In this study, we analyzed seasonal variations in carbon dioxide fluxes, concentrations, and soil temperatures over three years in unvegetated tidal flats in the Beolgyo area. We also investigated the correlations between carbon dioxide fluxes and influencing factors. The average carbon dioxide flux was positive in summer and autumn but negative in winter and spring. A positive correlation was observed between carbon dioxide flux and soil temperature in spring whereas a negative correlation was noted in summer. In summer and autumn, as the soil temperature increased, the carbon dioxide flux decreased. In contrast, in spring and winter, as the soil temperature decreased, the carbon dioxide flux increased. Overall, this study reveals the significant influence of soil temperatures on carbon dioxide fluxes between the surface layer of the tidal flat and atmosphere.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum level of carbon dioxide to maximize the quality and yields of strawberries cultivated in a greenhouse. Specifically, two strawberry cultivars, namely, ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’, were subjected to varying concentrations of carbon dioxide and patterns linked to their productivity were noted. Both cultivars showed improvements across various physical variables (i.e., leaf area, crown diameter, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight) when carbon dioxide concentrations were at 1,500 ppm. The optimum carbon dioxide concentration for increased fruit yields and quality was 1,000 ppm. When carbon dioxide was at 1,000 ppm the yields of ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’ increased by 1.99 and 1.78 times, respectively, compared to control plants. The influence of carbon dioxide on fruit color was negligible. However, the carbon dioxide increased the sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of the experimental fruits compared to control plants. Specifically, the sugar-acid ratio, which is directly related to taste, was at its highest when the concentration of carbon dioxide was at 1,000 ppm (i.e., for both ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’). Overall, the application of carbon dioxide culminated in improved yields and fruit quality for both cultivars of interest.

In this study, carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature at different elevations were observed and analyzed in the upper atmosphere of mud flat and reed beds at low tide in Suncheon Bay. The carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature sensors were mounted on the drone, and the carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature by altitude (5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 40 m) at five points in the tidal flat and reed beds were observed in the morning and afternoon. The carbon dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere of the tidal flat ranged from 453.0 to 460.2 ppm in the morning and 441.6 to 449.7 ppm in the afternoon. The carbon dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere of the reed beds ranged from 448.9 to 452.4 ppm in the morning and 446.0 to 454.4 ppm in the afternoon. The carbon dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere of the tidal flat was higher in the morning than in the afternoon, and the carbon dioxide concentration decreased as the altitude increased. The carbon dioxide concentration in the upper atmosphere of the reed beds was similar in the morning and afternoon at all altitudes, and the carbon dioxide concentration decreased as the altitude increased. The correlation coefficient between carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature observed in the tidal flat in the morning was -0.54 ~ -0.77, and the correlation coefficient between carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature observed in the afternoon was 0.56 ~ 0.80. The correlation coefficient between carbon dioxide concentration and temperature observed in the morning in the reed field was low, below 0.3, and the correlation coefficient between carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature observed in the afternoon was 0.35 ~ 0.77. In the upper atmosphere of the tidal flats and reed beds, the linear function was suitable for the change of carbon dioxide concentration as a air temperature, and the coefficient of determination of the estimated linear function was higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Through this study, it was confirmed that the carbon dioxide concentration in the upper atmosphere of the tidal flat and the reed beds was different, and the increase rate of carbon dioxide concentration in the upper atmosphere of the tidal flat and the reed beds was higher in the afternoon than in the morning.

To improve the initial strength and stability of lightweight-foamed concrete, which shows suitable sound absorption and insulation characteristics, the effect of CO2-reduced cement on the properties of the concrete was investigated. Various mixing ratios were applied by substituting a certain amount of slag and Calcium Sulfo Aluminate (CSA) in CO2-reduced Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and the physical properties of the samples were examined using the Korean Standard. The kiln temperatures of the CSA were 100–200°C ; these values are lower than those of OPC and can lead to energy saving. In addition, the low limestone content reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20 %. Adding a small amount of CSA in OPC content activates Ca-Al-H2-based hydrates, and the initial compressive strength of the concrete is improved. As the CSA content increased, the thermal conductivity of the concrete decreased by up to 8% compared to plain concrete, thus indicating an improvement in its insulation. Therefore, the settlement stability was improved as the addition of CSA shortened the setting time.

