Fluid motion within the internal combustion engine cylinder plays a major role in controlling the fuel/air mixing and combustion processes in spark-ignition engines, and the combustion processes in compressionignition engines. In-cylinder flow is quite unstable and varies from one cycle to another. Various methods of in-cylinder flow measurement and fuel/air mixing characterization have been developed during the past few decades. In particular, laser based flow diagnostic techniques have been utilized for this purpose. This study will focus on the quantification of spark-ignition engine in-cylinder flow using the laser based flow diagnostic techniques. The measurement methods, including high speed flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), will be discussed.

Royal banquets under the reign of King Sunjo saw developments in the playacting stage, which exhibited characteristics unique to the transitionary period between Jeongjo and Gojong this period established the framework of the Joseon Dynasty’s playacting stage construction. Starting with the Jagyeongjeon-Hall banquet and continuing into the Year of the Golden Rat banquet, the next-day banquet by the Crown Prince demonstrates a renewed format, with the stage also changing accordingly. This change was substantiated by more assertive use of the Red Blind and gabjang. Previously, the Red Blind has been installed in the palace hall and around the royal courtyard, to form three sides, but as next-day banquets became more frequent under Sunjo, the Red Blind developed and came to be installed in accordance with the hierarchy within the royal family. In the Year of the Golden Rat banquet, the Red Blind was lifted and the throne of the crown prince was situated in the palace hall. In the banquet of the following year, however, the Red Blind was let down and the crown prince’s throne was placed outside, in palace court yard. This seems to have been a gesture to reorient the crown prince’s political standing and restore Sunjo’s sovereignty the following year. Hence, the installation of the Red Blind developed in accordance with the royal hierarchy and ranks under Sunjo’s reign. The gabjang provided the second layer of protection for the playacting stage. The hongjeongju gabjang surrounded the stage in multiple layers and served as a partition. The gabjang from the Year of the Golden Bull banquet, in particular, boasted a unique installation, where it dangled from both sides of the royal palace’s facade. Hongjeongju gabjang, lapis lazuli gabjang, red gabjang, and yellow curtains were installed in the stated order to reflect Sunjo’s 40th birthday as well as the 30-year anniversary of his coronation. The Red Blind and gabjang from Sunjo’s years were positioned in creative ways to reinstate the royal authority, and demonstrated many improvements from those of Jeongjo’s reign.

내연산일대 산림식생의 생태적 관리를 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 Z.-M.학파의 식물사회학적 방법으로 총 149개의 표본조사구에서 식생조사를 실시하여 식생유형을 구분하고 그 생태적 특성을 파악하였다. 산림식생은 종조성 측면에서 총 10개 유형으로 구분되었고 2개 군락군, 4개 군락, 6개 아군락 그리고 6개 변군락의 단위체계를 가지고 있었다. 상층 우점종에 의한 상관식생은 총 19개 유형으로 구분되었고 이 중 자연식생은 신갈나무군락, 소나무군락, 망개나무군락, 헛개나무군락 등 18개 유형 그리고 인공식생은 일본잎갈나무림 1개 유형이었다. 구성종의 중요치 분석 결과 잠재자연식생 요소인 신갈나무가 다른 구성종에 비하여 대부분의 임분에서 상대적으로 중요치가 높게 나타나 인위적 간섭이 없는 한 일부 입지를 제외하고 대부분 신갈나무군락으로의 변화가 예상되었다. 산림식생의 공간분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 상층 우점종에 의해 1/5,000 대축척 현존상관식생도를 작성한 결과, 자연식생이 98.2%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었으며, 식생 패치수는 733개 그리고 패치당 평균면적은 3.93ha로 나타났다.

Hydrogen has the very high heating value by comparing with other fuels and its combustion exhausts no carbon. But hydrogen causes the very high adiabatic flame temperature which generates thermal NOx. In this study, two cases of experiments were performed to compare engine characteristics. First and second cases are for only diesel combustion engine and mixed hydrogen diesel engine respectively. To verify the effect of mixed hydrogen-diesel combustion engine, the exhausted gas from modified dual fuel diesel engine was analyzed. In addition, diesel consumption per kWh for each case was estimated to validate its economic feasibility. By mixing hydrogen with 5kW brown(hydrogen-oxygen mixture) gas generator, the amount of CO(carbon mono-oxide) decreased from 330ppm to 210ppm by improving combustion and the amount of NOx increased from 390ppm to 520ppm by higher temperature of combustion chamber. Diesel consumption per kWh decreased from 450cc to 410cc but actually increased until 480cc because of the power of brown gas generator

Compounding Binding words, transliteration words, and onomatopoetic words of Chinese language into the kind of onomatopoeia. Each word of its inside is called the character sued for onomatopoeia is thought to only record the one syllable sound without meaning. The result reveals, these characters are all independent morpheme, can all become words independently. The feasible reason of this research is, first, cut character temporarily ingrammar words. The second, word feature is different from word using. The third, Chinese character has its feature oneself ---- morphological features. This paper analyzes down from a point is identical with linguistics western. Enumerate seven reasons of the needing for internal word. Illustrate its morpheme, morphological feature, and use with examples. The researcher has the experience foundation that analyzing “hé”（和）, in idea has the commonality cognition - -morpheme between Chinese and English, the attention of the independent unit of Chinese - -individual feature of Chinese characters. This research can reset Chinese character’s location in linguistics.

