with a stupa, suitable for circumambulating ceremonies. I refute the existing theory presenting Barabar caves of Ajivika as a chaitya origin, featuring empty circular room without a stupa. I also interpret a typical apsidal plan as being a simple result of adding a place of worshipping rites in front of the stupa. Enclosing columns around a cylindrical stupa is a result of reinforcing both the divine space and circumambulating ceremonies, with elongation toward hall. Finally the chaitya came to have a grandeur apsidal plan with high vault ceiling nave and a side aisle as in Western cathedrals with large frontal horseshoe arch windows. The Buddha image, which had become a new worshipping object, was integrated into the stupa and interior surface. First the stupa and then the statue was introduced to residential Viharas. Therefore, I suggest that the vihara should be renamed as 'chaitya' as a worshipping place, by establishing statue rooms without bedrooms at all. The functionally changed vihara is similar in form to a 'rectangular type of chaitya', little known and developed in different routes. A columned inner courtyard gradually becama an offering place, like Hindu mandapa, Buddhist caves ware changed to a kind of Tantric and Hindu temple by means of statue worshipping offering rituals.

This contribution to the IV Korea-Mexico meeting deals with the hydrodynamics of the matter reinserted within super star clusters (SSCs) by both stellar winds and supernova explosions, results recently printed in The Astrophysical Journal (Silich et al. 2007). The motivation of such a project arose from the persistent presence of the small mass and compact HII regions that sit right on top of many massive and compact SSCs, from which one expects a large mechanical energy power. The data used for our calculations appear only recently (see Smith et al. 2006) for the massive and compact SSC M82-A1. We presented in our paper the calculated flow, derived through analytical and semi-analytical methods, which led to almost identical results. We have found out that the only way of accommodating a compact HII region (4.5 pc in radius, in the case of M82-A1) on top of a 6.3 Myr old and massive (>106M⊙) SSC with a half light radius of 3 pc, requires of two assumptions: a very low heating efficiency (< 10%) within the cluster, what leads to a bimodal solution (see Tenorio-Tagle et al. 2007) and a high pressure in the surrounding medium.

Here we analyze if the ionized shells associated with giant HII regions represent the progenitors of the larger neutral hydrogen supershells detected in the Milky Way and other spiral and dwarf irregular galaxies. We calculate the evolutionary tracks that 12 HII shells found by Relano et al. (2005, 2007) would have if they expanded into the interstellar medium because of multiple supernovae explosions occurring inside the cavity. We find, contrary to Relano et al. (2007), that the evolutionary tracks of these HII shells are inconsistent with the observed parameters of the largest and most massive neutral hydrogen supershells. Thus, an additional energy source to the multiple supernovae explosions is required in order to explain the origin of the most massive neutral hydrogen shells.

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 동성마을 중 하나인 강원 도 고성군 왕곡마을을 대상으로 도면을 분석하고 현 장을 방문하여 관찰조사를 함으로써 전통 담의 특성 과 디자인을 체계적으로 분석하는 것이었다. 본 연구 의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 앞 담은 없고 앞마당이 완전 개방되어 이웃들과의 친교의 장과 농사 업무를 하는 반공적인 영역으로 사용되고 있었다. 반대로 뒷 담은 완전히 폐쇄되어 가족만의 완벽한 사적인 영역 으로 사용되고 있었다. 이는 친족들이 모여 사는 동성 마을의 독특한 담의 표현 특성이라고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 뒷 담의 재료는 기와를 얹은 돌흙담이 가장 많이 사용되었고, 앞 담은 생울타리와 밭, 나무와 돌, 꽃 등 낮은 높이의 자연적인 요소를 이용하여 영역을 구분 짓고 있었다. 셋째, 담의 디자인은 대부분 돌과 흙으 로 쌓여졌으며, 인위적이지 않고 자연스러운 멋을 나 타내고 있었다. 이러한 동성마을에서 보여 지는 울타 리, 경계의 역할을 하는 담의 구성은 현시대의 도시주 택계획에서도 응용해 볼 수 있는 좋은 요소라고 생각 된다.