In order to analyze the sensitivity of carbon dioxide flux by soil temperature in the grassplot, carbon dioxide flux and soil temperature were observed 24 times from March, 2010 to March, 2011 at nine sites in the grassplot. The average of CO2 in the grassplot is 2.2~36.7℃, the highest in August, the lowest in January, and the average of carbon dioxide flux is 12~1479 mgCO2·m-2·hr-1, and the carbon dioxide emission from the grassplot to the atmosphere was 10 times higher in summer than in winter. The temperature response coefficient estimated by the exponential function of carbon dioxide flux according to soil temperature was ranged from 0.1065 to 0.1274, and the increase tendency of CO2 flux with soil temperature was linear at 0~2 0℃and exponential at 20~40℃. The Q10 values for each of nine observation sites on the grassplot was in the range of 2.901 ~ 3.575, and the Q10 value using the total data observed in the lawn was estimated to be 3.374. In the homogeneous grassplot area, the average of Q10 values by observation point and the Q10 value by the total data were estimated similarly.

Various treatment modalities for vocal process granuloma include simple observation, antireflux therapy, voice therapy, botulinum injection, and steroid inhalation, but recurrence rates are high. Surgical excision can be considered in refractory and recurrent cases. In this study, the authors report the effectiveness of surgical excision using a carbon-dioxide laser with topical Mitomycin-C for the treatment of recurrent vocal process granuloma. The study included 28 patients with recurrent vocal process granuloma despite various treatments. The vocal process granuloma was excised using a carbon-dioxide laser and 1 cc of 0.4 mg/mL topical Mitomycin-C was applied for 4 minutes. Follow-up duration was 13-33 months (mean, 21.8 months). Of 28 patients, 19 (67.9%) were cured. Two who received surgical excision as a first-line treatment, 2 who used a steroid inhaler as a first-line treatment, and 5 who previously took antireflux medication as initial treatment showed recurrence. Surgical excision using a carbon-dioxide laser with topical application of Mitomycin-C is considered effective for recurrent vocal process granuloma.

This study assesses greenhouse gas evolution from construction-material manufacturing facilities and estimates the potential reduction of these gases via the future massive sequestration of carbon dioxide. The scope of the evaluation specifically targets the global-warming potential in terms of kg-CO2 equivalent/tonnage industrial waste. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to quantitatively analyze the input and output of a specific material resource during its life cycle from raw-material acquisition to final disposal as well as its environmental effect(s). LCA comprises four steps: its objective and definition of the scope, the entire life-cycle analysis list, an evaluation of its effects, and life-cycle analysis. The annual inflow of petro-ash reaches 300,000 tons, and this material is transported via screw-driving systems. The composition of the petro-ash is 1.2% volatile compounds, 6.8% fixed carbon and 92% ash contents. A total of 38,181,891 Nm3/yr of carbon dioxide is sequestrated, which is equivalent to 75,000 tons per annum and 304.5 kg/ton of petro-ash waste, with 250 kg/ton of the latter sequestrated as calcium carbonate. The final analysis on the effect of one ton of petro ash in construction materials showed 27.6 kg-CO2 eq emission. According to the final LCA analysis, only 27.6 kg-CO2 eq/ton was emitted by the petro-ash that was used in construction materials if CO2 fixation during carbonate mineralization was considered, where -250 kg-CO2 eq/ton positively contributed to the LCA. In the future, commercial-scale process modification via the realization of continuous processes and the more efficient reduction of carbon dioxide is anticipated.

In this research, carbon dioxide is captured and chemically converted to high purity calcium carbonate salt which can be used for various industrial fields. Aqueous indirect inorganic carbonation methods were applied throughout the research and seawater-based industrial wastewater was utilized for metal ion supply. For CO2 capture, representative alkanolamine absorbent solutions in 30 wt% concentration were used, that is, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). For high purity metal ion separation, calcium ion contained in the seawater-based industrial waster was separated in the form of gypsum followed by the carbonation reaction to form high purity calcium carbonate salt. Consiering the final products and their economic cost, the cycle using MEA will be proper. However, if MDEA can be used, the amount of carbon dioxide capture capacity per cycle would be great. Also, conceptual continuous cycle which produces calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate was suggested. This research may help the nations such as European nations or east asian countries like Korea and Japan where no adequate CO2 storages exist and crust activities are in progress, if commercialized.

