Apple borers such as oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Totricidae), and peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) can reduce the yield and its quality if not managed properly. Even peach fruit moth infestation in harvested apple could produce quarantine problem in exportation. We investigated the temporal distribution of apple borers infestation in an apple orchard where the infestation level of fruit was around 95% from September to early December, 2010. Every week, 150 apples were harvested from the apple orchard in Giran, Andong, Korea and 50 apples were cut to monitor the number of larval infestation. At the same time another 100 apples were kept in plastic container inside and outside the laboratory 50 each to check the escape of the infested larvae for overwintering cocoon formation. All larvae collected were identified based on the morphology and also verified by DNA sequence. The study indicates that the numbers of the infested larvae increased from September to October second week and then slightly decreased until early December with similar number of holes per apple. The holes produced by the escaping larvae were mostly found on dorsal side of the apple, but less on basal portion. Most of the infested larvae escaped from apple during late October to early November. Based on morphological characters such as anal comb, crocket and pupation shelter, the collected larvae were identified. 42.31% of larvae were G.molesta, 52.59% of larvae were C.sasakii and 5.10% were other species not identified.

본 연구는 낙동강 진우도 전면의 해빈 포집시험구에서의 비사의 방향성을 조사하고 이를 바탕으로 해안표사 및 비사이동의 정량적․ 정성적 해석을 수행하고자 하였다. 춘계 약 1개월간 조사된 비사포집 결과를 바탕으로 해안사구 전면의 표사는 거동하며 서남(WS)방향에서 우 세하였다. 하지만 기상관측소 자료에 따른 풍향과 포집된 모래의 방향과는 다소 차이를 나타내었다.

Lettuce was a leaf vegetable with short growing term and cold-tolerant plant. We grew it the whole year. The price of lettuce is the most expensive from July to September. But damages by lots of insect pests appear to greenhouse grown lettuce in summer season. In this study, we observed biological controls of western flower thrips(Franklinella occidentalisi) by the predator mites, Amblyseius swirskii and Neoseiulus cucumeris in lettuce greenhouse from July 7 to September 10. Hypoaspis aculerfer larvae and adults were released 30 individuals per m2 at the first one time as lettuce was planted on the greenhouse. We checked the density of F. occidentalis every 10 days on the 30 lettuce leaves. When the population of F. occidentalis reached 1~5 individuals per a leaf, A. swirskii larvae and adults were released 35 individuals per m2 at 1~3 times and Neoseiulus cucumeris larvae and adults also were released 150 individuals per m2 at 2~3 times in each lettuce greenhouse. During the high temperature season, Amblyseius swirskii was more effective biological controls of F. occidentalis than Neoseiulus cucumeris.

Two male reticulated giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), 21-year-old, died of nutritional deficiency that primarily caused by serious tooth wear at Seoul Zoo in winter. A 970 kg-weighed giraffe showed tooth wear of premolars, molars and incisors at necropsy. A foreign body in the rumen, congestion and ulcer of abomasum and duodenum were also observed. Mild appearance of serous fat atrophy in pericardial sac suggests that lack of nutritional intake caused by tooth wear can become harmful enough to threat life. At the necropsy of a 1,290 kg-weighed giraffe, a large quantity of sandy soil were found in the rumen which would stuck the pathway of well-fermented ruminal contents at esophageal groove. Nutritional deficiency could be suspected to urge this giraffe to graze grass on the ground along with sandy soil. Secondarily, the soil damaged teeth and become a culprit making irregular tooth wear and mild serous fat atrophy. Nutritionally good care of geriatric animals is needed especially for browsing animals like giraffes and critically in winter season.

진해만 광역해역에서 하계 식물플랑크톤의 수평적 군집 구조를 파악하기 위해서 16개 정점에서 식물플랑크톤 개체수 밀도와 환경요인을 조사하였다. 식물플랑크톤은 총 66종이 출현하였고, 전체의 80% 이상이 규조류의 점유율을 보였고, 다음으로 와편모조류와 라피도조류순으로 관찰되었다. 규조류의 우점종은 Chaetoceros affinis, C. didymus, C. pseudocurvisetus, Leptocylindrus danicus, Pseudo-nitz

