In seismic design, the approximate natural period equation is defined differently for each country. Korea is currently using what is prescribed by KBC 2016. The natural period is a physical quantity related only to the stiffness and mass of the structure. If the mass is constant, the natural period is inversely proportional to the square root of the stiffness. In this study, the main objective is to evaluate the lateral force capacity inherent in the current approximate natural period equation. To grasp seismic performance, it is necessary to know the lateral resisting force of the structure. In order to know the lateral resisting capacity, the analytic model buildings were designed to have the exactly same as approximate natural period specified in the current standard, and nonlinear push-over analysis was performed. From the analysis results, the base shear coefficient and roof drift angle etc were discussed and evaluated.

스키미투스응애(Stratiolaelaps scimitus)는 토양에 서식하는 해충의 포식성 천적으로 알려져 있으며, 꽃노랑총채벌레 (Frankliniella occidentalis)와 아메리카잎굴파리(Liriomyza trifolii)의 번데기를 친환경적으로 방제하는 데 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 꽃노랑총채벌레의 유충, 번데기, 성충을 대상으로 스키미투스응애의 포식량을 조사하였고, 총채벌레의 번데기에 기생하는 천적인 곤충병원성 선충(Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain과 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang strain)과의 종간경쟁에 대해서도 시험을 수행하였다. 스키미투스응애는 꽃노랑총채벌레의 유충, 번데기, 성충을 하루에 6마리, 3마리, 4마리 정도 포식하는 것으로 조사되었다. 스키미투스응애는 주로 토양에 서식하기 때문에 총채벌레의 유충과 성충을 접촉할 기회는 많지 않지만, 접촉만 이루어진다면 하루에 4∼6마리 정도는 포식할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 총채벌레의 번데기에 기생하여 죽일 수 있는 천적으로 알려진 곤충병원성 선충과 스키미투스응애의 종간경쟁을 조사한 결과 스키미투스응애는 곤충병원성 선충의 감염충을 포식하지 않았으 며, 역시 곤충병원성 선충도 스키미투스응애에 기생하지 않았다. 두 천적을 동시에 꽃노랑총채벌레 번데기에 처리 후 기생력과 포식력을 알아본 결과, 스키미투스응애의 포식활동이 더 높았다.

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), as major actors of the civil society, play a vital role in promoting conservation of natural resources, environmental protection, sustainable development, and environmental justice. While their location, size, organizational forms, scope, and impacts can vary widely, all of them operate towards the same mission of protecting the environment from degradation due to industrialization, uncontrolled development, depletion of bio-diversity, and over consumption of natural resources. Although environmental conservation has been a part of civil society involvement throughout history, environmental NGOs have emerged as a major sub-sector of the NGO sector during the past three decades. Their impacts are among the most visible contributions to humanity by the global NGO sector.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of grain size on the damping capacity of the Fe-26Mn-4Co-2Al damping alloy. α’ and ε-martensite were formed by cold working, and these martensites were formed with a specific direction and surface relief. With an increase in grain size, the volume fraction of α’ and ε-martensite increased by decrement the austenite phase stability. This volume fraction more rapidly increased in cold-rolled specimen than in the specimen that was not cold-rolled. The damping capacity also increased more with the augmentation an increased grain size and more rapidly increased in cold-rolled specimen than in the specimen that was not cold rolled. The effect of grain size on the damping capacity was larger in the cold-rolled specimen than the specimen that was not cold-rolled. Damping capacity linearly increased with an increase in volume fraction of ε-martensite. Thus, the damping capacity was affected by the ε-martensite.

This study develops numerical model of mega composite columns in fire and investigates the residual areas using 500℃ isotherm method and residual capacity of mega composite columns after 3 hours. In order to perform heat transfer analysis, thermal properties of steels and concrete were adopted from Eurocodes. In addition to, the temperature distributions of composite columns with respect to fire tests were compared with numerical analysis results. As a result, residual capacity of mega composite column with 1m width remained more than 45%. The residual capacity of mega composite column was only increased to 2.3∼2.6% with the use of additional rebars.

The purpose of this study is to produce an adsorbent material with biomass by-product that are readily visible in daily life. The biomass by-product used in the study are coffee grounds, oak leaves and chestnut peels. These biomass by-products were produced with dry, carbonization and activation treatments. The equipment for the evaluation of adsorption capacity was the batch type system to measure the concentration of test gases with the odor sensor device. Biomass by-products have been shown to improve the absorption characteristics of adsorbent through carbonization and activation. The adsorbent made with coffee grounds and chestnut peels had superior adsorption capacity to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and complex odor (H2S & NH3) in a comparison with regular activated carbon. The odor sensor device could be used to evaluate the device of adsorption capacity of the adsorbent.