In this study, alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete made with blast furnace slag (BFS) was investigated as a replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete for changes in the compressive strength before and after CO2 exposure and chemical reactions with CO2. Before CO2 exposure, the compressive strength of AAS concrete was found to be up to 21 MPa, which was higher than that of OPC concrete. Exposing AAS concrete to CO2 at 5,000 ppm for 28 days did not significantly change the compressive strength. In contrast, the compressive strength of OPC concrete decreased by 13% in the same conditions. In addition, AAS concrete had the highest CO2 capture capacity of greater than 50 g CO2/kg, while the CO2 capture capacity of OPC concrete was only 2.5 g CO2/kg. Rietveld analyses using XRD results showed that fractions of main calcium-silicate-hydration (C-S-H) gels on the surface of AAS concrete did not significantly drop after CO2 exposure; the C-S-H gel on the AAS concrete was continuously produced by reacting with the SiO2 produced after the reaction with CO2 and Ca(OH)2 inside the concrete, with the result that the compressive strength of AAS concrete did not change after CO2 exposure. Thus, AAS concrete can be applied to CO2-rich environments as both a stable construction material and a CO2 sequestrate agent.

전 세계적으로 가금류의 소비가 증가함에 따라, 가금류와 관련된 폐기물 증가해왔다. 이 가금류 관련 폐기물의 지속적으로 처리함과 동시에 에너지 회수를 위하여, 본 연구에서는 이산화탄소 조건하에서 열분해를 진행하였다. 이산화탄소의 영향을 조사하기 위해, 일반적으로 열분해 공정에서 사용되는 질소조건을 기준으로 하여, 열중량 분석, 열분해에서 발생한 가스 및 타르를 분석, 비교하였다. 먼저 열중량 분석은 25℃부터 900℃로 진행하였으며, 분석한 결과에 의하면 650℃까지 물리적인 차이가 없었다. 다음으로 이산화탄소의 화학적인 영향을 조사하기 위해, 열분해(270℃부터 720℃)에서 발생한 주요 가스인 수소, 메탄, 이산화탄소 각각의 농도에 대해 분석하였고, 최종적으로 발생한 타르의 양을 측정하였다. 이산화탄소의 효과로서 일산화탄소가 증가하고 타르발생량이 감소하였다. 이 결과에 의하면, 열분해에서 발생한 VOCs가 이산화탄소 조건에서 더 쉽게 분해되었고, 이에 따라 일산화탄소가 증가한 것으로 보여진다. 본 연구는 잠재적인 지구온난화 가스인 이산화탄소를 이용함으로써 효율적인 에너지회수를 동반한 폐기물을 처리할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시한다.

폐시멘트, 폐콘크리트, 제강 슬래그, 폐수 등을 포함하여 다양한 폐기물들이 여러 산업으로부터 배출되고 있다. 그런데 이러한 폐기물들은 Mg2+ 이온, Ca2+ 이온을 다량 포함하고 있다고 알려져 있다. 폐기물 처리 시 이러한 금속 이온을 활용한다면 MgCO3, CaCO3 등 다른 유용한 물질로 전환시킬 수 있다. 이를 위해 지구온난화를 일으키는 주요 원인으로 알려진 이산화탄소를 사용할 수 있고, 이는 이산화탄소 저감 및 폐기물 처리를 동시에 해결할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서는 CO2의 용이한 전달을 돕기 위한 습식 흡수제에 대해 제안하고 Henry constant, Diffusivity, 총괄반응속도상수(kov)를 측정하였다. 흡수제는 7 wt% 암모니아, 3 wt% ʟ-Arginine, 1 wt% 부식방지제(Imidazole과 1,2,3-Benzotriazole)를 물에 녹여 제조하였다. 암모니아는 기존에 습식흡수제로 사용되던 MEA보다 저렴한 가격을 가지고 있으며 CO2 흡수 능력 또한 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 최근 아미노산은 우수한 CO2 흡수능력과 친환경적인 특성으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 두 종류의 부식방지제는 암모니아에 의해 발생할 수 있는 플랜트 장비의 부식을 방지하기 위해 첨가되었다. 303.15 K에서 333.15 K의 온도에서 실험이 진행되었으며 실험 결과와 CO2/N2O analogy를 이용해 각 값을 계산하였다.

