The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the development direction and strategy for medicines through analysis of differences in choice attributes according to customers awareness of medicines and experience. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on dietary education among national network trainees and lecturers by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock in Daegu, Gyeongsan, and Ulsan, Seoul from December 5, 2016, respectively. First, factor analysis results showed that six factors were extracted with respect to the choice of the restaurant. Second, the difference in each factor according to the recognition and experience of medicinal herbs was the health related factor as sex, females, age 50~59 years, companion others, and publicity and advertising' factors were more important for publicity and advertisement when the gender was female, the customer's age was 40~49 years, the companion was other, and the time of use was during the weekend. Among the factors related to 'getting dressed', the more important gender was female, age 40~49 years, and the other partner, The factors related to 'time' were as follows: sex, age, age 20~29 years, no accompanying companions, no time of use, and time importance. The 'menu' factors were more important for men, gender, women, age 40~49 years, companion for guitar, and usage time for weekend dinner. The 'service' factors were more important in 'service' as sex, male age, age 20~29, companion family, usage time, and weekend dinner.

Polyphenism is one of the most intriguing phenomenon observed from various insect species. Polyphenism is changing morphological, behavioral, and physiological phenotypes without changing genome informations. Therefore, polyphenism is thought to be controlled by epigenetic methods. Epigenetic controls are including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, small RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and protein phosphorylation. To investigate the mechanism involved in polyphenism, various genomic researches have been completed. However, metabolite changes in different phases have not been reported yet. Thus, we studied the metabolite changes and found the changed metabolites. These studies will make an important contribution to reveal the difference between gregrious and solitary phases and reveal eco - friendly control techniques.

본 연구의 목적은 자연공원과 도시공원을 대상으로 soundscape 특성을 밝히는 것이다. 연구대상지는 강원도 원주시 자연공원(치악산국립공원)과 도시공원(장미공원)이었다. Soundscape 녹음은 Digital Recorder를 이용하였으며, 녹음기간 은 2015년 4월부터 2016년 1월까지이었다. 분석기간은 계절별로 8일씩, 총 64일(2개소)이었다. 분석항목은 Soundscape의 일주기 변화, Soundscape 유형, 계절별 차이이었다. Soundscape의 일주기 변화 분석 결과, 자연공원은 태양의 주기에 맞추어 생물 소리가 우점하고 있었으며 주간에 비행기소리가 유입되고 있었다. 도시공원은 인위적 소리가 24시간 높은 빈도로 발생하고 있었다. Soundscape의 세부유형 분석 결과, 자연공원의 생물 소리는 야생조류, 포유류, 곤충류, 양서류로 분류되었고, 무생물 소리는 비 소리, 바람 소리로 분류되었다. 인위적 소리는 대부분 비행기 소리이었다. 도시공원의 생물 소리는 야생조류가 우점하였고, 무생물 소리는 비와 바람 소리가 주로 나타났다. 도시공원의 인위적 소리는 자동차, 사람, 음악, 공사, 청소, 비행기 소리 순으로 나타났다. Soundscape의 계절적 차이 분석 결과 생물 소리는 자연공원이 도시공원보다 봄, 여름, 가을이 높은 것으로 통계적 유의성이 인정되었다. 인위적 소리는 도시공원이 자연공원보다 4계절 모두 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 한국에서 서로 다른 경관에 속해 있는 자연공원과 도시공원 을 대상으로 Soundscape 특성을 규명한 첫 번째 연구라는 측면에서 의미가 있다.

This paper is concerned with a test method that can be used to investigate the parameters of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model. These parameters are essential for accurately analyzing material behavior under impact loading conditions in numerical simulation. Ti-6Al-4V alloy (HCP crytal structure) was used as a specimen for the experiments. In the 10−3-103/ s strain rate range, three types of experimental methods (convention, compression and tension) were employed to compare the differences using MTS-810, SHPB and SHTB. Finite element analysis results when applying these parameters were displayed along with the experiment results.

