그림을 소재로 한 기존의 시와 달리 린다 패스턴의 시는 자신이 의도한 메시지를 부각하기 위해 회화 작품을 주체적이고 창의적으로 활용하는데, ｢윤리학｣은 여기서 더 나아가 ‘렘브란트’라는 이름 말고는 그림의 정체 파악에 필요한 정보를 극도로 제한함으로써 시인의 인생관과 예술관을 집약하는 시의 결론을 난해하게 만든다. 본 연구는 시인 패스턴과 화가 렘브란트와 철학자 아리스리토텔레스의 상호관계성을 논의의 중심축으로 삼아 ｢윤리학｣에 언급된 첫 번째 그림은 렘브란트가 그린 일련의 자화상을 깊게 의식한 것이며, 두 번째 그림의 정체는 종교적 성격을 강하게 띤 󰡔선한 사마리아인이 있는 풍경󰡕이라고 주장한다. 그림에 대한 세밀한 관찰과 독자적 해석을 병행하면서도 막상 그림의 정체는 모호하게 제시한 패스턴의 독특한 시적 전략은 에크프라시스적인 시에 대한 정치(精緻)한 강독과 비평이 해당 그림에 대한 충실한 음미와 해당 화가에 대한 폭넓은 이해를 수반해야 한다는 점을 드러내는 것이기에 시사하는 바가 크다.

In this study, the seasonal distribution was surveyed using acoustic in the coastal waters around nuclear power plants. Acoustic surveys were conducted in June, September, December 2022, and March 2023 in the coastal waters of Uljin-gun. According to the results of this study, zooplankton were distributed at the depths from 0 m to 50 m in the waters around nuclear power plants. Zooplankton appeared in summer (June), autumn (September), and spring (March). In the survey area, fish were distributed at the depths from 25 m to 190 m, appearing in the summer (June), autumn (September), winter (December) and spring (March). The SV of zooplankton appearing in the survey area ranged from -98.0 dB to -78.0 dB, and it exhibited a one-class in the frequency distribution of SV. The SV of fish appearing in the survey area ranged from -36.0 dB to -35.0 dB and -98.0 dB to -53.0 dB, and it exhibited two-class in the frequency distribution of SV.

Community composition and abundance of aquatic invertebrates are important for ecological functions. Community characteristics of insects and gastropods were compared in five regions to investigate the effect of geological factors in surveys conducted between June and August to analyze seasonal changes in invertebrate communities. Underwater traps were used to obtain a constant collection effect. Insect communities were dominated by Hydrochara affinis, Rhantus suturalis and Sigara nigroventralis, and nMDS analysis demonstrated the separation of their communities by region. H. affinis and Sternolophus rufipes were not found in Haenam and Cheolwon, respectively. The results showed the effects of regional temperature on the distribution of aquatic insects. Pomacea canaliculata, Hippeutis cantori and Austropeplea ollula were dominant in the gastropod community. The seasonal variation in the abundance of P. canaliculata was the most pronounced, and its abundance in August was 38.2 times higher than in June. The abundances of several species including Hippeutis cantori were negatively correlated with that of P. canaliculata. These results suggest that P. canaliculata is a pivotal factor that drives seasonal changes in gastropod community.

This study was investigated in order to find composition and density of fisheries resource using bottom trawl in April, July, August, and November 2022 in the East China Sea. The average density of fisheries resource was estimated using the swept area method. As a result, 35 species were collected from the East China Sea. These included 21 fishes, six crustaceans, six cephalopods and two echinoderms. Seasonally, the average density of crustacean individuals per unit area were highest in November (692.1 inds./km 2 ), while cephalopod individuals per unit area were highest in August (39.4 inds./km 2 ). The average density of fish individuals per unit area were highest in August at 355.0 (inds./km 2 ).

Small ponds, which exhibit unstable succession pattern of plankton community, are less well studied than large lakes. Recently, the importance of small ponds for local biodiversity conservation has highlighted the necessity of understanding the dynamics of biological community. In the present study, we collected zooplankton from three small reservoirs with monthly basis and analyzed their seasonal dynamics. To understand the complicated zooplankton community dynamics of small reservoirs, we categorized zooplankton species into four groups (LALF Group, Low Abundance Low Frequency; LAHF Group, Low Abundance High Frequency; HALF Group, High Abundance Low Frequency; HAHF Group, High Abundance High Frequency) based on their occurrence pattern (abundance and frequency). We compared the seasonal pattern of each group, and estimated community diversity based on temporal beta diversity contribution of each group. The result revealed that there is a relationship between groups with the same abundance but different occurrence frequencies, and copepod nauplii are common important component for both abundance and frequency. On the other hand, species included with LALF Group throughout the study period are key in terms of monthly succession and diversity. LALF Group includes Anuraeopsis fissa, Hexarthra mira and Lecane luna. However, groups containing species that only occur at certain times of the year and dominate the waterbody, HALF Group, hindered to temporal diversity. The results of this study suggest that the species-specific occurrence pattern is one key trait of species determining its contribution to total annual biodiversity of given community.