본 연구는 집박쥐의 비번식기 행동권을 분석하기 위하여 경상북도 경주시의 집박쥐 주간 휴식장소를 대상으로 수행하였다. 박쥐의 포획은 새끼의 출산이 이루어지기 이전인 2009년 5월 4, 10, 18일에 하였으며, 암, 수 각각 3개체씩 총 6개체를 이용하였다. 행동권 분석을 위한 원격무선추적은 발신기(LTM Single Stage Radio Transmitter, 0.38g), 수신기(R2000 ATS receiver, Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc., Isanti, MN), Yagi 안테나(Three element Yagi antenna) 및 차량용 안테나(Roof mounted antenna)를 이용하였으며, 분석에는 ArcGIS 3.3 (ESRI Inc.) Animal Movement Extension 2.0을 이용하였다. 집박쥐의 행동권 분석결과 평균 행동권은 14.46±3.44ha로 조사되었으며, 암컷은 16.83±1.96ha 그리고 수컷은 12.08±2.96ha의 행동권을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 암컷과 수컷의 행동권에서 평균적으로 암컷이 더 큰 행동권을 보이는 결과를 나타내었으나, 통계적으로 유의적인 차이는 확인되지 않았다(t=2.32, p〉0.05). 또한 각각의 위치정보를 기준으로 주간 휴식지에서의 최대 이동 거리는 평균 468.73±94.38m 로 나타났으며, 암컷(422.73±10.38m)과 수컷(514.74±125.74m)간의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다(t=-1.26, p〉0.05).

We report herein the successful results of estrus induction, sperm cryopreservation and kids born by transcervical insemination of frozen-thawed semen in a Saanen goat. Flugestone acetate (FGA: 60 mg) was inserted into vagina for 15 days. The goat was intramuscularly injected with 400 IU PMSG and 200 IU hCG (: Intervet, Korea) a day before withdrawal of the FGA sponge. Follicles and corpora lutea were identified on both ovaries by laparoscopy. Artificial insemination was performed 46 hours after removal of FGA sponge. The concentration of frozen-thawed semen was and 0.5 ml of frozen-thawed semen was transcervically inseminated into uterine body under anesthesia. Three kids, all females, were born 144 days after artificial insemination. This is the first report producing kids by transcervical insemination of frozen-thawed semen in a Saanen goat of which the estrus was induced by FGA sponges, PMSG and hCG during non-breeding season in Korea.

태안해안국립공원의 번식기에 서식하는 조류 현황을 파악하기 위하여 공원내 해안선 지역과 10개의 도서 지역을 선정하여 2009년 7월 5일부터 9일까지 3개 팀으로 나누어 동시 조사하였다. 전체 관찰종은 58종 7,323개체였고, 해안선 지역은 48종 6,187개체, 도서 지역은 33종 1,136개체였다. 공원내 최우점종은 괭이갈매기로서 약 60%에 이르며, 공원과 인접한 도서에서 집단 번식한 개체로 추정된다. 한편, 연안 지역에서만 관찰된 조류는 흰뺨검둥오리, 물닭, 중백로 등 25종 318개체이고, 도서 지역에서만 관찰된 조류는 가마우지, 칼새, 섬개개비 등 10종 308개체였다. 도서지역에서는 가의도를 비롯한 유인도서에서 종과 개체수가 높게 나타났는데, 도서 면적과 수자원 유무, 다양한 서식지와 관련 있는 것으로 판단된다. 과거 자료와 금번 조사 결과, 주요 우점종은 유사한 경향을 보이고 있으며, 2007년 기름유출 사고 지역임에도 2004년보다 수조류가 증가한 점에서 회복되어가는 것으로 판단된다. 현재 태안해안국립공원과 인접한 연안은 매립과 조력발전소가 조성 및 예정되고 있고, 도서지역은 펜션증가 등이 예상되면서 중요한 서식지 훼손과 교란이 예상된다. 이러한 위협요인에 대비하고, 공원의 적절한 관리를 위해서는 조류정보가 부족한 도서 지역에 대한 조류모니터링을 강화하거나 탐조가의 조류결과를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있는 조류정보시스템이 우선적으로 필요하다고 판단된다.