도시생활폐기물소각재(MSWI ash)을 매립하게 되면 장기적으로 중금속이 침출된다. 급속탄산화를 통하여 MSWI ash 내의 중금속을 탄산염 형태로 고정하여, 중장기적으로 침출을 방지할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 급속 탄산화 방법을 통하여 소각재인 fly ash의 중금속 저감 및 이산화탄소 저감에 대해 수행하였다. NH4OH, NH4SCN, 및Ca(OH)2를 이용하여 test 하였으며, 소각재의 중금속을 탄산화 전, 후를 비교하여 중금속이 침출량을 비교 하였다. 추가적으로 이산화탄소가 fly ash에 포집된 이산화탄소 저감량을 나타내면서 이산화탄소 흡수제의 재사용 가능성을 확인하였다. 흡수제를 재생하는 과정에서 나온 CO32-이온에 의해 탄산화 된 금속염들의 성분 분석을 위해, XRD (X-ray diffraction analyzer(Ultima Ⅳ))를 사용하였다. 그리고 FE-SEM(Field emission scanning electron microscope, JEOL-7800)으로 filtering후 건조시킨 샘플과 fly ash의 표면구조를 촬영하고 비교하였다.

온실가스인 이산화탄소는 다른 온실가스에 비해 Global Warming Potential(GWP)가 가장 낮지만 배출량이 전체 온실가스 중 88 %의 비중을 차지하고 있다. 많은 국가에서 기후변화에 관심을 가지고 이산화탄소 저감에 대한 연구개발이 활발히 일어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 암모늄 화합물을 이용하여 이산화탄소를 포집하고 산업폐기물의 금속이온을 이용하여 무기재료인 탄산칼슘을 생성하는 다양한 방법을 소개한다. 탄산칼슘 생성을 위해 칼슘이온이 포함된 탈황석고, 폐시멘트를 이용하였다. 결과에서 이산화탄소 포집 성능 및 최종생성물의 결정구조를 확인하였으며, 이산화탄소 loading 값  는 약 2.0의 값을 가진다. X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope의 분석을 통하여 탄산칼슘이 생성되었음을 확인하였으며, 결정구조는 Vaterite가 생성됨을 확인할 수 있다. 효과적인 공정을 위하여, 생성물을 생성한 후 용액을 회수하여 재이용할 수 있어 연속적인 공정이 가능하다. 회수된 용액의 재이용의 가능성을 보기위하여 이산화탄소를 재흡수 시키면서 같은 공정을 2cycle씩 진행하여, 연속적인 공정의 잠재성을 확인하였다.

Background : The effective components of Omija(Schisandra chinensis Bailllon) are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija, which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine effective condition(CO2, CO2+ethanol) on extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) system and to find interrelation on effective components and antioxidant activity of extracts and residues obtained after extraction. Effective components were analysed lignans and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activirty was determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability on methanol extracts of SFE-extract and SFE-residue. On SFE with ethanol, SFE extract was separated two phase, upper(water phase) and lower(oil phase). SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content(61.36 mg/g, 72.14 mg/g on lower, 50.58 mg/g on upper) and the lowest total phenolic compounds(6.52 mg/100g) and SFE-residue showed the lowest total lignans content(1.45 mg/g) and the highest total phenolic compounds(16.23 mg/100g) by extracted on CO2+ethanol treatment. SFE-residue methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging abilities and SFE-extract upper showed the lowest. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content, but SFE-residue showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability although the lowest total lignans content.