Due to the recent impact of global warming, heavy rainfall and droughts have been occurring regardless of the season, affecting the growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG), a winter forage crop. Particularly, delayed sowing due to frequent heavy rainfall or autumn droughts leads to poor growth and reduced winter survival rates. Therefore, techniques to improve yield through additional sowing in spring have been implemented. In this study, the growth of IRG sown in Spring and Autumn was compared and analyzed using vegetation indices during the months of April and May. Spectral data was collected using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor, and the following vegetation indices were utilized: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI, Normalized Difference Red Edge Index; NDRE (I), Chlorophyll Index, Red Green Ratio Index; RGRI, Enhanced Vegetation Index; EVI and Carotenoid Reflectance Index 1; CRI1. Indices related to chlorophyll concentration exhibited similar trends. RGRI of IRG sown in autumn increased during the experimental period, while IRG sown in spring showed a decreasing trend. The results of RGRI in IRG indicated differences in optical characteristics by sowing seasons compared to the other vegetation indices. Our findings showed that the timing of sowing influences the optical growth characteristics of crops by the results of various vegetation indices presented in this study. Further research, including the development of optimal vegetation indices related to IRG growth, is necessary in the future.

Fish samples were collected by a set net from April to December 2020 at the coastal waters off Tongyeong, Korea to determine fish species composition and seasonal variation. A total of 330,675 fish (1,032,578 g) representing 56 species belonging to 39 families were collected during the sampling period. The dominant species were Engraulis japonicus, Trachurus japonicus and Trichiurus japonicus, which accounted for 98.1% of the total number of individuals and 87.5% of the total biomass collected. E. japonicus and Chelidonichthys spinosus appeared every month off the coast of the Tongyeong. Cluster analysis based on the number of individuals of fish were classified into two groups at the dissimilarity level of 57%, and the results of ANOSIM analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among the two groups

계절에 따른 정원의 경관 변화 특성을 알아보고자, 우수 정 원 4개소를 대상으로 계절별 식재 특성과 색채 변화를 분석하 였다. 대상 정원에서 계절별로 조사된 식재 종수 합은 346분 류군이었고, 교목:관목:초본의 식재 백분율(%)은 8:21:71로 나 타났다. 초본은 봄을 기준으로 여름과 가을에 각각 6%와 15% 증가하였다. 관목은 봄에서 가을까지 계절 변화에 따라 64-100% 증가하였다. 계절에 따라 정원의 포인트 식물이 달라 졌으나, 꽃이 만발하는 초본과 관목으로 나타났다. 색채 분석 결과, 정원의 주조색은 식물 생육이 왕성한 봄과 여름에는 녹 색에서 짙은 녹색으로 나타났고, 가을에는 갈색으로 확인되었 다. 강조색은 계절에 따라 분명하게 달라졌으며, 주로 계절별 특징적인 화색이나 잎무늬로 결정되었다.

To assess the characteristics of meiofaunal community fluctuations related to environmental factors, seasonal surveys were conducted in the subtidal zone of Hallyeohaesang National Park. The average depth of the study area was about 20 m, and the average water temperature at the bottom was low in winter (11.33°C) and high in summer (17.95°C). The sedimentary particles mainly comprised silt and clay at most stations. The abundance of meiofauna ranged from 81.7 to 1,296.5 Inds. 10 cm-2, and the average abundance was 589.3 Inds. 10 cm-2. The average abundance of meiofauna in each season was the lowest at 416.5 Inds. 10 cm-2 in winter and the highest at 704.5 Inds. 10 cm-2 in spring. The dominant taxa were nematodes (about 92%) and harpacticoids (about 5%). In the cluster analysis of meiofaunal communities, they were divided into four significant groups. The largest group mainly contained spring and summer samples, and contained stations with a high nematode density of over 500 Inds. 10 cm-2 and harpacticoids below 50 Inds. 10 cm-2 with a high composition ratio of nematodes. In the cluster analysis, no regional division was found between the stations, and it was thought to be divided by the seasons with high abundance according to seasonal variation and the composition ratio of nematodes and harpacticoids. In the Spearman rank correlation analysis, the density of total meiofauna and the most dominant taxa, nematodes, was not significantly related to environmental factors. However, the density of harpacticoids had a significant positive correlation with water depth and a negative correlation with sediment particle size.