선박은 박판으로 구성되어 있는 판구조물이며 사고하중을 받으면 압괴, 마찰접촉, 찢김, 대변형 등 같은 복잡한 비선형 거동을 경험하게 된다. 이런 구조물의 붕괴거동을 해석적인 방법으로 평가하기란 매우 힘들며 일반적으로 실험 및 외연적 시간적분을 이용하여 구조물의 압괴·충돌강도를 추정하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 내연적 시간적분, 외연적 시간적분 결과를 비교하여 합리적이고 효과적인 해석기법을 제안하고자 한다. 이번 수치 시뮬레이션 간 범용 유한요소해석

1997년 4월부터 1998년 4월까지 경상북도 내연산 일대의 관속식물상 조사를 실시한 결과, 관속식물은 100과, 350속, 538속, 1아종, 92변종, 10품종, 1교잡종 총 642종류(texa)를 확인하였으며, 이 중 211종류는 금번조사에서 새롭게 추가하였다. 특히 고란초, 부들, 창포, 꽃창포, 노랑무늬붓꽃, 산작약, 둥근잎꿩의 비름, 꿩의 바람꽃, 연잎꿩의다리, 참좁쌀풀 등의 희귀 및 멸종위기 식물을 확증표본과 함께 보고함으로써 본 지역 식물상 조사에 큰 의의가 있다고 판단된다. 본 조사에서 확인한 희귀 및 멸종위기 식물은 총 29종류로서, 환경부 법정보호식물이 3종류, 환경부에서 실시하고 있는 전국자연환경조사에서 제시한 특정식물종 중 정밀생태종은 27종류, 그리고 산림청 희귀 및 멸종위기 식물은 15종류로 나타났으며, 둥근잎꿔의 비름, 망개나무, 노랑무늬붓꽃 등의 분포 등에 대해 논하였다.

This paper gives a controller design method by Linear Matrix Inequality(LMI) for internal combustion engine with Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT) which satisfies the given H∞ control performance and robust stability in the presence of physical parameter perturbations. To the end, the validity and applicability of this approach are illustrated by simulation in the all engine operating regions.

In this paper, the behaviour of cavitation erosion, influence of corrosion and corrosion control on slide bearing metals for internal combustion engine were investigated, and this experiment was done by the vibratory cavitation erosion tester. The main results obtained are as follows: 1. With decreasing the space between horn and specimen, the weight loss and its rate increased step by step. But the weight loss and its rate of 0.2mm space decreased conversely more than that of 0.4mm space at early stage. 2. The weight loss and its rate with change of pH were appeared to the order of pH2>pH12>pH7>pH4. And the weight loss and its rate at pH 4 decreased at best. 3. The weight loss and its rate by cavitation erosion for bearing metals were shown to the order of W.M7>W.M1>K.M4. 4. There appeared mainly small pit hole at pH2, and appeared the pit of netting thread type at pH12 by the results of the damaged surfaces at pH2 and pH12 environments that were sensitive to cavitation erosion. 5. With increasing the viscosity of lubricating oil, the weight loss rate by cavitation erosion became dull at the space below 0.5mm. 6. The protective efficiency of cavitation erosion-corrosion is superior inhibitor of chormate(25 ppm) to cathodic protection.

이 연구는 한석원(韓錫源) 목사의 “責任의 自覺”(1922)과 이 글이 갖는 현재적 함의를 내연(內燃)과 외연(外延)의 원리에 초점을 맞추어 분석하려 는 데 목적이 있다. 그는 갈라디아서 6장 5절의 말씀(“각각 자기의 짐을 질 것이라”)을 성경본문으로 설정하여 이 글을 저술했다. “責任의 自覺”은 1922년 7월 일제강점기에 출판된 『宗敎界諸名士講演集』(개신교 저명한 선각자들의 설교문집)에 수록되어 있다. 한석원의 글 “責任의 自覺”에서 보여주는 핵심적인 논점들과 주요사안 들을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한석원이 논하는 ‘내연’으로서의 책임의 자각에 대해서 고찰했으 며 고결한 인격, 경건한 신앙심, 탁월한 자격, 영성, 지속적인 각성, 성경읽 기와 기도, 잘못된 습관을 교정하는 일, 믿음과 행위의 일치(信行一致) 등 이 내연에 해당된다. 둘째, 한석원의 첫째 논지를 확장하여 계속해서 그가 논하는 ‘외연’으로 서의 책임의 자각에 대하여 다루었다. 그는 진정한 이타주의는 성경적 청지기 정신과 자기희생에서 비롯된다고 확신했으며 그리스도인은 자신의 범주를 넘어서서(외연하여) 가정, 교회, 사회, 민족, 그리고 국가를 대상으 로 반드시 이타주의를 실천해야 한다는 점을 강조했다. 한석원 목사가 남긴 의미심장한 발자취와 그가 남긴 주요 공적에 비추 어 볼 때 본 연구자는 향후 그와 연관된 연구를 외연함으로써 이 주제 외 에도 문서선교, 주일학교 교육활동, 청년운동, 기독교윤리관, 출판 목회사 역과 기독교 서적 보급 등 다양한 방면의 담론으로 연계될 수 있기를 기대 한다.