This study was conducted to serve as the basis for establishing a standard cultivation, which enhances the alternative utilization of pig manure, a major cause of environmental pollution, by finding a means for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for eco-friendly cultivation. In a laboratory, CH4 and CO2 emission patterns were investigated corresponding to incremental pig manure treatments in paddy soil. The emissions peaked 12 to 27 days after manure application in the 100~400% applications. It was found that increasing applications of pig manure resulted an increase in CH4 and CO2 emissions. Additionally, application of more than 150% emitted a larger amount of these gasses than applying chemical fertilizer. However, the test application of 100% pig manure emitted a smaller amount of CH4 and hence Global Warming Potential (GWP) than those emitted by chemical fertilizer. If appropriate amount of fertilization is applied in compliance with the standard application rate, the pig manure may be effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the soil environment made more favorable than with the use of chemical fertilizer.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is gradually increasing as industrial activity is being facilitated. Since most of the industries are getting their energy from fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas, carbon dioxide production is inevitable. However, by applying suitable carbon capture process at the end of the carbon dioxide emission facilities, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to atmosphere can be significantly reduced. Thus, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have been developed by many nations. In that technology, captured carbon dioxide is stored in deep ocean or the underground holes. However, considering environmental effects and geological distinct characteristics, CCS technologies are thought to be developed finding new way to handle captured carbon dioxide. One of the method is to turn captured carbon dioxide into precipitated calcium carbonate salt by adding calcium ions. Conventionally, calcium carbonate salt formation is achieved by reaction under high pressure and temperature. However, this method requires large amount of energy to maintain reaction condition. Hence, carbon dioxide reduction and utilization technology through carbon fixation or carbonation in aqueous phase is proposed in this research. Using aqueous absorbent, carbon dioxide is captured and precipitated calcium carbonate salt was formed by adding calcium ions. All of the reaction occurred under ambient temperature and pressure (1 atm, 298.15 K). The amount of carbon dioxide reduction as well as yield of precipitated calcium carbonate salt were considered. Also, through instrumental analysis including Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), possibility of final product utilization was investigated.

Mineral carbonation, the return technology of Carbon dioxide into the Nature as a generating source, has been studied by advanced countries. Industrial by-products can be used as economical resource for mineral carbonation. This study is intended as an investigation of effluent recycling of liquid carbonation with carbon dioxide fixation using industrial by-products. The nitrogen and carbon dioxide was used by mixing the same as the exhaust gas concentration 15vol%. Carbon dioxide absorbent was used as Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) concentration of 5~30wt% and then concentration of carbon dioxide absorption were analyzed. After carbonation reaction, Concentration of dissolved inorganic cations and conversion of carbonation were analyzed by ion chromatography, thermogravimetric, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope(SEM). Effluent was recycled MEA and water using RO system. These results Confirmed potential of CO2 reduction and Utilization of carbonation using industrial by-products.

CO2 emitted from building materials and construction materials industry reaches about 67 million tons, which occupy about 30% of CO2 emitted from the construction field. Controls on the use of consumed fossil fuels and reduction of emission gases are essential for the reduction of CO2 in the construction area as we reduce the second and third curing to emit CO2 in the construction materials industry. Accordingly, this study applied the low energy curing admixture (hereinafter “LA”) to the extruded panels to observe the physical properties, depending on the mixing amount of fiber, type of fiber and mixing ratio of fiber. The type of fiber did not appear to be a main factor to affect strength, while the LA mixing ratio and mixing amount of fiber appeared to be major factors to affect strength. Especially, the highest strength was developed when the LA mixing ratio was 40%, whereas the test object with the mixing ratio of 50% resulted in the decrease of strength. In addition, it appeared that the mixing ratio of fiber greatly affected flexural strength and strength increased as the mixing ratio increased.

Enlargement of street tree planting area is the proper and effective solution to reduce carbon dioxide. This solution bases on the ability of carbon storage and uptake by tree metabolism. However, the circumstance of road side has fatal disadvantages in tree metabolism such as growth and maturity because cutting and filling of roadsides cause unnatural soil composition. In this point, early rootage of street tree is the main factor of reducing carbon dioxide. This study aimed to find a appropriate transplantation planting method for sound and rapid rootage of street tree. For the study, Korean Mountain Ash(Sorbus alnifolia) were used for experimental groups. The groups were categorized by three groups such as trees produced on container with mulching treatment, trees produced in outdoor with mulching treatment, trees produced on container with weeding treatment. Each group consisted 10 trees with same size and transplanted in experimental site. Five months after transplanting, each group was estimated the biomass and carbon storage through a direct harvesting method. According to results of the study, the carbon storage of trees produced on container with mulching treatment is 42% more than trees produced in outdoor with mulching treatment. And the carbon storage of trees produced on container with mulching treatment is 19.5% more than trees produced on container with weeding treatment. These results may imply that transplantation of container produced tree with mulching treatment is the most rapid rootage among other groups. The weeding treatment is more effective than mulching treatment for rapid rootage of street trees.