본 연구는 전국 보호지역을 대상으로 생물음향 녹음기술을 이용하여 팔색조 번식울음을 탐지하고 생물계절 특징을 파악하여 팔색조 서식지 보호와 기후 변화에 대응하기 위한 기초자료를 작성하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상지는 전국 보호지역 36개소였다. 데이터 수집 기간은 2019년 1월부터 12월이며, 분석 기간은 2019년 5월 1일부터 2019년 8월 31일이었다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 36개소의 연구대상지에서 팔색조 번식울음이 탐지된 곳은 22개소 였다. 번식울음 빈도 분석 결과 높은 빈도를 나타낸 지역은 제주도를 포함한 남부내륙이었고, 위도가 제일 높은 지역은 설악산국립공원이었다. 두 번째, 팔색조 번식울음 초성은 2019년 5월 14일에 한려해상국립공원 금산에서 나타났고, 종성은 2019년 8월 6일에 고창 운곡습지에서 나타났다. 세 번째, 번식울음 일주기 분석 결과 05시에 울음 빈도수가 급격하게 상승하여 06시에 피크를 나타낸 뒤, 다시 줄어드는 패턴이 나타났다. 네 번째, 번식울음 계절주기 분석 결과 2019년 5월 14일부터 8월 6일까지 나타났고, 번식울음 누적빈도가 가장 높은 날은 6월 3일(Julian date: 154)이었다. 번식울음이 탐지된 날의 평균 기온은 17.4℃, 평균 강수량은 0.02mm, 평균 습도는 82.6%이었다. 다섯 번째, 팔색조 번식울음과 기상요인과의 상관관계 분석 결과, 번식울음과 기온과의 관계가 음의 상관관계(p<0.001)를 나타내었고, 강수량(p=0.053), 습도(p=0.077)는 유의한 의미를 나타내지 않았다(df=471). 본 연구는 전국 보호지역을 대상으로 생물음향 녹음기술을 이용하여 팔색조의 번식울음 분포를 확인하고, 울음기간, 기상요인과의 관계를 정밀하게 분석하 여 생태적 특성을 밝힌 연구라는 점에서 의미가 있다.

To assess the influence of environmental factors on the phytoplankton community structure and total phytoplankton biomass during four seasons in 2014, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors at 25 stations in the Busan coastal region. The phytoplankton community and total phytoplankton biomass were strongly dependent on the discharge from the Nakdong River, and the high density of phytoplankton was related with the introduction of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC), particularly in the thermohaline fronts of the fall season. The relationship between the salinity and nutrient (Dissolved inorganic nitrogen=DIN: R 2=0.72, p<0.001 and Dissolved inorganic silicon=DSi: R 2=0.78, p<0.001) highly correlated with the river discharge, implying that those nutrients have played a crucial role in the growth of diatom and cryptophyta. The total phytoplankton biomass was highest in the summer followed by autumn, spring, and winter. Diatom and cryptophyta species were dominant species during the four seasons. Additionally, there were strong positive correlations between Chlorophyll a and total phytoplankton biomass (R 2=0.84, p<0.001), cryptophyta (R 2=0.76, p<0.001) and diatom (R 2=0.50, p<0.001), respectively. In particular, we found that there were significant differences in the nutrients, phytoplankton community compositions, and total phytoplankton biomass between the inner and the outer coastal region of Busan, depending on the amount of river discharge from the Nakdong River, particularly during rainy seasons. Therefore, the seasonal change of TWC and river discharge from the Nakdong River serve an important role in determining phytoplankton population dynamics in the Busan coastal region.

A survey was conducted to analyze seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton community at 22 stations on the surface and bottom layers in the Anma Islands of Yeonggwang (AIY) in the southern West Sea, Korea from the spring of 2020 to the winter of 2021, using a marine survey vessel Ed Ocean. Based on the survey results, there were 87 phytoplankton species in 52 genera, diatoms accounted for 67.8%, dinoflagellates 26.5%, silicoflagellates 3.5%, and cryptomonads and euglenoids accounted for 1.1% each. By season, it was simple in spring and relatively varied in winter. The phytoplankton standing crop on the surface was low (28.8±30.1 cells mL-1) in summer and high (87.0±65.1 cells mL-1) in spring. In the phytoplankton community, diatoms showed a high share (over 80%) throughout the year, and Skeletonema costatum-ls was the dominant species with a dominance of more than 60% in spring and winter, and 34.6% and 24.2% in summer and autumn, respectively. The diversity expressing the characteristics of the community structure was high (2.79±0.45) in autumn and low (1.82±0.18) in spring, unlike the phytoplankton standing crop. However, the dominance was high at (0.86±0.08) in spring and low (0.44±0.13) in autumn. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) using environmental and phytoplankton-related factors, it was estimated that the biological oceanographic environmental characteristics seen through the phytoplankton community in the AIY were dominated by nutrients supplied from open seawater and surface sediments by seawater mixing, such as tidal mixing.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals to which humans are exposed frequently via various mediums, including vehicle emissions that contain fine dust and heavy metals, use of organic solvent building materials, furniture, and smoking. Exposure to high concentrations of VOCs may result in loss of consciousness, paralysis, convulsions, and, in the most severe cases, death. Therefore, the present study investigated the indoor and outdoor concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and five types of VOCs (benzene, toluene, styrene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene) in apartments, a representative residential environment accounting for ~55% of the housing in the Seoul metropolitan area. The research was conducted over four seasons from May 2020 to February 2021, and the levels of VOC concentrations were analyzed by classifying them by season, weekday/weekend, and indoor/outdoor locations. The seasonal trend in VOC concentrations showed that TVOC concentration was highest in summer, with values of 1630.93 ± 1184.10 μg/m3 and 1610.36 ± 1363.43 μg/m3 for indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. The seasonal trends of the concentrations of the five types of VOCs showed that concentrations of benzene and toluene were highest in spring, the concentrations of m,p-xylene and o-xylene were highest in summer, and the concentration of styrene was highest in winter, irrespective of spatial characteristics such as indoor/outdoor environments. In all four seasons, the indoor concentrations were higher than the outdoor concentrations. These results reveal the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the VOCs and so can serve as useful basic data for managing indoor and outdoor levels of VOCs.