Conventional expressions are considered an important area of study informing L2 pragmatics and inter-language pragmatics. This study investigates the differences between native English speakers’ and Korean EFL speakers’ productions of conventional expressions by employing an audio-visual production task (adapted from Bardovi-Harlig, 2009). Results show that EFL students statistically differ from their native speaker counterparts in about half of the scenarios involving the production of conventional expressions. While EFL learner productions were often grammatical and appropriate, they also displayed pragma-linguistically infelicitous utterances (e.g., I’m just looking out.) and more verbosity compared to their NS counterparts. Certain scenes including giving and deflecting thanks delivered less target-like expressions, which may lead to communicative failure in real time interaction. Pedagogical implications of this type of study are also discussed.

2011-2015년 동안 한국 중부 태안과 청주 강내의 배경 관측지점에서 측정한 PM10, PM2.5 질량 농도를 분석하 였다. 황사 사례를 제외한 PM10 질량 농도의 계절변동에서 겨울-봄 동안 높은 농도는 서풍 기류에 의한 영향이 반영 되고 있으며, 여름에는 북태평양 기단과 잦은 강수로 낮은 수준을 보이고 있었다. 따라서, 일평균 PM10 질량 농도 81μg m-3 (미세먼지 예보 ‘약간 나쁨’ 이상) 이상의 사례도 겨울-봄 동안에 발생이 많으며, 특히 중국 동부 배출원에 가까 운 태안에서 더 많은 사례가 발생하고 있었다. 인위적으로 발생한 연무는 입경 2.5 μm 미만 입자의 구성 비율이 높다. 천리안 위성의 밝기온도차 분석에서 대기와 입자가 작은 연무는 −0.5 o K 이상에서 관측된다. 2011-2015년 동안 태안과 청주 강내에서 관측한 연무 사례일의 PM10 질량 농도와 NOAA 19 위성 밝기온도차를 분석하였다. PM10 질량 농도 는 200 μg m−3 보다 낮지만, PM2.5/PM10 질량 농도비는 0.4보다 높고 밝기온도차는 −0.3-0.5 o K 범위에 분포하고 있었 다. 그러나, PM10 질량 농도 190 μg m−3 이상인 황사 사례의 밝기온도차는 PM2.5/PM10 질량 농도비가 0.4보다 낮고, 밝기온도차는 −0.7 o K 이하의 범위에 분포하고 있었다. 이러한 연무의 밝기온도차 경계값 범위를 적용한 결과는 MODIS AOD, OMI AI의 에어로졸 분포 범위와 일치하였다.

Geographical isolation may lead to the populations having different ecological characteristics. Geographic isolation have been known to cause echolocation call differences in bats. In order to look at geographic differences of echolocation calls of Great Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), populations of inland and Jeju island habitats were examined in Korea. The study areas were some abandoned mines in the inland and caves of Jeju island, which were known as rest sites of Great Horseshoe Bats during the active season. Recording was done in two ways: Hand-held, Free-flying. Recording pulse was analyzed into five parameters: Maximum Frequency (FMAX), Minimum Frequency (FMIN), Peak Frequency (PF), Duration (D), Inter pulse Interval (IPI). Interestingly, The present study shows that the difference in echolocation between the inland and island populations. The PF of bats inhabited inland was 69 kHz. but, the PF of bats inhabited island (Jeju) was 71 kHz. There was a difference between regions. Discriminant analyses also showed clear difference between the inland and the island populations. Especially, PF of Korea population is lower than that of Europe (82 kHz) and higher than that of Japan (65 kHz).

시대가 급속히 변화함에 따라 남성의 라이프 스타일, 개성, 가치관 등이 다양하며 과거에 비해 남성복에 대한 기호도 변하였을 뿐만 아니라 또 남성복 시장이 증대되었고 전에 없던 새로운 스타일이 많이 등장하였으나 활발한 여성복 감성 연구와 달리 남성복의 스타일에 따른 감성 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 20대 남성들이 주로 착용하는 스타일을 7가지 대표 자극물로 선정하고 자극물로 제시하여 각 스타일에 대한 소비자의 감성을 조사하였다. 스타일 1 (정장), 스타일 2 (라이더재킷+스키니 팬츠), 스타일 3 (블루종+스트레이트 팬츠), 스타일 4 (박시한 가디건+하프 팬츠), 스타일 5 (야전상의+스트레이트 팬츠), 스타일 6 (루즈핏 재킷+스키니 팬츠), 스타일 7 (야구점퍼+스트레이트 팬츠) 등 남성복 스타일에 따른 감성의 차이를 조사하였으며 성별에 따른 남성복에 대한 관심과 지식정도 차이를 비교하였고 남성복의 선호와 실제착용 간에 차이가 있는지 분석하였고 라이프 스타일 유형에 따른 선호하는 스타일을 측정하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남성복은 다양하고 세분화되었고 남성복에 대한 관심과 지식은 남성이 여성보다 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 남성복에 대한 감성은 스타일에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었지만 이는 성별에 따라 다르지 않았다. 셋째, 20대가 가장 선호하는 선호스타일과 실제로 즐겨 입는 착장스타일 간에는 차이가 존재하였는데, 일치하는 비율은 66.1% 이었고, 불일치하는 경우는 33.9% 이였다. 선호도와 실제 착용도가 가장 높은 것은 스타일 3 이었으며, 가장 선호되지 않고 착용되지 않는 것은 스타일 5 이었다. 넷째, 내향적보다 외향적 라이프 스타일을 지닐수록 더 다양한 스타일에 대하여 선호도를 나타내었다.