본 연구는 2007년 6월 23일부터 6월 29일까지 제주도에 위치한 말 목장의 방목지에서 말의 연령에 따른 군별 행동양식을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 공시마는 육성마군 3세 11두, 육성마군 1세 12두를 대상으로 행동을 조사하였다. 연령에 따른 행동의 차이가 약간 나타나 육성마(1세) 군에서는 채식이 56%, 기립 23%, 횡와 10%, 보행 5%, 러닝 2.5%, 음수가 3%였다. 육성마 1세의 3두의 개체별 행동발현은 개체차이가 나타났으며 비율의 평

본 연구는 경주마 생산 육성에 중요한 종빈마의 패독과 방목지에 있어 군별 및 개체별 행동양식을 조사하여 경주마 사양관리의 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 실시하였다. 방목 중인 포유 종빈마군에서는 채식이 62%, 기립 휴식이 31%, 음수가 3%, 횡와 휴식이 1%, 보행이 1%, 수유 행동은 2%가 발현되었는데 러닝은 발현되지 않았다. 포유 종빈마 개체별(3필) 행동발현비율의 평균은 채식이 295분으로 55%, 기립 휴식이 193분으로 36%, 보행과 음수가

경주국립공원내 서식하는 들고양이의 동계 비발정기 행동권 분석을 위하여 2008년 10월부터 2009년 1월까지 암 수 각 1개체에 대하여 원격 무선추적을 실시하였다. 조사결과 국립공원 산림외곽의 상가 및 주택단지에 서식하고 있는 개체(♂)는 100% MPC 0.18 km2, 95% KR 0.10 km2, 50% KR 0.02 km2로 조사되었으며, 산림 내 백운암 사찰 주변에 서식하고 있는 개체(♀)는 100% MPC 0.31 km2, 95% KR 0.28 km2, 50% KR 0.03 km2로 나타나 산림내 서식 개체가 산림외곽 서식개체보다 더 큰 행동권을 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 주 야간의 행동권 분석 결과, 국립공원 외곽에서 서식하는 개체와 산림내 서식 개체 모두 야간의 행동권이 주간보다 크게 나타났으며, 주 야간 행동권 모두 산림내 서식 개체가 산림 외곽 서식 개체에 비해서 더 큰 것으로 분석되었다.

Most captive canids and felids at Zoos in advanced countries have been examined enough to apply artificial reproductive techniques to them. We investigated reproductive hormones and vaginal epithelial cells of a 6-year-old, female coyote, hoping these data could eventually be extended to artificial insemination with frozen-thawed conspecific semen at Seoul Zoo. As a relative of pet dogs, coyote exhibited a similar appearance with only minor differences. In vaginal smear, an increase in the number of superficial cells suggests that the bitch has reached a state close to estrus. A sudden decrease of estradiol and increase of progesterone is considered as a preovulatory event. Vaginal epithelial cells and hormones might be useful for determining the optimal time of artificial insemination in coyotes' breeding.

This experiment was conducted to compare forage production and grass intakes of warm season grasses for grazing horses in Jeju. The experimental field located at 450m altitude(Jeju Horse Training Center of Korea Racing Association) was divided into 3different treatment plots(3replications) without a fence between treatments, and sown by three treatments(bermudagrass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass+bahiagrass mixture). Three castrated adult horse a were kept on pasture from the 1 of October to the end of October without supplementary concentrates. 'Bahiagrass' cultivar showed the highest dry matter (DM) yield with 8,887㎏/㏊ than those in other treatments (bermudagrass 8,699, bermudagrass+bahiagrass mixture 8,385㎏/㏊). The percentage of grass intakes was higher in the treatment of bahiagrass(92%) than those in other treatments(bermudagrass+bahiagrass mixture 89, bermudagrass78%). The results indicate that the warm season grasses of bermudagrass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass+bahiagrass mixture can be used for grazing pasture of horses in the Jeju.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate forage yield and feed value of warm season grass in subtropical area. The species having the fastest heading date was bermudagrass 'ecotype' (24th April) while the heading date of bahia grass 'Argentine' was the latest as 13th August. Plant height and dry matter of switch grass was the highest. Dry matter yield of switch grass was usually greater t㏊n the other entries in Jeju and Wando. Bermudagrass cultivars had higher CP concentration t㏊n the other entries. NDF and ADF concentration in switchgrass was higher t㏊n in bermudgarss and bahiagrass cultivars.

The seasonal occurrence of insect pests in watermelon cultivated in greenhouses was surveyed in Gochang from 2006 to 2007 considering three seasonal types of culture: forcing culture, semi-forcing culture and retarding culture. Aphis gossypii, mites (Tetranychus urticae+T. kanzawai) and Palpita indica were the most serious pest species in watermelon greenhouse culture. A. gossypii and mites showed high density during the months of June and September in semi-forcing and retarding culture, respectively. Palpita indica was observed only in retarding culture. Leaf damage by Palpita indica was observed from the middle of August and peaked to 79.4% damage in the middle of September. Thrips and whiteflies were captured in high density by the yellow sticky trap in semi-forcing culture and retarding culture but these insects showed low population density in watermelon leaves.