대구 월성동 출토 구석기 흑요석 석기는 광물, 암석 및 지구화학적 분석결과 마그마에서 급랭하여 생성된 균질한 유리질을 가지는 전형적인 흑요석에 속한다. 연구대상 흑요석의 주 구성성분은 규장질 유문암으로서 Calk-alkaline계열에 속한다. 기존의 국내 출토지, 백두산, 일본 큐슈지방에서 출토된 흑요석과 연구 대상 지역의 흑요석에 대한 분석 결과를 비교했을 때 미량원소와 희토류 원소의 함량의 차이는 있으나 대부분 서로 유사한 원소분포 패턴을 보였다. Sr 동위원소 분석 결과 소사 대상지역의 흑요석이 우리나라 남부지방이나 백두산 기원의 흑요석과는 상당히 많은 차이를 나타낸다. E-Ar 연대 측정 결과 약 30Ma로써 백두산 화산환동 시기인 10Ma보다 오래된 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 조사지역의 흑요석을 포함하여 한반도에서 발견되는 흑요석을 광물, 안석, 미량원소, 동위원소 및 연대 측정 등을 종합적해 볼 때 백두산지역, 일본큐슈와 한반도 남부지역, 한반도 중부지역 및 조사지역인 월성동 흑요석으로 4대분 할 수 있으며 이는 한반도에서 출토되는 흑요석의 기원지의 다양성을 시사하고 있다.

초등학교에서 ‘漢字’교과를 가르칠 수 있는 법적 토대가 마련된 이후 지금까지 36종의 초등학교 한자 교과서가 각 시․도교육청의 認定을 받아 사용되고 있다. 初等學校漢字․漢文敎育이 名實相符한 교육이 되기 위해서는 良質의 한자교과서를 개발하여야 하며, 이를 위해 漢字字源을 교과서에 정확하게 밝히고 이것을 토대로 한자를 학습하도록 안내하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이러한 관점에서 본고는 먼저 현재 초등학교 교과서로 사용하고 있는 교재를 대상으로 하여 字源學習이 어떻게 記述되어 있는지를 살펴보고 그 문제점을 파악하고자 하였다. ‘東․ 西․ 左․ 右․ 兄․ 弟․ 民․ 主․ 文․ 化’ 등 10개 漢字의 字源제시와 설명을 살펴본 결과 교과서에 따라 字源說明이 千差萬別이며 상당부분 學理的근거가 빈약하고 恣意的, 便宜的記述이 이루어져있음을 확인하였다. 다음으로 字源을 통한 한자 교수․학습 방법의 槪念과 方法, 實際, 用例등을 고찰하였다. 한자의 字源을 알기 위해서는 한자의 文字學的연구 성과를 기반으로 해야 한다. 주지하듯이 漢字는 한자를 구성하는 3대 요소인 形․音․義를 따로 떼어 생각할 수 없다. 字源敎授․學習은 한자의 形․音․義가 형성된 과정을 탐구하여 학습자가 체계적․조직적으로 한자를 이해할 수 있도록 가르치고 학습하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 본고는 제7차 교육과정에서 추구하는 정신의 하나인 학생들의 自己主導的學 習能力의 伸張에 중점을 두고, 자원 학습의 방법을 탐색해 보았다. 따라서 교사중심의 직접 교수 방법에 의한 학습보다는 학생 중심의 자기주도적 학습과 과제분담 학습(Jigsaw) 모형을 활용한 협동학습이 되도록 교수․학습 지도안을 계획하였다. 과제분담학습(Jigsaw)모형의 소집단 학습은 학생들이 相互依存하는 가운데 同等하게 참여하고, 同時多發的인 相互作用을 할 수 있는 학습 방법으로 자원을 통한 한자 학습에도 유효하다. 그리고 본고에서 제시한 자원 학습의 용례는 초등학교 수준에서 교사가 재구성하여 지도할 수 있을 것이다. 필자는 初等學校단계의 한자 교육은 한자를 흥미롭게 익혀 언어생활에 유용하게 활용하도록 하는 데 목표를 두고 있으므로 지나치게 문자학적 자료에 의존하는 것은 불필요하다고 본다. 다만 문자학적 지식은 교과서에 노출하지 않더라도 교사용지도서를 통해 교사가 지도할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 또한 교과서는 문자학적 지식을 고려하되 學習者의 理解를 돕는 水準에서 융통성 있게 구성하여야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to measure respondent's demographic characteristics, respondent's attitudes toward chicken, and factor influencing on the level of perceived helpfulness of country of origin in predicting the quality of chicken. The data was collected through a consumer survey during the March 2006. A total number of 250 meat consumers living in Suncheon, the eastern part of Chonnam, were randomly selected as respondents. Eleven respondents did not complete the survey instrument, resulting in a final sample size of 239. All estimations were carried out using chi-square, correlation, and logistic procedure of SAS package. The results are as follows. The level of perceived helpfulness of country of origin in predicting the quality of chicken was significantly different by age and occupation of demographic variables, and was significantly correlated with respondent informed of attitude variables. The proportional odds assumption of model was not violated at p<0.05. The effects of income, occupation and respondent informed on the level of perceived helpfulness of country of origin in predicting the quality of chicken. The results from this study could be useful in developing marketing and health promotion strategies, as well as government trade policy.