The cold rolling workability and mechanical properties of two new alloys, designed and cast Al-5.5Mg-2.9Si and Al-7Mg-0.9Zn alloys, were investigated in detail. The two alloy sheets of 4 mm thickness, 30 mm width and 100 mm length were reduced to a thickness of 1 mm by multi-pass rolling at ambient temperature. The rolling workability was better for the Al-7Mg-0.9Zn alloy than for the Al-5.5Mg-2.9Si alloy; in case of the former alloy, edge cracks began to occur at 50% rolling reduction, and their number and length increased with rolling reduction; however, in the latter alloy, the sheets did not have any cracks even at higher rolling reduction. The mechanical properties of tensile strength and elongation were also better in the Al-7Mg-0.9Zn alloy than in Al-5.5Mg-2.9Si alloy. Work hardening ability after cold rolling was also higher in the Al-7Mg- 0.9Zn alloy than in the Al-5.5Mg-2.9Si alloy. At the same time, the texture development was very similar for both alloys; typical rolling texture developed in both alloys. These differences in the two alloys can primarily be explained by the existence of precipitates of Mg2Si. It is concluded that the Al-7Mg-0.9Zn alloy is better than the Al-5.5Mg-2.9Si alloy in terms of mechanical properties.

본 연구는 국립공원 탐방객 개인의 라이프스타일에 따른 만족도 차이가 존재하는지에 대한 파악을 위해 수행되었다. 북한산국립공원 탐방객 대상의 자기기입식 설문조사를 통해 라이프스타일을 분류하고, 집단별 만족도 차이를 검증하였다. 탐방객 라이프스타일은 탐색적 요인분석 결과 5개 요인으로 구분되었으며, 이들 5개 요인을 이용하여 군집분석을 실시하여 4개의 군집이 적합군집으로 분류되었다. 라이프스타일에 따른 군집별 만족도 차이분석 결과, 각 군집별 만족도는 통계적으 로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 군집유형 중에는 적극적인 성향집단에서 만족도가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으 로 사회적 성향집단, 개인적 성향집단, 소극적 성향집단의 순으로 만족도가 높게 나타났다. 이러한 탐방객 사회문화적 변수로서 라이프스타일 유형별 만족도 차이는 국립공원에서의 탐방객 관련 시설 및 프로그램 운영에 있어 전체 탐방객 대상의 통합적 접근 보다는 탐방객 유형별 세분화 접근의 필요성을 시사한다.

The purposes of this study were to: 1) identify sub-factors of fashion shopping orientation (FSO) in adults aged 20 through 39, and analyze the differences among those FSO factors according to classified groups, which were based on gender and purchase frequency in a mobile shopping mall, and 2) to investigate the effects of FSO factors on mobile purchase intention according to the same classified groups. The questionnaire was conducted from November 10, 2015 to November 20, 2015 and its 432 respondents were classified into four groups, which were male/heavy purchaser, male/light purchaser, female/heavy purchaser, and female/light purchaser. The results of this study were as follows: First, fashion shopping orientation consisted of five sub-factors, which included “conspicuous brand pursuit”, “economic pursuit”, “pleasure/trend pursuit”, “impulse shopping”, and “convenience pursuit”. Second, There were significant differences in three factors of FSO between male purchasers and female purchasers. Male purchasers showed higher tendency than female purchasers in “conspicuous brand pursuit”, while female purchasers showed higher tendency than male purchasers in “economic pursuit” and “convenience pursuit”. All the factors of FSO showed significant differences among the classified groups. Third, “economic pursuit”, “pleasure/trend pursuit” and “convenience pursuit” affected mobile purchase intention in the case of male purchasers while “economic pursuit” and “conspicuous brand pursuit” had a influence on mobile purchase intention in the case of female purchasers. Fourth, the factors of FSO affected mobile purchase intention partly in each group. In conclusion. “economic pursuit” was proven to be the main influential factor to induce consumers to have a mobile purchase intention.