This study was carried out to compare the DMY (dry matter yield) of IRG (Italian ryegrass) in the southern coastal regions of Korea due to seasonal climate scenarios such as the Kaul-Changma (late monsoon) in autumn, extreme winter cold, and drought in the next spring. The IRG data (n = 203) were collected from various Reports for Collaborative Research Program to Develop New Cultivars of Summer Crops in Jeju, 203 Namwon, and Yeungam from the Rural Development Administration (1993 – 2013). In order to define the seasonal climate scenarios, climate variables including temperature, humidity, wind, sunshine were used by collected from the Korean Meteorological Administration. The discriminant analysis based on 5% significance level was performed to distinguish normal and abnormal climate scenarios. Furthermore, the DMY comparison was simulated based on the information of sample distribution of IRG. As a result, in the southern coastal regions, only the impact of next spring drought on DMY of IRG was critical. Although the severe winter cold was clearly classified from the normal, there was no difference in DMY. Thus, the DMY comparison was simulated only for the next spring drought. Under the yield comparison simulation, DMY (kg/ha) in the normal and drought was 14,743.83 and 12,707.97 respectively. It implies that the expected damage caused by the spring drought was about 2,000 kg/ha. Furthermore, the predicted DMY of spring drought was wider and slower than that of normal, indicating on high variability. This study is meaningful in confirming the predictive DMY damage and its possibility by spring drought for IRG via statistical simulation considering seasonal climate scenarios.

말채나무공깍지벌레의 계절적 발육을 2019년 6월 4일(약충) 부터 2020년 6월 25일까지(1세대 약충) 경상남도 사천시 소재의 블루베리 과 원에서 관찰하였다. 본 충의 발육을 연구하기 위해서 2018년 눈에서 발아한 5개 이상의 잔가지를 1주 간격으로 농가에서 채취하였다. 깍지벌레의 발육은 실체현미경 하에서 조사하였고 화학적 방제는 시중에서 이용할 수 있는 3종의 살충제로 블루베리 과원에서 수행하였다. 발육기간과 유효적산온도(Centigrade Degree-Days accumulation, DDC)에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 산란기간(최성기): 2020년 5월 12 -26일(DDC, 110.0-188.5(173.6)); 부화기간(최성기): 2020년 6월 9 - 23(19)일)(DDC, 325.2-480.8(435.6); 난기간: 26 일; 월동성충으로부터 약충의 신엽으로 이동: 2020년 6월 16-25 일(DDC, 410,5 - 500.4); 성충으로 발육하기 위한 잎에서 잔가지로 이동(최성기): 2020년 2월 4 -18(8)일. 성충 한 마리 당 산란수(범위): 956.8 ± 73.4 (13 - 3497); 알의 크기(mm): 0.29 ± 0.020(L), 0.15 ± 0.013(W); 부화약충의 크기: 0.35 ± 0.018(L), 0.18 ± 0.007(W), 0.09 ± 0.007(눈 간격); 성충크기: 4.30 ± 0.893(L), 2.64 ± 0.520(W). 월동성충으로부터 부화한 약충은 신초의 잎 뒷면에서 다음해 2월 초순 잎이 떨어질 때까지 약 95%가 발견되었다. 이들은 2령충으로 월동하고 1년에 한 세대를 경과하였다. 기어다니는 1령충을 방제 하기 위하여 3종의 살충제를 7월 16일과 30일에 거북밀깍지벌레에 등록된 농도로 처리하였다. 아세타미프리드수화제가 1회 처리 21일 후에 96.9%의 사충율을 나타내었다.