Recently, composite beams have been developed in which concrete is filled in a U-shaped steel plate for saving height of story. And due to high flexural stiffness and bending strength, it is widely applied in the field where high load and long span are required. The AU composite beam was improved the instability of the existing beams because it makes a closed section by attaching a cover type shear connection to the existing U - shaped composite beam with open upper section. In this study, AU composite beam resisted by composite-section during the using phase was evaluated the safety through the finite element analysis. The analysis is performed on the five specimens of AU composite beams according to applied deck-system and compared with the results of 2 - point bending test. As a result of the analysis, behavior of beam was shown by integrated composite section. And the evaluation of flexible capacity was p

In this study, seismic performance of bushings and their connection parts was analyzed by performing shaking table tests for various types of bushings widely used as auxiliary equipment of main transformers in domestic substations. As a result of the seismic tests of five types of 154 kV bushings according to the manufacturers, all the bushings secured the structural integrity even at the acceleration of 1.4 g and it was found that leakage of insulating oil didn't occur. Also, the average acceleration amplification rate at the upper part of the bushings was about 2.5 to 3.0 times higher than the lower one. On the other hand, when a representative 345 kV bushing was subjected to the seismic test, the structural integrity was secured even at 1.0 g acceleration similar to the design earthquake load level, but in this test, leakage of insulating oil occurred. However, when a stiffener restricting the connection of the bushing is installed in the same 345 kV bushing, the displacement of the bushing connection is controlled and the stiffener prevent the oil from leaking even at the acceleration of the designed seismic level.

Background: The continuous co-contraction of the trunk muscles through trunk stabilization exercises is important to patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). However, intentional abdominal muscle contraction (IAMC) for trunk stabilization has been used only for specific training in the treatment room. Objects: The purpose of this study was to provide feedback to adults with LSS to enable IAMC during activities of daily living (ADLs). Methods: The participants with spinal stenosis were divided into an experimental group of 15 adults and a control group of 16 adults. Electromyographic signals were measured while the subjects kept their both hands held up at 90°. The measured muscles were the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and erector spinae (ES). Pelvic tilt was measured using a digital pelvic inclinometer. The degree of pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and functional capacity was measured using the Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (KODI). Results: While the experimental group showed statistically significantly higher activities in the RA, EO, and IO after the intervention compared with the control group. Pelvic tilt was significantly decreased only in the experimental group. Both the experimental and control groups exhibited statistically significant declines in the VAS and KODI (p<.01). In terms of the levels of changes, the experimental group exhibited a statistically significant larger decline only in the VAS and the pelvic tilt when compared with the control group (p<.05). Conclusions: The subjects could stabilize their trunks, and relieve their pain and dysfunctions and reduce pelvic tilt by learning abdominal muscle contraction during ADLs.

본 연구에서는 역량스펙트럼법을 이용해 얻어진 구조물의 성능점을 확률적으로 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. ATC-40에 따라 역량스펙트럼법을 이용하여 4층 1경간 철골구조물의 성능점을 산정하였다. 요구스펙트럼을 이용하여 구조물의 성능한계를 초과하는지 여부를 분석하기 위해 구조부재의 소성변형각으로부터 정의되는 구조물의 성능한계에 대해 한계변위를 도출하였다. 또한 설계응답스펙트럼과 유사한 응답스펙트럼을 가지는 인공지진파 30개를 선정하여 스펙트럼 가속도에 따른 각 성능한계의 초과여부를 통해 fragility curve를 도출하였다. 관측된 초과확률을 이용하여 fragility curve를 도출하기 위해 maximum likelihood method를 사용하였다. 각 성능한계점에 대응하는 설계응답스펙트럼의 응답가속도값에서 성능한계점을 초과할 확률은 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 방식은 구조물의 성능점에 대해 지진파의 불확실성을 고려한 확률적 평가가 가능하고, 시간증분해석이 필요하지 않아 해석시간을 상당부분 단축시킬 수 있다는 장점이 있다.

Numerical analysis was performed to evaluate for reinforcing performance of RC beams in flexure strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) in this study. New bond strength model for TRM based on the model proposed by Teng et al. was suggested to predict the flexural behavior of RC beams and effective stress in accordance with debonding of TRM. And reduce factor of 0.729 was suggested by investigation of results on the bending test of RC beams strengthened with TRM. Reliability of proposed bond strength model was verified through the comparisons between collected test results and predicted results about the ultimate load of RC beams occurred by debonding of TRM. The ratios of predicted results on the total experimental results, the average and coefficient of variation were 1.00 and 0.094, respectively. Also, nonlinear analysis method proposed by Cho et al. was used to predict the displacement at the cross-section of mid-span for RC beams in flexure strengthened with TRM. At the three state of the RC beams such as occurrence of initial flexural crack in tensile concrete, yield of tensile rebar, and ultimate in accordance with debonding of TRM. Displacements of beams were calculated at the three state and load-displacement curves by predicted results were compared to the collected test results.

Because of the economy and construction simplicity, Jacketing method has been widely used in strengthening RC columns in Korea. Although some studies on the compressive performance of jacketed elements have been conducted by experimental or analytical methods, the correlation between the axial performance and the surface roughness of the jacketed element has not been performed. In this study, the surface roughness of chipped surface of old element was measured and the compressive strength test was performed to evaluate the surface roughness and jacketed effects. The test results are as follows; (1) Compressive strength was improved by 1.8%∼3.1% by chipping, (2) Compressive performance of the jacketed elements reduced to 85%∼93% of theoretical values, (3) As a result of analysis of correlation between surface roughness index and axial strength, surface roughness index based on the wave length was more effective than existing methodology for evaluation surface roughness.