본 연구는 현재 한국사회에 서로 대비되는 두 종류의 지리(지리학)가 공존하고 있는 상황에서 출발한다. 오랫동안 지리의 위상을 유지해왔던 한국의 전통 지리로서 ‘풍수’와 현재 지리 하면 일상적으로 떠올리는 지리로서 ‘Geography’ (서구의 근⋅현대 지리)가 그것인데, 이들 두 지리 간의 차이나는 지점이 무엇인지 드러내 보는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 이를 위해 먼저 근대 이전 정상적인 지리로 공유돼 왔던 풍수의 위상, 다음으로 풍수와 Geography 간의 인식론적 특징과 그러한 인식의 재현(representation) 상 차이를 살펴보고자 한다. 먼저 인식론적 측면에서 풍수와 Geography는 생태중심주의와 인간중심주의라는 서로 대비되는 형이상학적 믿음이자 관점을 바탕에 깔고 있다 할 수 있다. 가령 풍수의 대전제인 인간-환경 간의 동기간(同氣間) 관계 설정은 Geography의 인간중심적 입장과는 구분되는 풍수의 생태중심적 특징을 잘 대변해 주고 있다. 그리고 풍수와 Geography 할 것 없이 지리의 핵심적 요소인 인간, 자연 또는 인간과 자연 간의 관계 등을 어떻게 바라볼 것인가 하는 문제와 관련해 자연과 인간을 ‘동일시’하거나 적어도 유사한 것으로 인식(‘유사인식’)하는 풍수적 전제와 이 둘을 성격이 다른 별개의 독립적 존재로 보고(이원론적 분할) 이들 간의 인과론적, 결정론적 관계에 관심 갖는 Geography를 구분할 수 있다. 다음으로 인식론적 바탕에서 차이를 갖는 풍수와 Geography의 재현 양식의 문제인데, 지리 영역에서의 주요한 재현 수단인 지도를 통해 그 차이를 살펴보았다. 풍수적 재현으로서 고지도에는 용맥의 흐름이나 명당 구성 등 풍수의 생태중심적 인식이 잘 드러나고 있다. 그에 반해 정확성, 사실성, 객관성을 지도 제작과 평가의 주요 기준으로 삼는 Geography의 인간중심적 입장은 근⋅현대 지도를 마치 자연을 비추는 거울과 같은 재현물로 접근하고 있다.

Customer experience has become an important concept in explaining consumer behaviour with hedonic products in the online game industry. However, few studies have examined the differences in game experience internationally between players from different nationalities. Game producers who market their wares to a global audience need to take into account that individuals from different national backgrounds have different experiences according to nationally specific cultural and societal norms and restrictions. These experiences determine how players perceive, interact and enjoy products. The current study attempts to examine differences in game experiences between India and the US. Around 600 respondents were collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk (Mturk), an online data panel. Analysis of results using a series of multivariate analysis of covariate, showed that players from India and the US are different in most aspects of game experience except for their analytical experience. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed and recommendations are made with consideration to the ramifications of the investigation.

In recent years, ethical consumption has been attracting attention in Japan. Ethical products cover various issues, such as protection of the global environment, sustainability of resources, and protection of producers. Because the specification of such issues is difficult, previous studies often analyzed only one phenomenon. Several studies have attempted to examine the buying behavior of consumers of organic food products, based on Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Sparks and Shepherd, 1992; Arvola et al., 2007; Chen, 2007, Lodorfos and Dennis, 2008). The TPB considers intention as a function of three principle determinants: attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Regarding ethical food consumption, moral norms are individual value judgments connected to a specific behavior and its outcome (Manstead, 1999). A comprehensive model based on ethical issues for various products is required. Prior research highlights the consensus that targeting females in ethical consumption will have a greater chance of success (Roberts, 1996; Mainieri et al., 1997; De Pelsmacker et al., 2005). We propose three hypotheses to explain gender difference in consuming ethical food products. The aim of this study is to analyze the purchase behavior of consumers of ethical food products and to examine how consumers differ by gender in terms of the ethical issues. This study adopted organic vegetables, fair trade products, products certified by the Rainforest Alliance, free-range eggs, and fish certified by the Aquaculture Stewardship Council as ethical food products. These food products are associated with different ethical issues, and thus, we define ethical issues as “ethical attitude” for each product. For example, the ethical attitude of free-range eggs is included in the following categories (Table 1): environment, which means the protection of the global environment; health, which refers to the health of consumers; animal, which means the welfare of animals and the sustainability of resources; and farmer/aquaculturist, which means protecting farmers or aquaculturists

The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of guilt-decreasing appeals in reducing anticipated guilt toward a luxury vacation and not comprising happiness across two cultures with different values. The results have practical implications for designing global advertising strategies and execution using this emotional appeal.

In today’s global marketplace, few consumers would bat an eye at a Central European retailer selling products manufactured in the US from raw materials purchased in Asia and Africa. Recently, Finnish connoisseurs of local craft beer were shocked to discover that even their local microbreweries were getting in on the act, albeit somewhat involuntarily. Strict regulations that govern the sale of alcoholic beverages in Finland essentially prevent the smallest breweries from distributing their products in the local market. Ironically, the only way for these small businesses to reach their local customers is through internationalization – setting up an online store across the border and serving the Finnish market from abroad. Drawing on the context of alcohol policy in Finland as an illustrative example, this study demonstrates how global markets can offer small businesses a way to counter unfavorable or discriminative local public policy. The study also illustrates the potential impact that businesses can have on policy by drawing public attention to its shortcomings, and offers implications for practitioners by highlighting the importance of thorough evaluation of policies for possible inconsistencies and outlining possible indicators that such inconsistencies may be present.

The purpose of this study was to determine the gender differences in the relationships between knowledge of, attachment with, and attitude toward a parent brand and perceived risk of, attitude toward, and purchase intension of an extended product in the case of brand extension. A total of 300 survey questionnaires were distributed to 150 male and 150 female college students, and 275 responses were used for the final analysis. The results showed that for male college students, knowledge of the parent brand had a positive relationship with brand attachment with the parent brand, which in turn had a positive relationship with brand attitude toward the parent brand. Knowledge of the parent brand had a negative relationship with perceived risk of the extended product, which again had a negative relationship with attitude toward the extended product. In addition, for male college students, knowledge of the parent brand had a positive relationship with attitude toward the extended product, which also had a positive relationship with purchase intension of the extended product. For female college students, brand attachment with the parent brand had a positive relationship with brand attitude toward the parent brand, which also had a positive relationship with attitude toward the extended product. Brand attachment with the parent brand showed a negative relationship with perceived risk of the extended product, which also had a negative relationship with attitude toward the extended product.

이 연구는 금융감독원이 2014년에 18세 이상 성인을 대상으로 실시했던 금융 이 해력 조사 가운데 관심을 기울일 필요가 있는 문항에 대해서 연령대별 특성과 차이 를 중심으로 그 결과를 분석하였다. 전반적으로 30대와 40대, 그리고 50대의 금융 지식이 20대 이하의 젊은층과 65세 이상의 고령층에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 복리, 예금자 보호 제도, 신용 등급 등에 대한 이해도가 매우 낮은 것으로 조 사되었다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 전체 국민을 대상으로 금융교육을 확대할 필요가 있지만, 한정된 자원이라는 제약 조건을 감안할 때 더욱 집중적으로 우선해서 금융 교육을 실행해야 할 대상과 내용을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 조사 대상자 대부분은 초등학생부터 고등학생에 이르기까지 학교에서 금융교육을 받을 필요가 있다고 생 각했으며, 저축과 투자를 가장 중요한 금융교육 내용으로 꼽았다. 국제적으로 금융 이해력을 측정하여 비교하는 일도 의미 있지만, 동시에 우리나라 현실에 맞는 한국 형 측정 도구를 개발하여 적용하는 작업이 필요하다.