본 연구는 유아교육기관 원장의 코칭 역량을 증진하기 위하여 개인변인과 사회적지지에 따라 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 서울과 광주시의 유치원 원장과 어린이집 원장 265명이었으며, 연구도구로는 이재영(2012)의 회복탄력성 지수 검사 (Resilience Quotient Test: RQT)와 사회적지지 척도를 사용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같 은 연구 결과가 나타났다. 첫째, 원장의 개인변인 중 학력, 월수입, 기관 규모에 따라 회복탄력성에 차이가 있었으며, 경력, 결혼유무에 따른 회복탄력성의 하위변인은 부분적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 기관유형에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았다. 둘째, 사회적 지지는 원장의 회복탄력 성 전체와 하위변인 모두와 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. 셋째, 원장이 인지한 사회적 지지 중 정서적 지지와 평가적 지지가 높을수록 그리고 정보적 지지가 낮을수록 회복탄력성 전체를 높이는데 영향을 주었다. 이러한 결과는 원장의 교사 및 부모 코칭 역량을 증진시키기 위한 회복탄력성을 강화하며, 나아가 코칭 리더십 교육 등의 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

국문초록：본 논문에서는 지역혁신체제 및 혁신클러스터에서 상호작용을 촉진하는 주요 주체로서의 혁신중개인과 기업의 흡수역량 및 성과 간의 연계성을 기업 차원에서 탐구한다. 대덕연구개발특구 내 기업을 대상으로 한 실증연구결과, 기업이 활용하는 혁신중개인과의 관 계는 기업의 흡수역량과 혁신 및 경영성과에 긍정적인 영향을 유의하게 미치며, 흡수역량은 이 과정에서 강력한 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 혁신중개인이 기업의 혁신과정 에서 내부 활동을 대신할 수 있는 대체자라기보다는 보완재의 역할이 크다는 증거를 의미한 다. 본 연구는 기업의 혁신과정에서 흡수역량의 선행요인으로서 혁신중개인의 역할과 중요 성에 대한 이해에 기여한다.

본 연구는 열유도상분리법(thermally induced phase separation, TIPS)을 사용하여, 수처리 분리막에 적용하기 위해, 응고조의 온도 및 열용량의 변화에 따른 분리막의 모폴로지 변화를 관찰하였다. 분리막을 제조하기 위한 소재로는 기계적 물성과 내화학성이 우수한 poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)와 고분자의 분산 을 도와주는 무기염 소재인 실리카를 사용하였다. 희석제는 dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP)를 사용하였다. 다양한 응고액의 열용량 변화 및 온도에 따른 구조 변화 관찰을 위하여 SEM 이미지를 관찰하였다. 열용량이 증가하거나 응고조의 온도가 높을수록 PVDF의 결정화 속도가 느려져 큰 기공을 나타내며 열용량이 감소하거나 응고조의 온도가 낮을수록 결정화 속도가 증가 하여 작은 기공이 형성되는 것을 확인 하였다.

본 연구는 열유도 상분리법(thermally induced phase separation, TIPS)을 사용하여, 수처리 분리막에 적용하기 위 해, 응고조의 열용량의 변화를 위해 서로 다른 두 용액의 함량을 조절하였다. 또한, 온도의 변화를 통해 분리막의 구조 변화 에 대하여 관찰하였다. 분리막을 제조하기 위한 소재로는 수처리 분리막에 주로 이용되는 기계적 물성과 내화학성이 우수한 poly (vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)를 사용하였고, 첨가제로 실리카를 이용하였다. 희석제는 PVDF와 호환성이 좋은 dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP)를 사용하였다. 응고액의 함량 변화에 따른 열용량 변화에 따라 제조된 분리막의 구 조를 관찰하기 위해 SEM 이미지를 촬영하였다. 열용량이 증가할수록 PVDF의 결정화 속도가 느려져 큰 기공을 나타내며 열 용량이 작을수록 결정화 속도가 증가하여 작은 기공이 생기는 것을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 막 결합형 축전식 탈염공정의 단위셀의 단수를 늘려 적층된 10단 형태의 모듈을 설계하여 제작하 였다. 아민기가 함유된 폴리설폰(APSf)과 술폰기가 함유된 폴리이서이서케톤(SPEEK)을 합성하였으며 캐스팅법으로 다공성 탄소전극에 코팅하여 제조하였다. 10단 모듈에 대하여 흡착전압 및 시간, 탈착전압 및 시간, 공급액의 유속과 농도 등의 운전 조건과 CaSO4, MgCl2 등의 2가 이온 용액과 수도수에 대하여 염 제거효율을 측정하였다. 대표적으로 NaCl 100 mg/L의 공급 액을 사용하였을 때, 유속 100 mL/min, 흡착조건 1.2 V/3 min, 탈착조건 -0.5 V/5 min에서 98.3%의 염 제거효율을 보였다.